Tidal Resource Characterization. Profilers
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1 Tidal Resource Characterization from Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers Jeffrey Epler Masters Thesis Defense May 28 th, 2010
2 Outline Motivation & Background Stationary Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler Analysis Shipboard Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler Analysis Conclusion
3 Why Tidal Energy? Washington State Net Electricity Generation, Feb % 9% Natural Gas Coal 10% Nuclear Hydro Other Renewables 11% 66% * WA State t Initiative 937
4 Tides and Currents Gravitational interactions of Earth, Moon, & Sun system Spring / Neap Tidal Cycle: days Source: May 1, 2010
5 Tides and Currents Source:
6 U.S. Tidal Current Resources Source:
7 Puget Sound & Admiralty Inlet Port Townsend Admiralty Inlet Seattle Objective: How do we characterize the strongest tidal currents for device siting?
8 OpenHydro Tidal Turbine Kinetic Power Density P Source:
9 Data Collection Acoustic Release & Buoy (2) 300 khz ADCP (velocity) T-POD (porpoise clicks) Materials Testing VEMCO (tagged fish) Hydrophone (noise) CTDO (conductivity, temperature, depth, oxygen)
10 ADCP Basics Teledyne RDI Workhorse Monitor- 300 khz Source: web.vims.edu/physical/research/tctutorial/currentmeasure_files/image002.gif Source: Gordon, Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler: Principles of Operation A Practical Primer
11 ADCP Deployments Depth (m)
12 ADCP Deployments Depth (m)
13 Outline Motivation & Background Stationary Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler Analysis Shipboard Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler Analysis Conclusion
14 Stationary ADCP Analysis- Overview Harmonic Analysis (H.A.) of Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler resolving the data as a superposition of sine waves due to tidal constituents u( t) A i cos( i t i ) Godin (1972) Foreman (1977) Foreman (1978) Pawlowicz (2002) Finds the least-squares fit to the current velocity data Generate tidal current predictions
15 Tidal Constituents Representations of the periodic variations of the Earth-Moon-Sun system 45 Astronomical Constituents 343 Shallow Water Constituents Constituent Name Period M2 Main Lunar Semidiurnal hours S2 Main Solar Semidiurnal hours N2 Larger Lunar Elliptical Semidiurnal hours K1 Lunar-Solar Declinational Diurnal hours O1 Lunar Declinational Diurnal hours
16 Rayleigh Criterion A methodology developed by Foreman (1977) to determine which tidal constituents can be resolved with harmonic analysis 2 1 TT R
17 Rayleigh Criterion Ex. Resolving the K1 vs. P1 Tidal Constituents K1, Lunar-solar declinational diurnal const., = cyc / hr P1, Solar diurnal constituent, = cyc / hr K1 P 1 T 1 T 182 days For T < 182 days, K1 contains P1 information
18 Inference Inclusion of constituents which are important to the location but left out by the Rayleigh Criterion Tidal Height Long records from the specific location Long records from a nearby location Tidal Potential Theory Tidal Current Long records from the specific location Long records from a nearby location
19 Current Velocity Representations Progressive Vector- 2D Principal Axis Current- 1 D Signed Speed ( + Flood & - Ebb)- 1 D 9/18/2009, 10:30-22:40
20 Current Velocity Representations Progressive Vector- 2D Principal Axis Current- 1 D Signed Speed ( + Flood & - Ebb)- 1 D August November 2009, P.A.V. = 97.4 %
21 Current Velocity Representations Progressive Vector- 2D Principal Axis Current- 1 D Signed Speed ( + Flood & - Ebb)- 1 D
22 H. A. - Determining Inference Record Length 172 days Distance 140 m Water Depth 63 m Parameters Rayleigh Criterion < 1 Allowed resolving of tidal constituents: Aug.-Nov Nov.-Feb P1 from K m 62.7 m K2 from S days 72.6 days
23 Feb Sea Spider Deployment
24 Inference Results
25 Harmonic Analysis w/ Inference Apply inference to from a long term record analysis to improve shorter nearby records Apply Inference from Aug. 09 Fb10 Feb. combined record to individual records: Aug. Nov. 09 & Nov. 09 Fb10 Feb. Comparison of velocity representations at water depth 10 m (OpenHydro hub height)
26 Harmonic Analysis Goodness of Fit Coefficient of Multiple Determination yˆ i y i 2 i R 2 yi y i 2 y i 1 i y - velocity data point in time series ŷ - harmonic fit to each data point in time series - mean velocity of the time series ADCP Stationary Deployment Principal Axis Current Prog. Vector- 2D Signed Speed R-squared August-November November-February R-squared above cut-in speed of 1 m / s August-November November-February b
27 Data vs. Harmonic Analysis Raw Data- Aug-Nov 09 Speed (m/s) Harmonic Fit- Signed Speed Analysis Speed (m/s s)
28 Data vs. Harmonic Analysis *Inference used for P1 and K2 constituents, t water depth (10 m)
29 M2- Amplitude Map Depth (m)
30 M2- Phase Map Depth (m)
31 Outline Motivation & Background Stationary Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler Analysis Shipboard Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler Analysis Conclusion
32 Design of Survey Track Ebb Survey- August 2009 Depth (m)
33 August 2009 Ebb Survey Volumetric Binning: 100m x 100m x 5m
34 Volumetric Averaging 34 ADCP Velocity Profiles
35 Velocity PDF Mean = 1.95 m/s Max = 3.21 m/s Min=124m/s 1.24 Data Std. Dev. = 0.33 m/s ADCP Std. Dev. = 0.2 m/s Ensemble Size = 167
36 Sinusoidal Fit to Averaged Data u t 2 t t Asin T Amplitude = 2.10 m / s Period / 2 = 6.54 hours R 2 = 0.99
37 Ebb Survey Amplitude Variation Normalized Peak Amplitude
38 Ebb Survey Phase Variation Minutes
39 Flood Survey Amplitude Variation Normalized Peak Amplitude
40 Flood Survey Phase Variation Minutes
41 Outline Motivation & Background Stationary Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler Analysis Shipboard Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler Analysis Conclusion
42 Future Work Use ¼ Sine Wave Fits for Shipboard Analysis
43 Future Work Survey Ebb Flood Transition (Slack Water)
44 Conclusions Stationary ADCP analysis Identification of spatial variation Harmonic analysis residual Shipboard ADCP analysis Efficient i spatial characterization i Quantitative use of shipboard ADCP surveys Integration of stationary analysis with shipboard surveys
45 Acknowledgements Dr. Brian Polagye Dr. Jim Thomson Dr. Phil Malte Joe Talbert Captain Andy Reay-Ellers Dr. Roy Martin Snohomish County PUD & DOE My family & friends
46 Questions?
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