Scientific Revolutions

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1 Seminar The most important Mistakes in Physics s History The Structure of Scientific Revolutions

2 Geocentric model 4-Elements Model Kinetics of Inertia ANTIQUE Χρόνος

3 Geocentric model 4-Elements Model Kinetics of Inertia ANTIQUE Phlogiston The Infinite PRE-PHYSICS ERA Alchemy Χρόνος

4 Geocentric model 4-Elements Model Kinetics of Inertia ANTIQUE Phlogiston The Infinite PRE-PHYSICS ERA Alchemy Χρόνος CLASSICAL PHYSICS Aether Theory N-Rays Bohr: Atomic Model Einstein s Lambda

5 Geocentric model 4-Elements Model Kinetics of Inertia ANTIQUE Phlogiston The Infinite PRE-PHYSICS ERA Alchemy Χρόνος CLASSICAL PHYSICS Aether Theory N-Rays Bohr: Atomic Model Einstein s Lambda MODERN PHYSICS Transuranium Elements Cold Fusion Heisenberg s Theory of Everything Magnetic Monopoles Polywater

6 Geocentric model 4-Elements Model Kinetics of Inertia ANTIQUE Phlogiston The Infinite PRE-PHYSICS ERA Alchemy Χρόνος CLASSICAL PHYSICS Aether Theory N-Rays Bohr: Atomic Model Einstein s Lambda MODERN PHYSICS Transuranium Elements Cold Fusion Heisenberg s Theory of Everything Magnetic Monopoles Polywater PARTICLE PHYSICS Gravitational Waves Double-Beta Decay GSI Neutral Particles HERA-B Super Symmetry Superspeed Neutrinos Pentaquarks

7 The Beginning of Science

8 The Beginning of Science

9 The Beginning of Science

10 The Structure of Science Irrationalism Dogmata Metaphysics

11 The Structure of Science Irrationalism Since Dogmata Metaphysics Hypothesis pure logic of mind

12 The Structure of Science Irrationalism Since Dogmata Metaphysics Rationalism John Locke René Descartes Hypothesis pure logic of mind

13 The Structure of Science Irrationalism Since Dogmata Metaphysics Rationalism John Locke René Descartes Hypothesis pure logic of mind Theory Deduction Induction Empirical Research

14 The Structure of Science Irrationalism Since Dogmata Metaphysics Rationalism John Locke René Descartes Hypothesis pure logic of mind Empirism Theory Francis Bacon David Hume Deduction Induction Empirical Research

15 The Structure of Science Irrationalism Since Dogmata Metaphysics Rationalism John Locke René Descartes Hypothesis pure logic of mind Empirism Theory Francis Bacon David Hume Deduction Induction Empirical Research

16 The Structure of Science Irrationalism Since Dogmata Metaphysics Rationalism John Locke René Descartes Hypothesis pure logic of mind Empirism Francis Bacon David Hume Deduction Theory Falsifiability Empirical Research

17 The Structure of Science Irrationalism Since Dogmata Metaphysics Rationalism John Locke René Descartes Hypothesis pure logic of mind Empirism Francis Bacon David Hume Deduction Theory Falsifiability Empirism Empirical Research Karl Popper

18 The Structure of Science Irrationalism Since Dogmata Metaphysics Rationalism John Locke René Descartes Hypothesis pure logic of mind Empirism Francis Bacon David Hume Deduction Theory Falsifiability Empirism Karl Popper Empirical Research If any and every failure to fit were ground for theory rejection, all theories ought to be rejected at all times.

19 The Structure of Science Irrationalism Since Dogmata Metaphysics Rationalism John Locke René Descartes Hypothesis pure logic of mind Empirism Francis Bacon David Hume Deduction Theory Falsifiability Empirism Karl Popper Empirical Research Thomas Kuhn: If any and every failure to fit were ground for theory rejection, all theories ought to be rejected at all times.

20 The Structure of Science Science as a social business

The Structure of Science Science as a social business Paradigm A paradigm ( ) is a whole way of doing science in a particular field that includes an entire

21 The Structure of Science Science as a social business Paradigm A paradigm ( ) is a whole way of doing science in a particular field that includes an entire package of ideas and claims about the world, as well as of methods for gathering and analyzing data, of pursue the theoretical elaboration of the field. Thomas Kuhn

22 The Route of Science Pre-Paradigm Phase chaotic aimless Structure Normal Science Paradigm Revolution Normal Science New Paradigm

23 The Route of Science Pre-Paradigm Phase chaotic aimless Structure Normal Science Revolution Paradigm Paradigm Shift Normal Science New Paradigm

24 The Three Phases of Science Pre-Paradigm Phase manyfold of theories exist incomplete and inconsistent theories no particular consensus on any theory ineffective

25 The Three Phases of Science Pre-Paradigm Phase manyfold of theories exist incomplete and inconsistent theories no particular consensus on any theory ineffective Eventually: Opinions gather around one Examples ARISTOTELES: Physica (4th c. BC) PTOLEMÄUS: Almagest (2nd c.) NEWTON: Principia (1686), Opticks (1704) FRANKLIN: Experiments and Observations on Electricity (1750) LAVOISIER: Elementary Treatise on Chemistry (1789)

26 The Three Phases of Science Normal Science puzzle solving = established Paradigm Paradigm advance in details, refinement scientific engineering no revision process theoretical background stays constant no debate about fundamental principles

27 The Three Phases of Science Normal Science Paradigm Three Foci: solving of new problems, revelations testing what is already predicted by theory Articulate a theory, e.g. determine parameters and constants

28 The Three Phases of Science Anomaly and Crisis Paradigm Incommensurable Other Theory

29 The Three Phases of Science Anomaly and Crisis Not yet solved Additional assumption Paradigm Counter tuning argument Other Theory

30 The Three Phases of Science Anomaly and Crisis Not yet solved Additional assumption Paradigm Counter tuning argument Other Theory

31 The Three Phases of Science Anomaly and Crisis Paradigm anomalies of old theory = background of new theory New Paradigm

32 The Three Phases of Science Anomaly and Crisis Anomalies: data incompatible with theory Anomalies: predictions not met Revolution happens if: critical mass of anomalies reached a new paradigm has emerged

33 The Three Phases of Science Anomaly and Crisis Anomalies: data incompatible with theory Anomalies: predictions not met Revolution happens if: critical mass of anomalies reached a new paradigm has emerged any alone won t lead to paradigm shift

34 The Three Phases of Science Normal Science again New Paradigm

35 Actual Example of Crisis & Paradigm

36 Example: Footprint of Cosmic Neutrons Can cosmic neutrons be used to probe the moisture content of the soil? primary (high energetic) nucleus Neutrons Neutrons range? D D dry wet

37 Example: Footprint of Cosmic Neutrons

38 Example: Footprint of Cosmic Neutrons Simulated Detector Response range D 86% quantile radial distance [m]

39 Geocentric model 4-Elements Model Kinetics of Inertia ANTIQUE Phlogiston The Infinite PRE-PHYSICS ERA Alchemy Χρόνος CLASSICAL PHYSICS Aether Theory N-Rays Bohr: Atomic Model Einstein s Lambda MODERN PHYSICS Transuranium Elements Cold Fusion Heisenberg s Theory of Everything Magnetic Monopoles Polywater PARTICLE PHYSICS Gravitational Waves Double-Beta Decay GSI Neutral Particles HERA-B Super Symmetry Superspeed Neutrinos Pentaquarks

Humanities 4: Lecture 2 The Scientific Revolution

Humanities 4: Lecture 2 The Scientific Revolution Outline of Lecture I. Pre-modern Science II. The Scientific Revolution III. Newton s Crowning Achievement A. Project B. Argument C. Significance D. Limitations