zinc ,24 t ,24 t t Large deposit copper ,59 t ,59 t t Medium sized deposit sulphur ,43 t

Transcription

1 Mineral Deposit Report Page 1 OF Pyhäsalmi Alternative Names: Ruotanen Occurence type: deposit Commodity Rank Total Total production Total resource Importance measure zinc ,24 t ,24 t t Large deposit copper ,59 t ,59 t t Medium sized deposit sulphur ,43 t ,43 t t Very large deposit silver 3 512,97 t 252,01 t 260,96 t Medium sized deposit gold 3 14,96 t 7,5 t 7,46 t Medium sized deposit iron ,85 t ,85 t 0 t Medium sized deposit Easting EUREF: ,194 Easting YKJ: Northing EUREF: ,065 Northing YKJ: Discovery year: 1958 Province: Vihanti-Pyhäsalmi (Zn, Cu) District: Pyhäsalmi (Zn, Cu) References: 1, 4, 14, 18, 20, 23, 24, 29, 37, 39, 41, 44, 50, 51, 53 Mineral deposit type Group: Metallogenic deposit Main type: VMS (mixed hydrothermal) Sub type 1: Bimodal-felsic Comments: Formed in submarine synvolcanic hydrothermal system: massive sulphides by subseafloor replacement of tuffaceous and intrusive rocks immediately below a hydrothermal mound, and semi-massive banded sulphides right above the sea floor. References: 5, 6, 14, 15, 22, 26, 36, 40, 43, 48 Dimension Expression: NA Area (ha): NA Form: discordant Dip azim: 112 Shape: irregular Dip: 80 Length (m): 400 Plunge azim: NA Width (m): 105 Plunge dip: NA Thickness (m): NA Orientation method: NA Depth (m): 1400 Holder history Current holder: First Quantum Minerals Ltd Years:

2 Mineral Deposit Report Page 2 OF Holding type: Mining concession (old law) Previous holders: Company Years Holding type Comments Inmet Mining Corporation Mining concession NA (old law) Outokumpu Oy NA NA Figures 2

3 Mineral Deposit Report Page 3 OF Guide map: 3

4 Mineral Deposit Report Page 4 OF EXPLORATION ACTIVITY Pyhäsalmi Mine Oy Years Activity type Geologist Exploration result Ref core drilling Veikko Vähätalo, Olavi Helovuori, Timo Mäki NA 24 In the area below m: underground mapping and diamond drilling for >22 km during Intersections HoleID NA From-To NA Length 44m zinc 1,55% copper 1,85% HoleID NA From-To NA Length 22,2m zinc 7,99% copper 0,4% Years Activity type Geologist Exploration result Ref regional geophysics NA key geological features 13, 16, 25, 26, 34, 40, 45 Low-altitude airborne magnetic, electromagnetic and radiometric survey regional geology NA NA 13, 16, 25, 26, 34, 40, geological interpretation NA NA 13, 16, 25, 26, 34, 40, detailed geology NA NA 13, 16, 25, 26, 34, 40, 45 Outokumpu Oy Years Activity type Geologist Exploration result Ref core drilling Veikko Vähätalo, Olavi Helovuori, Timo Mäki NA 20 Diamond and percussion drilling with an yearly rate at 2-10 km and 2-8 km, respectively Pyhäsalmi Mine Oy 4

5 Mineral Deposit Report Page 5 OF Years Activity type Geologist Exploration result Ref detailed geochemistry NA NA 13, 34 Zn, Cd, Cu and S anomaly in till extending for 600 m from the ore.transport distance of fine fraction in till is 500 m. Outokumpu Oy Years Activity type Geologist Exploration result Ref regional geophysics Veikko Vähätalo, Olavi Helovuori, Timo Mäki NA 4, 14, 15, 16, 20, 24, 27, 30, 31, 35, 40, 42, 43, detailed geophysics Veikko Vähätalo, Olavi Helovuori, Timo Mäki NA 42 A slingram and a gravimetric anomaly related to the ore detailed geology Veikko Vähätalo, Olavi Helovuori, Timo Mäki NA 4, 14, 15, 16, 20, 24, 27, 30, 31, 35, 40, 42, 43, core drilling Veikko Vähätalo, Olavi Helovuori, Timo Mäki NA 52 During the first 8 months of exploration, : 47 diamond-drill holes, total 8650 m percussion drilling Veikko Vähätalo, Olavi Helovuori, Timo Mäki mining pilot Veikko Vähätalo, Olavi Helovuori, Timo Mäki NA 4, 14, 15, 16, 20, 24, 27, 30, 31, 35, 40, 42, 43, 52 NA 4, 14, 15, 16, 20, 24, 27, 30, 31, 35, 40, 42, 43, 52 5

6 Mineral Deposit Report Page 6 OF RESOURCES AND RESERVES Most recent Type: Company: Year: Date: Calc Method: Reference: Resource First Quantum 2014 NA NI Minerals Ltd Comments: Category: Measured mineral resource Tonnage: 12,83 Mt copper 0,78 % zinc 1,01 % gold 0,4 ppm silver 14 ppm sulphur 42,22 % Cutoff: NA Type: Company: Year: Date: Calc Method: Reference: Reserve First Quantum 2014 NA NI Minerals Ltd Comments: Category: Proved ore reserves Tonnage: 5,81 Mt copper 1,02 % zinc 1,69 % gold 0,4 ppm silver 14 ppm sulphur 41,65 % Cutoff: NA Previous calculations Type: Company: Year: Date: Calc Method: Reference: Resource First Quantum Minerals Ltd 2013 NA NI Category: Measured mineral resource Tonnage: 7,22 Mt copper 0,6 % zinc 0,45 % gold 0,4 ppm silver 14 ppm sulphur 42,79 % Cutoff: NA Type: Company: Year: Date: Calc Method: Reference: Reserve First Quantum Minerals Ltd 2013 NA NI Category: Proved ore reserves Tonnage: 7,393 Mt copper 1,05 % zinc 1,79 % 6

7 Mineral Deposit Report Page 7 OF gold 0,4 ppm silver 14 ppm sulphur 41,65 % Cutoff: NA Type: Company: Year: Date: Calc Method: Reference: Resource Inmet Mining 2010 NA NI Corporation Category: NA Tonnage: 7,168 Mt zinc 0,5 % copper 0,6 % sulphur 44 % Cutoff: NA Type: Company: Year: Date: Calc Method: Reference: Reserve Inmet Mining Corporation 2010 NA NI Category: Proved ore reserves Tonnage: 9,137 Mt zinc 2 % copper 1,1 % gold 0,4 ppm silver 14 ppm sulphur 41 % Cutoff: NA Type: Company: Year: Date: Calc Method: Reference: Resource Inmet Mining Corporation 2008 NA NA 33 Category: Measured mineral resource Tonnage: 8,2 Mt zinc 0,4 % copper 0,6 % sulphur 43,8 % Cutoff: NA Type: Company: Year: Date: Calc Method: Reference: Reserve Inmet Mining Corporation 2008 NA NA 33 Category: Proved ore reserves Tonnage: 13,4 Mt zinc 2,2 % copper 1,1 % silver 14 ppm gold 0,4 ppm sulphur 41,4 % Cutoff: NA 7

8 Mineral Deposit Report Page 8 OF MINING Pyhäsalmi Easting EUREF: ,194 Northing EUREF: ,065 Status: Operating Operating years: Years in production: 59 Total ore mined: t References: 33 Total production: Product copper iron zinc gold silver sulphur Product measure ,59 t ,85 t ,24 t 7,5 t 252,01 t ,43 t Other materials: Material type excavation waste from mineral metalliferous excavation Material measure t t Mining activity: Year Ore mined Ore Activity type Production Other material processed t 1,26 Mt underground mining t 1,38 Mt underground mining t 1,38 Mt underground mining t t underground mining t t underground mining t t underground mining t t underground mining copper t zinc t sulphur t copper t zinc t sulphur t zinc t copper t sulphur t zinc t copper t sulphur t zinc t copper t sulphur t zinc t copper t sulphur t waste from mineral metalliferous excavation 0 t waste from mineral metalliferous excavation 0 t waste from mineral metalliferous excavation 0 t waste from mineral metalliferous excavation 0 t waste from mineral metalliferous excavation t 8

9 Mineral Deposit Report Page 9 OF t t underground mining t t underground mining t t underground mining t t underground mining t t underground mining t t underground mining t t underground mining t t underground mining t t underground mining t t underground mining t t underground mining t t underground mining t t underground mining zinc t copper t zinc t copper t sulphur ,66 t zinc t copper t sulphur t zinc t copper t sulphur t zinc t copper t sulphur t zinc t copper t sulphur t zinc t copper t sulphur t zinc t copper t sulphur t zinc t copper t sulphur t zinc t copper t sulphur t copper 10525,47 t zinc 14181,69 t sulphur ,62 t gold 565,05 kg iron ,62 t silver 13627,72 kg copper 12068,9 t zinc 14043,81 t sulphur ,88 t gold 559,55 kg iron ,88 t silver 13495,22 kg copper 11061,58 t zinc 17430,37 t sulphur ,97 t gold 480,45 kg iron ,97 t silver 13631,45 kg waste from mineral metalliferous excavation t excavation t excavation t excavation t excavation t excavation t excavation t excavation t excavation t excavation t excavation t excavation t excavation t 9

10 Mineral Deposit Report Page 10 OF t t underground mining t t underground mining t t underground mining t t underground mining t t underground mining t t underground mining t t underground mining t t underground mining copper 9627,35 t zinc 18090,96 t sulphur ,6 t gold 454,91 kg iron ,6 t silver kg copper 8879,16 t zinc 16917,14 t sulphur ,18 t gold 411,24 kg iron ,18 t silver 13458,94 kg copper 9784,83 t zinc 18632,82 t sulphur ,07 t gold 468,42 kg iron ,07 t silver 13740,4 kg copper 9772,49 t zinc 18793,26 t sulphur ,45 t gold 408,08 kg iron ,78 t silver 16108,51 kg copper 10843,08 t zinc 21916,88 t sulphur ,56 t gold 507,54 kg iron ,26 t silver 18917,72 kg copper 9051,35 t zinc 23059,39 t sulphur ,42 t gold 431,01 kg iron ,28 t silver 17671,68 kg copper 9211,77 t zinc 19784,38 t sulphur ,97 t gold 491,99 kg iron ,46 t silver 16434,65 kg copper 8649,37 t zinc 25427,06 t sulphur ,13 t gold 479,36 kg iron ,08 t silver 15527,18 kg copper 8419,89 t zinc 22281,9 t sulphur ,97 t gold 441,53 kg iron ,27 t silver 14991,51 kg excavation t excavation t excavation t excavation t excavation t excavation t excavation t excavation t excavation t 10

11 Mineral Deposit Report Page 11 OF t t underground mining t t underground mining t t underground mining t t underground mining t t underground mining t t underground mining t t underground mining t t underground mining t t underground mining t t underground mining t t underground mining copper 8096,84 t zinc 22513,17 t sulphur ,35 t gold 424,59 kg iron ,34 t silver 15206,26 kg copper 8212,7 t zinc 27440,08 t sulphur ,08 t gold 415,46 kg iron t silver 15942,3 kg copper 7859,04 t zinc 19601,37 t sulphur ,45 t gold 388,32 kg iron ,43 t silver 14423,65 kg copper 6873,42 t zinc 18604,05 t sulphur ,81 t gold 403,24 kg iron ,08 t silver 15763,04 kg copper 6419,53 t zinc 25767,29 t sulphur ,36 t iron ,73 t copper 6148,21 t zinc 24422,08 t sulphur ,95 t iron ,59 t copper 6124,26 t zinc 14157,39 t sulphur ,53 t iron ,02 t copper 5948,76 t zinc 16486,56 t sulphur ,28 t iron ,34 t copper 6258,86 t zinc 18418,95 t sulphur ,82 t iron ,38 t copper 5509,43 t zinc 18692,71 t sulphur ,17 t iron ,28 t excavation t excavation t excavation t excavation t excavation t excavation t excavation t excavation t excavation t excavation t 11

12 Mineral Deposit Report Page 12 OF t t underground mining t t underground mining t t open-pit mining t t open-pit mining t t open-pit mining t t open-pit mining t t open-pit mining t t open-pit mining t t open-pit mining t t open-pit mining t t open-pit mining t t open-pit mining copper 7275,24 t zinc 19019,55 t sulphur ,24 t iron ,64 t copper 6863,4 t zinc 21377,81 t sulphur ,36 t iron ,22 t copper 7496,71 t zinc 28574,42 t sulphur ,36 t iron ,23 t copper 6288,77 t zinc 22656,81 t sulphur ,71 t iron ,65 t copper 5092,97 t zinc t sulphur ,62 t iron ,5 t copper 5631,57 t zinc 23750,54 t sulphur ,55 t iron ,9 t copper 5622,9 t zinc 18379,33 t sulphur ,19 t iron ,11 t copper 5251,48 t zinc 13330,69 t sulphur ,14 t iron ,14 t copper 5267,63 t zinc 16619,03 t sulphur ,77 t iron ,51 t copper 5743,52 t zinc 28088,18 t sulphur ,53 t iron ,79 t copper 7102,62 t zinc t sulphur ,86 t iron ,33 t copper 6736,32 t zinc 29500,44 t sulphur ,69 t iron ,03 t excavation t excavation t excavation t excavation t excavation t excavation t excavation t excavation t excavation t excavation t excavation t excavation t 12

13 Mineral Deposit Report Page 13 OF t t open-pit mining t t open-pit mining t t open-pit mining t t open-pit mining t t open-pit mining t 0 t open-pit mining t 0 t open-pit mining t 1938 t open-pit mining copper 6348,04 t zinc 29457,8 t sulphur ,89 t iron ,82 t copper 5261,96 t zinc 21894,62 t sulphur ,12 t iron ,82 t copper 5325,97 t zinc 25330,85 t sulphur ,94 t iron ,38 t copper 5245,74 t zinc 24932,73 t sulphur ,32 t iron ,93 t copper 5081,58 t zinc 24730,39 t sulphur ,11 t gold 169,38 kg iron ,91 t silver 10163,17 kg copper 3601,38 t zinc 14903,6 t sulphur ,69 t iron ,76 t copper 15,5 t zinc 58,14 t sulphur 717,06 t iron 639,54 t excavation t excavation t excavation t excavation t excavation t excavation t excavation t excavation t excavation 890 t Figures 13

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18 Mineral Deposit Report Page 18 OF GEOLOGY Ore: Sulphide ore Host rock: Felsic tuff, Rhyolite Wall rock: Mica schist, Tholeiitic basalt, Dolomitic carbonate rock Sulphide ore (Ore) Rock type: Ore Proportion: major Grain size: NA Color: NA References: 2, 3, 4, 13, 14, 15, 19, 20, 26, 28, 30, 31, 32, 36, 38, 40 Comments: Ore types: 1) Massive Pyrite, massive, cm pyrite porphyroblasts, % sulphides; 2) Spotty Massive Pyrite, colloform, crustified and replacement textures, digenetic banding, % sulphides; 3) Cu-Pyrite, cataclastic, clast-supported breccia, massive, 90 % sulphides; 4) Zinc, dissemination, banding, % sulphides; 5) Zinc, porphyroclastic breccia, mylonitic banding, >60% sulphides; 6) Remobilised Sulphides, veins, veinlets, replacement in xenoliths and wallrocks, 50-95% sulphides. Ore minerals: Mineral Proportion Mineral texture Arsenic minor Dissemination Arsenopyrite minor Dissemination Bournonite minor Dissemination Chalcopyrite major Massive, Dissemination Electrum minor Dissemination Galena minor Dissemination Gold minor Dissemination Hessite minor Dissemination Jordanite minor Dissemination Magnetite minor Dissemination Marcasite minor Dissemination Molybdenite minor Dissemination Pyrite major Massive, Dissemination Pyrrhotite major Dissemination Seligmannite minor Dissemination Sphalerite major Dissemination Tetrahedrite minor Dissemination Other minerals: Mineral Proportion Mineral texture Anthophyllite present Alteration product Barylite present Biotite present Alteration product Calcite present Chlorite present Alteration product Cordierite present Alteration product Dolomite present Muscovite present Alteration product Plagioclase present Quartz present Sericite present Sillimanite present Alteration product 18

19 Mineral Deposit Report Page 19 OF Talc present Tourmaline present Tremolite present Alteration product Structures Breccia Veined Textures Massive Banded Porphyroclastic Alteration: Distribution: Degree: Relation to mineralization: chloritic alteration NA NA NA Comments: K-altered and Na-depleted rocks cover an area m wide and >6 km long along strike, at the present surface. sericitic alteration NA NA NA Comments: K-altered and Na-depleted rocks cover an area m wide and >6 km long along strike, at the present surface. Metamorphic description: Type: Facies: Degree: Relation to mineralization: Min P- Max P (kbar) MIn T- Max T ( C) Regional amphibolite metamorphic facies medium metamorphic grade NA 2, Comments: Peak metamorphism is related to the intrusion of synorogenic, Ga, granitoids. Peak regional metamorphism during D2-D3, at 1890 Ma, and retrograde metamorphism during D4; Pyrite-sphalerite-baryte-pyrrhotitechalcopyrite-calcite-dolomite. Geological age: Geological era: Max age - Minage Inferred age (Ma): Age of mineralization: (Ma): Paleoproterozoic ( Ma) Y Comments: The mineralisation is older than 1.86 Ga, probably during Ga; Data also suggest a significant input of crustal Pb into the mineralising system. Radiometric age: Method: Age: Error (Ma): Mineral: Reference: Pb-Pb 1944 Galena 21, 40, 49 Pb-Pb 1969 Galena 21, 40, 49 Felsic tuff (Host rock) Rock type: Host rock Proportion: minor Grain size: NA Color: NA References: 4, 13, 14, 15, 19, 20, 21, 26, 28, 30, 31, 36, 38, 40 Metamorphic description: Type: Facies: Degree: Relation to mineralization: Min P- Max P (kbar) MIn T- Max T ( C) 19

20 Mineral Deposit Report Page 20 OF Regional amphibolite metamorphic facies medium metamorphic grade NA 2, Comments: Peak metamorphism is related to the intrusion of synorogenic, Ga, granitoids. Peak regional metamorphism during D2-D3, at 1890 Ma, and retrograde metamorphism during D4. Geological age: Geological era: Paleoproterozoic ( Ma) Max age - Minage Inferred age (Ma): Age of mineralization: (Ma): N Rhyolite (Host rock) Rock type: Host rock Proportion: minor Grain size: NA Color: NA References: 4, 13, 14, 15, 19, 20, 21, 26, 28, 30, 31, 36, 38, 40 Comments: The host volcanic sequence is composed of a bimodal complex of low- to medium-k rhyolites, transitional between calc-alkaline and tholeiitic, and sub-alkaline low- to medium-k tholeiitic basalts and basaltic andesites. Trace element chemistry of the volcanic rocks indicates a mature island arc setting. Metamorphic description: Type: Facies: Degree: Relation to mineralization: Min P- Max P (kbar) MIn T- Max T ( C) Regional amphibolite metamorphic facies medium metamorphic grade NA 2, Comments: Peak metamorphism is related to the intrusion of synorogenic, Ga, granitoids. Peak regional metamorphism during D2-D3, at 1890 Ma, and retrograde metamorphism during D4; Altered felsic rocks: quartz-sericitefeldspar. Felsic, unaltered volcanic rocks: quartz-plagioclase-k feldspar-biotite-muscovite. Geological age: Geological era: Paleoproterozoic ( Ma) Max age - Minage Inferred age (Ma): Age of mineralization: (Ma): N Mica schist (Wall rock) Rock type: Wall rock Tholeiitic basalt (Wall rock) Rock type: Wall rock Proportion: minor Grain size: NA Color: NA References: 4, 13, 14, 15, 19, 20, 21, 26, 28, 30, 31, 36, 38, 40 Comments: The host volcanic sequence is composed of a bimodal complex of low- to medium-k rhyolites, transitional between calc-alkaline and tholeiitic, and sub-alkaline low- to medium-k 20

21 Mineral Deposit Report Page 21 OF tholeiitic basalts and basaltic andesites. Trace element chemistry of the volcanic rocks indicates a mature island arc setting. Metamorphic description: Type: Facies: Degree: Relation to mineralization: Min P- Max P (kbar) MIn T- Max T ( C) Regional amphibolite metamorphic facies medium metamorphic grade NA 2, Comments: Peak metamorphism is related to the intrusion of synorogenic, Ga, granitoids. Peak regional metamorphism during D2-D3, at 1890 Ma, and retrograde metamorphism during D4; Altered metavolcanic rock: cordierite-biotite-almandine-plagioclase-quartz. Mafic, unaltered volcanic rocks: plagioclase-hornblende ± quartz, biotite, cummingtonite. Geological age: Geological era: Paleoproterozoic ( Ma) Max age - Minage Inferred age (Ma): Age of mineralization: (Ma): N Dolomitic carbonate rock (Wall rock) Rock type: Wall rock Proportion: minor Grain size: NA Color: NA References: 4, 13, 14, 15, 19, 20, 21, 26, 28, 30, 31, 36, 38, 40 Comments: Within the schist belt, dolomitic marbles are only detected locally in the Pyhäsalmi ore and in its immediate footwall rocks. Colloform and fine banded carbonate patches in Spotty Pyrite Ore and A Zinc. Textures Banded Colloform Metamorphic description: Type: Facies: Degree: Relation to mineralization: Min P- Max P (kbar) MIn T- Max T ( C) Regional amphibolite metamorphic facies medium metamorphic grade NA 2, Comments: Peak metamorphism is related to the intrusion of synorogenic, Ga, granitoids. Peak regional metamorphism during D2-D3, at 1890 Ma, and retrograde metamorphism during D4. Geological age: Geological era: Paleoproterozoic ( Ma) Max age - Minage Inferred age (Ma): Age of mineralization: (Ma): N Figures 21

22 Mineral Deposit Report Page 22 OF Schematic modelling: 22

23 Mineral Deposit Report Page 23 OF Outcrop photo: 23

24 Mineral Deposit Report Page 24 OF Structure: Structure: 24

25 Mineral Deposit Report Page 25 OF Structure: 25

26 Mineral Deposit Report Page 26 OF Local geology: 26

27 Mineral Deposit Report Page 27 OF Outcrop photo: Outcrop photo: 27

28 Mineral Deposit Report Page 28 OF Metamorph photo: 28

29 Mineral Deposit Report Page 29 OF Metamorph photo: 29

30 Mineral Deposit Report Page 30 OF Plan view: 30

31 Mineral Deposit Report Page 31 OF Plan view: 31

32 Mineral Deposit Report Page 32 OF Regional geology: 32

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36 Mineral Deposit Report Page 36 OF Regional geology: 36

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39 Mineral Deposit Report Page 39 OF Geology of the Pyhäsalmi-Mullikkoräme region. Image pruduced by Jukka Kousa (GTK), 7 39

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41 Mineral Deposit Report Page 41 OF REFERENCES 1. Aatos, S Geokemiallisen muuttumisindeksin soveltaminen metamorfoituneiden vulkaanissedimenttisten sinkkiesiintymien sivukiviin. Unpublished MSc thesis. Department of Geology, University of Turku. 114 p. (in Finnish) 2. Eilu, P., Papunen, H. & Reino, J Pyhäsalmen malmin kullasta. Summary: Distribution of gold in the Pyhäsalmi ore deposit. Vuoriteollisuus 46, Eilu, P Mikroskooppinen tutkimus kullan esiitymisestä Pyhäsalmen malmissa. Dept. Geology, Univ. Turku. 18 p. (in Finnish) 4. Ekberg, M. & Penttilä, V-J The Pyhäsalmi Cu-Zn-pyrite deposit. In: Gaál, G. (ed.) Proterozoic Mineral Deposits in Central Finland. 7th IAGOD Symposium and Nordkalott Project Meeting (Luleå, 1986): Excursion Guide no 5. Sveriges Geologiska Undersökning. Ser. Ca 63, Ekdahl, E Early Proterozoic Karelian and Svecofennian formations and the evolution of the Raahe-Ladoga Ore Zone, based on the Pielavesi area, central Finland., Bull p. 6. Fairclough, M. & Luukas, J Structural geology and geophysics of a Proterozoic-Archaean boundary - the central Raahe-Ladoga Zone, Finland. In: Williams P.J. (ed.) 2001: A Hydrothermal Odyssey. May 17-19th, 2001,Townsville. Extended abstracts. EGRU and JCU First Quantum Minerals Ltd Annual information form as at December 31, First Quantum Minerals Ltd Annual information form as at December 31, p First Quantum Minerals Ltd Annual Report First Quantum Minerals Ltd Management's discussion and analysis for the year ended December 31, First Quantum Minerals Management's Discussion and Analysis FQM Consolidated financial statement 31 December Gaal, G. (ed.) Exploration target selection by integration of geodata using statistical and image processing techniques: an example from Central Finland., Report of Investigation p Helovuori, O Geology of the Pyhäsalmi ore deposit, Finland. Economic Geology 74,

42 Mineral Deposit Report Page 42 OF Huhtala, T The geology and zinc-copper deposits of the Pyhäsalmi-Pielavesi district, Finland. Economic Geology 74, Huhtala, T Tutkimusraportti. Pyhäjärven lentomittausalue, matalalento/gtl-77. Outokumpu Oy Finnmines Report 001/3321/TEH/ p. (in Finnish) Inmet Mining Annual Reports Inmet Mining Annual Report Toronto. 126 p. 19. Korsman, K. (ed.) & Glebovitsky, V. (ed.) Raahe-Ladoga Zone structure-lithology, metamorphism and metallogeny: a Finnish-Russian cooperation project Map 2: Metamorphism of the Raahe-Ladoga Zone 1: Kousa, J., Luukas, J., Mäki, T., Ekdahl, E., Pelkonen, K., Papunen, H., Isomäki, O.-P., Penttilä, V.-J. & Nurmi, P Geology and mineral deposits of the central Ostrobothnia. Geological Survey of Finland. Guide 41, Kousa, J., Marttila, E. & Vaasjoki, M Petrology, geochemistry and dating of Paleoproterozoic metavolcanic rocks in the Pyhäjärvi area, central Finland. Geological Survey of Finland, Special Paper 19, Lahtinen, R. & Huhma, H Isotopic and geochemical constraints on the evolution of the Ga Svecofennian crust and mantle in Finland. Precambrian Research 82, Lestinen, P Sulphide deposits of central Finland. Outokumpu, Pyhäsalmi, Vihanti. X IGES - III SMGP Symposium, Excursion Guide. Espoo:. 9 p. 24. Luukkonen, K., Mäki, T., Perä., P. & Niiranen, S Pyhäsalmen uusi kaivos. Vuoriteollisuus 58, (in Finnish) 25. Marttila, E Pyhäjärvi. Geological Map of Finland 1:100000: Pre-Quaternary Rocks, Sheet Marttila, E Pyhäjärven kartta-alueen kallioperä. Summary: Pre-Quaternary rocks of the Pyhäjärvi map-sheet area. Suomen geologinen kartta 1: Explanation for sheet 3321., Espoo. 64 p Mustonen, A Pyhäsalmen malmin sivukivien kultamineralisaatiot. Unpublished MSc thesis. Department of Geology, University of Turku. 59 p. (in Finnish) 28. Mäki, T. & Luukas, J Structural control of the Pyhäsalmi VMS deposit in the Palaeoproterozoic Raahe-Ladoga Zone, central Finland. In: Williams P.J. (ed.) 2001: A Hydrothermal Odyssey. May 17-19th, 2001,Townsville. Extended abstracts. EGRU and JCU Mäki, T., Kousa, J. & Luukas, J The Vihanti-Pyhäsalmi VMS belt. In: Maier, W.D., Lahtinen, R. & O'Brien, H. (eds) Mineral deposits of Finland. Amsterdam: Elsevier, Mäki, T Pyhäsalmen Zn-Cu malmin litogeokemiallinen tutkimus. Outokumpu Oy 42

43 Mineral Deposit Report Page 43 OF Exploration, Report 001/3321/TVM/ p. (in Finnish) Mäki, T Lithogeochemistry of the Pyhäsalmi zinc-copper-pyrite deposit, Finland. In: Prospecting in Areas of Glaciated Terrain Kuopio, Finland, 1-2 September, London: The Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, Mäki, T. (2000) Personal communication 17/11/ Mäki, T Personal communication 18th January, Nenonen, K Väliraportti Pyhäsalmen malminpuhkeaman aiheuttaman hivenmetallianomalian tutkimuksista vuodelta Kl , Report P p. (in Finnish) 35. Nikander, J Pielaveden-Koivujärven jakson karsi- ja karbonaattikivien ja vulkaniittien stratigrafiasta. Unpublished MSc thesis. Department of Geology, University of Turku. 88 p. (in Finnish) 36. Osorio, M.I Petrography, mineralogy, geochemistry and 3D modelling of the A Zinc Ore in the Pyhäsalmi Zn-Cu VMS deposit, central Finland. Unpublished MSc thesis. Department of Geology, University of Turku. 72 p. 37. Outokumpu Oy Annual Report p. Espoo Papunen, H. (ed.) Sinkkiprojektin loppuraportti. University of Turku, Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, Publication p. (in Finnish) 39. Papunen, H Pyhäsalmen rikastetutkimus. Department of geology, University of Turku. pages in several sets (in Finnish) 40. Puustjärvi, H Massiivisten sulfidimalmien tutkimukset Pyhäsalmen ympäristössä. In: Ekdahl, E. (ed.) Suomen kallioperän kehitys ja raaka-ainevarat: symposio Oulussa Vuorimiesyhdistys. Sarja B 51, (in Finnish) 41. Rasilainen, K Personal communication 21/11/ Rekola, T Recent geophysical surveys for massive sulphides in the Pyhäsalmi area central Finland. In: European Association of Exploration Geophysicists 54. Meeting and Technical Exhibition, Paris, France 1-5 June Technical Programme and Abstracts of Papers. Zeist: European Association of Exploration Geophysicists (EAEG), Rosenberg, P., Papunen, H., Ekberg, M. & Penttilä, V-J Pyhäsalmen malmin rikastusmineralogiasta. Summary: Applications of mineralogy to benefication of the Pyhäsalmi ore. Vuoriteollisuus 46, Rouhunkoski, P Vihannin ja Pyhäsalmen malmialueiden karakteristiikka. Outokumpu Oy Exploration, Report. (in Finnish) 45. Tontti, M., Koistinen, E. & Seppänen, H Vihannin Zn-Cu-malmivyöhykkeen geomatemaattinen arviointi. Summary: Geomathematical evaluation of the Vihanti Zn-Cu ore zone. 43

44 Mineral Deposit Report Page 44 OF , Report of Investigation p Tukes: tilastoja vuoriteollisuudesta Tukes Tilastotietoja vuoriteollisuudesta Vaasjoki, M. & Sakko, M The evolution of the Raahe-Ladoga zone in Finland: isotopic constraints., Bulletin 343, Vaasjoki, M The lead isotopic compositions of some Finnish galenas. Geological Survey of Finland, Bulletin p Ward, P Report of 1984 structural studies in MM-Project area. Geological Survey of Finland, Report M19/3321/-84/1/ p. (in Finnish) 51. Weihed, P. & Eilu, P Fennoscandian Shield - Proterozoic VMS deposits. Ore Geology Reviews 27, Vähätalo, V Selonteko Ruotasen malmiesiintymän tutkimuksista Pyhäjärven pitäjän Mäkikylässä vuosina Outokumpu Oy Exploration, Report. 6 p. (in Finnish) Ylinen, J Pyhäsalmen syvämalmin malmimineralogiasta. Unpublished MSc thesis. Department of Geology, University of Turku. 53 p. (in Finnish) 44