Deadwood and Winnipeg Stratigraphy

Transcription

1 REPORT No. 47 Deadwood and Wnnpeg Stratgraphy n East-Central Saskatchewan by DOUGLAS D. McLEAN 1960 DEPARTMENT OF MINERAL RESOURCES Geologcal Sce nces Branch Sedmentary Geology Dvson HON. A. C. CAMERON M nster J. T. CAWLEY De puty Mnster PROVINCE OF SASKATCHEWAN

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3 ABSTRACT The Deadwood and Wnnpeg formatons n east,central Saskatche, wan comprse a sequence of largely arenaceous and argllaceous strata rangng n age from Upper Cambran to Upper Ordovcan. The Dead, wood formaton rests unconformably on the Precambran surface and s separated by another major unconformty from the overlyng Wnnpeg formaton, whch s n turn conformably overlan by dolomtc lmestones of the Red Rver formaton. The Deadwood formaton s composed essentally of var,coloured, frequently glaucontc sandstones, mcaceous shales of varous coluurs, and mnor carbonate rocks. The Wnnpeg formaton n Saskatchewan may be dvded nto two unts: a lower unt of whte quartzose sandstones, and an upper unt consstng predomnantly of green shales nterbedded wth argllaceous sandstones. Glaucontc sandstones and mcaceous shales of" Deadwood type" a re present n the lower part of the Wnnpeg formaton n the west,central part of the area. The age of the Deadwood formaton n Saskatchewan s consdered to be Upper Cambran to Lower Ordovcan, and a Mddle to Upper Ordovcan age for the Wnnpeg formaton s generally accepted, although fossl evdence to support these conclusons s lackng. The rock types, hgh porostes, and the prolfc recoveres of salt water from both these formatons, strengthen the possbltes for future sources of petroleum and natural gas, more especally n the southeastern part of the area, and possbly the west,central part of the area.

4 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Page Fg. I- Locaton map Fg. 2- lndex map of area of study showng well locatons and lnes of sectons Fg. 3- Isometrc dagram of the Wnnpeg formaton.-facng page IO Fg. 4- Characterstc secton of the Deadwood and Wnnpeg formatons n the west-central part of the area of study Fg. 5 Fg. 6- Characterstc secton of the Deadwood and Wnnpeg formatons n the southeastern part of the area of study Isopach map of the Deadwood formaton Fg. 7- Lthofaces map of the Wnnpeg fo rmaton Fg Isopach map of the Wnnpeg formaton, showng eastern edge of " Deadwood-type" lthologcal development wthn the formaton Fg. 9- Structure contour map on top of the Precambran surface Fg. IO- Structure contour map on top of the Deadwood formaton.. 27 Fg. I I- Structure contour map on top of the Wnnpeg formaton Fg. 12- Salnty map of t he fluds n the Wnnpeg formaton (Adapted from Porter, J. W. and Fuller, J.G.C_. M., 1959 ) Fg. 13- Combned salnty and lthofaces map of the Wnnpeg formaton Plate I- Stratgraphc cross secton (A-A' ) of the Dead, wood and Wnnpeg formatons of east-central Saskatchewan (n pocket) Plate 2- Stratgraphc cross-secton (B-8' ) of the Dead, wood and Wnnpeg formatons of east-central Saskatchewan ( n pocket) Plate 3- Stratgraphc cross secton (C-C' ) of the Dead, wood and Wnnpeg formatons of east-central Saskatchewan... (n pocket) Plate 4- Stratgraphc cross secton (D-D' ) of the Deadwood and Wnnpeg formatons of east-central Saskatchewan (n pocket) Plate 5- Stratgraphc cross secton (E-E' ) of the Dead, wood and Wnnpeg formatons of east-central Saskatchewan... (n pocket)

5 CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS... 4 I. INTRODUCTION ( ) Area of Study () Geologcal Settng () Scope of Study... 8 (v) Prevous Work (v) Acknowledgments.. 8 II. STRATIGRAPHY (a ) Regonal and General Stratgraphy (b) Orgn of Nomenclature ( ) Deadwood Formaton () Wnnpeg Formaton (c ) Deadwood Formaton ( ) Introducton () Lthologcal Descrpton () Dstrbuton and Thckness (d) Wnnpeg Formaton () Introducton () The Lower Unt Unt Boundares Lthologcal Descrpton () The Upper Unt Unt Boundares Lthologcal Descrpton (v ) Fades Varatons ( v) Dstrbuton and Thckness (e) Age and Correlaton () Deadwood Formaton () Wnnpeg Formaton III. GEOLOGICAL HISTORY ANO TECTONICS IV. ECONOMIC GEOLOGY BIBLIOGRAPHY APPENDIX Formaton tops of wells shown on Fgure

6 INTRODUCTION ( ) Area of Study The Deadwood and Wnnpeg formatons underlyng an area bounded by the Saskatchewan-Mantoba border to the east, the thrd merdan ( 106 west long tude ) to the west, and lyng between Townshp 12 to the south and Townshp 57 to the north (Fg. 1 ), form the subject of ths report. KEY MAP r , r , / ~ \ ; ~llk.! / A! ~' :;;"' I LB RTA j I I ~ j SASKATCHEWAN \ ; '1 ~ tacp-. \ ""..,.._ ~ I 1... Ht \.,, \ \, \ ; ----~ ' \,.\.,., '1[l,NA {..,-., MONTANA,.,. / \ 1,/11/1',..:NQOt, w1:l'1l"tg \. \, J r L j I 11,.~llTON.~ \ ' ->"'-r'-'---,i" ~ --~... \ ~ -2=-- 11 NORTH DAKOTA _j \., ' ~ I \... - "' r J ~ AREA RtVIEWEO '". b;. --1 ' SC:A.LC IN MILU ; ; ; I Ff.gure 1- Locatlon map. The area ncludes the ctes of Moose Jaw, Regna, Yorkton, and Prnce Albert, the towns of Melfort and Carrot Rver, and portons of the Qu' Appelle and Saskatchewan Rvers. () Geologcal Settng The Deadwood and Wnnpeg formatons n east-central Saskatche, wan consst of a sequence of sandstones and shales. The Deadwood formaton les unconformably on the Precambran basement n the western part of the area. In the eastern part of the area t pnches out and s overstepped by the Wnnpeg formaton whch there les drectly on the Precambran basement. The Wnnpeg formaton s conformably overlan by Ordovcan carbonates. 6

7 The Wnnpeg forma ton crops out n Saskatchewan n solated locatons along the edge of the Precambran Sheld but no outcrops of the Deadwood formaton are known to exst n the P rovnce. Wthn the area of study, the two formatons are present only n the subsurface at depths rangng from 1770 feet n the extreme northeastern part of the area to 6970 feet n the southeastern part of the a rea. ': " " l=;:-:;11f'.'----===- I ' ;--4,.., Tp. 40 s2 r,.,, O f fll.:,o Tp " l:s/. \.... : : ~~....." YORt<TOH J I.l, ; ; j To, 40 ; j,.; T 3s &t '1 ~~.... z j- Tp. 30~ ~.;m ;..... Tp. u! a j.,. r-----~ ;, ~~.''. Tp.20 Tp, 15 OLD /11/VCS. l'oose J AW ".. :: R[GINA "-- J, ~~ ~, I " I r,.,! : j'.'.:.:1-1_,.u, ::: l.!..c.:.j,.c..,""'.'----''--=c, &0 2S lt.lo R.5 ~ It. I,.'.".,::-.-"--'---'--...L.:::L..._.l,o_,..._...c:.._...._..._..2,1: ~ INDEX MAP SHOWING WELL LOCATIONS AND CROSS SECTIONS WELL. CONTROL POINT - e D-23 2: Flcure 2-lndex map of study area showng well locatons and lnes of sectons. 7

8 The Deadwood formaton n Saskatchewan has been consdered by many authors to be of Upper Cambran to Lower Ordovcan age, and the Wnnpeg formaton to be of Mddle to Upper Ordovcan age. Conclusve fossl evdence s lackng n the case of the Wnnpeg forma, ton n Saskatchewan and Mantoba to establsh defntely ths range n age. () Scope of Study Exploraton of the Deadwood and Wnnpeg formatons wthn the present study area began early n 1950 wth the drllng of the Gronld No. 1 well (Lsd w2 ). Snce that tme, moderate nterest has been shown n the testng of these formatons, the greatest actvty occurrng n Exploraton wthn the area, and ndeed wthn the entre Saskatche, wan porton of the Wllston Basn, has ndcated the absence of major structures n the Lower Paleozoc sedments, and the consequent neces, sty for detaled work on the stratgraphy 'of these rocks n the search for petroleum. Ths report s an attempt both to determne the petroleum possbltes n the Deadwood and Wnnpeg formatons of east-central Saskat, chewan, and to present a more detaled stratgraphc pcture, partcularly of the Wnnpeg formaton, than has htherto been avalable. The data and conclusons are based on a lmted control of an average of one well per 1,000 square mles. Data from a total of 56 wells n the area were studed n the f:repara, ton of ths paper, 45 of whch penetrated to Precambran rocks. In add, ton, data from numerous wells lyng to the west and south of the area of study were examned. Ffteen wells wthn the area have cored ntervals of parts of the Deadwood or Wnnpeg formatons, but no sngle well had a complete cored secton of ether formaton. Excessve cavng n some wells made an accurate and detaled lthologcal descrpton of the formatons from samples dffcult. As a result, the lthology n some cases had to be nterpreted from mechancal logs. Wherever possble, the gamma-ray and neutron logs were used. (v ) Prevous Work Whle publcatons relatng to the Deadwood and Wnnpeg forma, tons are relatvely numerous, they are prmarly concerned wth the outcrops of Mantoba and the northern Unted States. Regonal studes that nclude the area of study are those of Gallup and Hamlton (1953 ), Genk (1954 ), Borden (1955a ), (1955b ), (1956), Parks and Ambler (1956), and more recently, Porter and Fuller (1959 ). Van Hees's recent paper (van Hees, 1959, ) ncludes part of the present area of study. ( v) Acknowledgment The author wshes to express hs ndebtedness to hs colleagues n the Department of Mneral Resources for ther valuable assstance and crtcsm durng the preparaton of ths report. 8

9 II STRATIGRAPHY (a) R EG I ONAL AND G ENERAL STRATIG RA PHY Sedmenta ton throughout the Cordllera n trough of North Amerca, west of the area under dscusson, was rela tvely complex durng Cambran tmes, a nd there has been much dsagreement wth regard to the age a nd correlatons of the varous Cambran formatons. From fauna! evdence, Dess ( 1939 ) has proposed tentatve correla tons between the Lower and Mddle Cambra n formatons of Alberta and Brtsh Columba a nd those he beleves to be ther la teral equvalents n northwestern Montana, the House Range n Uta h, and the Hghland Range n Nevada. Lower Cambra n sedments a re not present n Montana and Idaho, nor s there any evdence of Lower Ca mbra n (Waucoban) strata under, lyng the prare regons of Canada. Van Hees (1959 ) ndca tes that post-ca mbra n eroson n the prare regons of Canada removed the Upper Cambran and most of the Mddle Cambran sedments from the northern parts of the prare provnces. Also, van Hees outlnes a n area n southwestern Alberta wher~ Upper Cambran sedments are absent as a result of eroson. The Deadwood fo rmaton n Wyomng ncludes beds consdera bly older than the type Deadwood n the Black Hlls (Mller, 1936 ). Mller ndca tes that the Flathead a nd Gros Ventre formatons (Mddle Cam, bran ) of Wyomng merge toward the east, formng the lower part of the Wyomng " Deadwood", and that the Galla tn formaton (Mddle Cambran-Lower Upper Cambra n ) forms the upper part. Dsagreement regardng the correlaton of the varous Cambran formatons, resultng from ncomplete fauna! evdence, makes the ta.sk of outlnng the a.real extent of the Deadwood formaton dffcult. In east-central Saskatchewan the Deadwood and Wnnpeg formatons both have a gentle, unform southerly dp. The Deadwood formaton ncreases n thckness westward across the area from ts eastern erosonal edge (Fg. 6 ). The Wnnpeg formaton shows a general ncrease n thckness from north to south over the map area, except n a confned area n the west-central part of the map area where the thckness ncreases from east to west. The Deadwood formaton wthn the area of study contans rock types smlar to those of the Deadwood formaton of North and South Dakota. An eastern edge of the formaton s found n both of these areas. Snce nconclusve fauna! evdence exsts wthn the area of study to establsh a defnte age for the Deadwood formaton, the wrter tentatvely places ts age wthn ths area as smlar to tha t of the Dead, wood formaton n North a nd South Dakota- Upper Cambran to Lower Ordovcan. The Deadwood formaton wthn the area les wth marked uncon, formty on the rocks of the Precambran basement. It conssts predomn, antly of nterbedded glaucontc sandstones, varably coloured quartzose sandstones, and mcaceous shales. Mnor carbonates may exst wthn the formaton n the southern part of the a rea. In North Dakota, the Deadwood formaton contans consderable thcknesses of lmestone and dolomte n addton to the sandstones a nd shales. The formaton appears to have been subjected to eroson durng Lower Ordovcan tmes, as a result of whch the forma ton was removed from so.me of the eastern pa.rt of the a rea. An erosonal edge s tenta tvely ndcated on Fgure 6, crossng the area n a northwest-southeast d, recton. Northward from the area of study, the Deadwood formaton 9

10 appears to thn and de out to the south of the Precambran Sheld. Westward, the Deadwood formaton ncreases rapdly n thckness, extendng nto Alberta, where t conssts predomnantly of carbonates and shales. Southward from the area of study, the formaton passes through North Dakota nto South Dakota where t crops out n the Black Hlls regon. The Wnnpeg formaton s of wdespread areal extent n the subsurface but only a few outcrops have been noted-along the edge of the Precambran Sheld n Saskatchewan and Mantoba, and on the western shores of Lake Wnnpeg. The formaton extends over an area of about 384,000 square mles, occurrng throughout the Wllston Basn area, north a nd northeast of the Basn to the Precambran Sheld, westward nto eastern Montana, southward nto central South Dakota and eastward from the Basn nto western Mnnesota. West of the southern part of the area of study, the Wnnpeg formaton appears to de out approxmately 60 to 80 mles west of the thrd merda n. West of the northern part of the area of study, the boundary of the formaton s rather uncertan. The Wnnpeg, however, has been reported as far west as the Alberta-Saskatchewan border n the Calforna Standard Fort Ptt No well (Lsd w3 ), (Buller, 1958). Buller has shown the exstence of a hnge lne, affectng Pre-Devonan rocks and trendng northeast (57 east of north ) from ths well to townshp 62, range 8 west of the thrd merdan. Northwest of ths hnge lne the Wnnpeg formaton does not exst. The Wnnpeg formaton rests unconformably upon the Deadwood formaton n the southern and western parts of the area of study, and upon Preca mbran rocks n the eastern part of the area (Fg. 6 ). The Wnnpeg formaton n Saskatchewan may be dvded nto two unts: 1. A lower unt consstng predomnantly of whte quartzose sandstones. In the west-central part of the area glaucontc sandstones and sltstones, and green and maroon mcaceous shales, typcal of the underlyng Deadwood formaton, occur n the basal part of ths lower unt. 2. An upper unt of olve green, occasonally brownsh-grey shales. These are nterbedded wth argllaceous sandstones n the eastern, northwestern, and southwestern parts of the area. The development of lthologes n the Wnnpeg formaton smlar to those of the Deadwood formaton as descrbed above, was noted by Porter and Fuller (1959 ). They also noted the presence of brachopods of Mddle or Upper Ordovcan age n these lthologes n the Tdewater Alen Crown No. 1 well (Lsd l wj). The Wnnpeg shales are confotmably overlan by carbonates of the Red Rver formaton n that part of Saskatchewan consdered n ths report. An overall stratgraphc pcture of the Wnnpeg formaton n the area of study s shown n the sometrc dagram (Fg. 3 ). In ths dagram, the general dstrbuton and thckness patterns for both the lower and upper unts are llustrated, as well as faces changes wthn these unts. The greatest thckness of the formaton wthn the area occurs n the west-central part where the development of " Deadwood-type" lthologes exsts n the lower unt of the Wnnpeg formaton. The formaton as a whole shows a general ncrease n thckness from north to south, both the lower and upper unts becomng thcker n ths drecton. In the north and northeastern parts of the area, both the lower and upper unts thn rapdly, the upper unt to a more marked extent than the lower. The upper unt <lef out mmedately to the north of the area of study, so that only the lower unt crops out along the edge of the Precambran 10 NOTE: The " Deadwood-type" lthology wthn the Wnnpeg Formaton as descrbed a bove, s now beleved to be Cambran rathe r than Ordovcan n age on the bass of the fauna fou nd n ths lthology. (Fuller 1961 )' Ths revson would affect the wells dentfed n ths report as 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 9, 10, , 24, 25 and 26, (Fg ure 2). Fuller, J.G.C.M. ( 1961, "Ordovcan and Contguous Formatons,n North Dakota, South Dakota, Montono, and Adjonng Areas of Canada a nd Unted States", Bull. Amer. Assoc. Petrol. Geol., Vol. 45, No. 8, pp

11 / y ISOMETRIC DIAGRAM OF THE WINNIPEG FORMATION DATUM-TOP OF THE WINNIPEG FORMATION 10 HORIZONTAL SCALE MILES UNION H.B. GARDEN RIVER 16-7 L.S.O W.2 K HUDSON BAY TORCH LAKE 7 L.S.D W.2 K BRITISH AMERICAN HALAS 4-4 L.S.D W.2 K. B IMP. C. STD. FORT A LA CORNE 8-9 L.S.D W. 2 tc.b BRITISH AMERICAN SARBY 13 L.S.D W.2 K.B BRITALTA PELICAN LAKE L.S.D W.2 K WOODLEY SIGNAL YELLOW CREEK L.S.D W 2 K '"' '" ' '>., '"' '""-, 11S". '"' VERTICAL SCALE FEET.:1 "' 4 '"' 12. DOME SILVER PARK L.S.D W.2 KB BRITISH AMERICAN KURAS 5-29 L.S.D W.2 K TIOEWATE R FOAM LAKE CR. L.S.D W.2 KB IMPERIAL KUROKI 7-30 L.SD IOW.2 K.B TRIAD WHITEFOX L.S.D W. 2 K.8.12!0 18. ZENON PARK I L.S.D W.? K.B MARGO 8-11 L.S.D. 8-ll-33-9W.2 K CEEPEE ANNETTE LSD. I W.2 K C.STD. PASOUIA HILLS PROVINCE 2-8 L.S.D W.2 K.B CALIFORNIA STANDARD BANNOCK 5-15 L.S.D W. 2 K CREE c.a E. DAPHNE 7-29 L.S.D W.2 K IMPERIAL GUERNSEY L.S.D W.2 KB t;. TIDEWATER STALWART CR. L.S.D W.2 K SOCONY SOHIO NOKOMIS L.S.D W.2 KB TIDEWATER KRASNE CR. I L.S.D W.2 K WOODLEY ADA THUNOERHILL 4A-5 L.S.D W. I K TEXAS PAC IFIC S. RAMA 4-27 L.S.O W.2 K.B TW. BEAVER HILLS CR. L.S.D W.2 K IMPERIAL MUSCOWPETUNG 1-9 L.S.D W.2 K SOCONY STAR BLANKET L.S.D IOW.2 K.B TRITON TW. DUBUC CR L.S.D W. 2 K RIDDLE TW. ATWATER 4-16 L.S.D W.2 K.B TW. C.SUP. IMP FLINT CUTARM L.SD. l w.i K.B RIDDLE TW. MARCHWELL CR L S.D W.1 K RIDDLE TW,ST. MARTHE 1-4 L.S.D. l w.i K C.STO. TW. CARNOUSTIE PROVINCE 4-20 L.S.D W. I K.B RIDDLE TW. CLAYRIOGE CR L.S.D IW.2 K LEGEND GREEN SHALES ( Also port of lower unt m northern area) ARGILLACEOUS SANDSTONES (LOCAL) SANDY SHALES CJ ~ OUARTZOSE SANOS SANDSTONES SANOS and SHALES of OEAOWOOD TYPE LITHOLOGY A J'lrure 3-Isometrc dlarram of the Wnnper formaton.

12 Sheld n the Namew Lake,Ballantyne Bay area. The shales of t he upper unt are nterbedded wth argllaceous and generally well consoldated sandstones n the northwestern and eastern parts of the map area, and mnor shale beds are present n the lower unt n the central part of the area. (b ) ORIGIN OF NOMENCLATURE () Deadwood Formaton Strata belongng to the Deadwood formaton were descrbed as early as 1880 by Newton from exposures along Whtewood Creek at Deadwood, South Dakota. The formaton was named n 1901 by Darton. At Dead, wood, the type localty, the formaton conssts of sandstones, shales and dolomtes, and s consdered to be Upper Cambran n age. () Wnnpeg Formaton The Wnnpeg formaton was frst named by Dowlng n 1895 from outcrops of sandstone and shale along the southwest shore of Lake Wnnpeg n Mantoba. Genk (1954 ), n descrbng outcrops of the Wnnpeg formaton along the shores of Lake Wnnpeg, ntroduced the term " Black 1sland member" to desgnate a lower sandstone unt of the formaton and " Deer Island member" to descrbe an upper shale unt. Carlson ( 1958 ) adopted the termnology proposed by Genk (1954 ) for the lower unt and named the basal sandstone n North Dakota the Black Island member. Usng the termnology of McCoy (Carlson, 1958 ), Carlson dvded the upper shale unt n North Dakota nto two members, Roughlock and Icebox. Ths termnology, however, has not come nto general use n Saskatchewan. Carlson's nomenclature s further dscussed n ths account under the headng " Age and Correl3.ton of the Wnnpeg Formaton". (c ) DEADWOOD FORMATION ( ) Introducton The Deadwood formaton n Saskatchewan s predomnantly a sandy fades, as opposed to the domnantly carbonate,shale fades whch makes up the formaton n Alberta. The Deadwood formaton n the northern part of the area of study conssts manly of varably coloured sandstones, whle n the southern part of the area t contans shales and possbly mnor carbonate rocks n addton to the sc1.ndstones. The sopach map of the Deadwood formaton (Fg. 6 ) shows the eastern subcrop erosonal edge of the formaton wthn the area of study, and ndca.tes an ncrea.s, ng thckness of the formaton n a westerly drecton. In the western part of the area of study, the Deadwood forma.ton unconformably overles the Precambran basement and, ~.. varous places, the "grante, wash" beds. The Deadwood formaton s unconformably overlan by the rocks of the Wnnpeg formaton. The genera.i lthologes and thck, nesses of the Deadwood formaton are llustrated on the cross,sectons (Plates 1 to 5, n pocket) and on the characterstc sectons (Fgs. 4 and 5 ). () Lthologcal Descrpton The Deadwood formaton conssts prmarly of yellow, orange and whte quartzose sandstones, hghly glaucontc sandstones, and lesser amounts of grey, red and green mcaceous shales. Lenses or thn beds of angular pnk quartz, grantc or metamorphc fragments, and mnor beds of carbonate rocks are also present. The quartzose sandstones are consoldated to sem,consoldated and have a coarse,gra.ned texture. The sand grans are usually well rounded but locally sub,rounded to angular. 11

13 8 BRITISH AMERICAN SARBY 13 L.S.D W.2 K.B z ::! ~ > 0 0 a:: 0?. WINN IPEG FORMATION RED RIVER FORMATION UPPER UNIT LOWER UNIT r z <( a:: co :'2 <( (.) DEADWOOD FORMATION TO 31)1 CHARACTERISTIC SECTION OF THE DEADWOOD AND WINNIPEG FORMATIONS IN THE WEST CENTRAL PART OF THE AREA OF STUDY DOLOMITIC LIMESTOtlE.S onct DOLOMITES. SHALES. LEGEND G:;J ~ SANOS SANOSTONES t..,terbeooe:0 SANDS Ol'ld SA~Y SHALES IGNEOUS ROCt<S GLAUCONITE Cd RCO OR YELLOW COLOURATION Fgure 4- Characterstlc secton of the Deadwood and Wnnpeg formatons In the west-central part of the area of study. 12

14 4 2 TRITON TIDEWATER DUBUC CROWN L S.D, t~ w.2 K.B.1808 PRECAMBRIAN CHARACTERISTIC SECTION OF THE DEADWOOD AND WINNIPEG FORMATION S IN THE SOUTHEASTERN PART OF THE AREA OF STUDY LEGEND ~ DOLOMITIC LIMESTONES SANDS ond DOLOMITES, Q. SHAl.CS - flfljj UNDSTOHU a ~... INTUIKODED UNO'!' Stl.t.LES "' IT] IGNEOUS ROC,C.S Gl.AUCONITE Cd REO OR YELLOW COLOOR.t.TlON F gure 5- Characterlstlc secton of the Deadwood and Wnnpeg formatons In the southeastern part of the area of study. The Deadwood formaton n the northern part of the area conssts mostly of sem,consoldated sangstones (Plates 1 and 2 ). Elsewhere consderable amounts of fssle, mcaceous, var,coloured shales occur wthn the forma.ton (Plates 3, 4 and 5 ). The characterstc sectons (Fgs. 4 and 5 ) llustrate the general lthology of the.deadwood forma, ton n both the northern and southeastern parts of the area. The upper part of the Deadwood formaton throughout the area contans sandstones whch n general are fner graned than those n the lower parts of the formaton. They are frequently calcareous and hghly glaucontc. Ferrugnous glaucontc sandstones are more frequent n the northern part of the area of study than n the southern part of the area, and are usually confned to the upper porton of the formaton. Very 13

15 often the glauconte grans are rounded whch may be a 'result of trans~ portaton. Buller ( 1958 ) noted that the red sandstones of the Deadwood fo rmaton n the Meadow Lake area to the northwest conta ned gla ucon~ te, ndcatng tha t the ron sta nng s not prmarly due to destructon of glauconte n stu. 1-. s1 1 -j.., ~ ~,.. " ~ -; ~ J I J,._,01 ; - -j "",-.nl "1... W LL CONTROL POINT- CONTOUR INTE:1t\1Al -,o DEADWOOD ISOPACH MAP OF THE FORMATION Fgure 8- lsopach map of the Deadwood formaton. 14

16 Many of the sandstone and shale unts of the Deadwood formaton cannot be correla ted from well to well a nd appear to be n the form of local lenses rather than n beds of regonal extent. Frequently the shales are extremely thn and varable n colour, rangng from pale green to reddsh,grey or red. ( ) Dstrbuton and Thckness The dstrbuton of the Deadwood formaton s shown on Fgure 6. The sopachs show a northwest,southeast trend across the map area. The strata thcken very rapdly westward from the eastern subsurface erosonal edge of the formaton and attan a maxmum thckness of over 750 feet at the western lmts of the map area. The westward thckenng s more pronounced n the northern part of the area tha n elsewhere. Fgure 6 shows the erosonal edge of the Deadwood formaton n the extreme northern part of the area to be uncertan because of the sparse well control, but ths edge s beleved to fo llow a northwesterly trend from the northern lmts of the map area. Parks and Ambler (1956 ) and Borden ( 1955a ) show regonal sopach maps of Cambran sedments for Saskatchewan and parts of Alberta. These maps are n general agreement and ndcate two centres of depos, ton: one n the Montana Basn area and the other, the man centre of deposton, n the Rocky Mountan geosynclne and Alberta Basn areas. These maps ndcate Cambran thcknesses of over 1500 feet n western Saskatchewan (toward the Alberta depostonal centre), and of over 2000 feet n eastern Alberta. (d ) WINNIPEG FORMATION 1 ( ) Introducton The Wnnpeg formaton n Saskatchewan can be separated nto two well,defned unts: 1. A lower unt consstng essentally of sandstones occasonally nterbedded wth thn green and red,brown shales. In the southeastern part of the study area a thn zone of slty shale occurs at the top of ths unt. In the west,central and northwestern part of the area a" Deadwood, type" lthology, characterzed by glaucontc sandstones and mcaceous shales, occurs wthn the basal unt. The "Deadwood,type" lthology grades sharply nto the overlyng sandstones, typcal of the lower unt, but the contact between the" Deadwood,type" lthology and the under, lyng Deadwood formaton s unrecognzable except on mechancal well logs. 2. An upper unt of shales conformably overles the basal unt. The contact s gradatonal, the transton takng place wthn a few nches. In the northwestern part of the area the upper unt contans thn sand, stone lenses whch present dffcultes n correlaton from well to well. In the eastern and southwestern parts of the area ths upper unt contans sandstone beds rangng up to 35 feet n thckness, whch consttutes up to 45 per cent of the total thckness cf the unt n the east and up to 75 per cent n the southwest. () The Lower Unt Unt Boundares The lower unt of the Wnnpeg formaton s the more wdespread of the two, and s everywhere present wthn the study area. The lower unt I Many of the stratgraphc relatonshps as outlned n ths report are n close agreement wth J. M. Andrchuk's paper "Ordovcan and Sluran Stratgraphy and Sedmentaton n Southern Mantoba", Bull. Amer. Assoc. Petrol. Geo!., vol. 43, No. 10 (Oct. 1959), pp. 2333, 2399, whch provdes a contnuaton of the stratgraphy presented here nto southern Mantoba. 15

17 s characterzed by low gamma ray values and hgh neutron values on the well logs as compared to the hgh gamma ray and low neutron log readngs of the overlyng upper unt of the formaton. The Jog characterstcs of the lower sandstone unt ndcate a generally far porosty. The ccnt.3.ct of the lower unt and the upper shale s conformable and grada, tonal. In the southern and central part of the area of study, the base of the Wnnpeg formaton was taken at the top of the glaucontc sands and mcaceous shales, characterstc of the Deadwood formaton. In the east-central and northeastern part of the area, the Wnnpeg formaton rests upon Precambran rocks, but n the west-central part of the area (where the "Deadwood-type" lthology occurs wthn the lower unt of the Wnnpeg formaton, as delmted n Fgure 8 ), the base was tentat;. ely pcked on a shale marker, dscernable on mechancal logs, that s apparently correlatve n 2.ll wells wthn the development. Ths marker s not recognzable n cores or samples because of ts lthologcal smlarty to the shales of the underlyng Deadwood formaton, and therefore mechancal logs alone were used to determne ts poston (Plates 1 and 2, Fgure 4 ). Lthologcal Descrpton The lower unt (wth the excepton of that porton of the unt n the west-central part of the area tha.t contans the "Deadwood-type" lthology ), conssts of well-sorted and sem-consoldated to consoldated quartzose sandstones, the grans of whch are well-rounded, frosted, and sometmes ptted. Occasonally the sandstones at the top of the lower unt contan mnor greysh ntersttal argllaceous m'teral. The nature of the sandstones suggests that they were subjected to extensve re-workng. The gamma-ray and neutron logs of the "Deadwood-type" lthology n the lower unt of the Wnnpeg formaton of the west-central part of the area exhbt a nota.bly hgh gamma-ray count n the upper part of the development as compc>.red to the low count of the lower part (Plates 1 and 2, Fgure 4 ). The rocks n the upper part are whte to pale grey glaucontc sandstones, and fnely bedded olve to pale green shales. The lower part conssts of medum to fne graned, whte, glaucontc s.and, stones, occasom.>.ily contanng fragments of Precambran rocks. The gran sze of the majorty of sandstones of the lower unt ranges between 0.07 and 0.5 mm., the average beng between 0.2 mm. and 0.3 mm. Near the base of the lower unt, the sandstones are coarser graned, the grans rangng from 0.5 mm. to greater than 1.0 mm. n sze, and beng generally sub-rounded to sub-angular. The upper part of the lower unt conssts of fne sandstones, usually sem-consoldated and pale grey n colour. Fnely dssemnated pyrte s present throughout much of the unt. At some localtes n the northern part of the area the unt (generally n the lower part) contans beds of exceedngly coarse-graned, quartzose sandstones wth sub-rounded grans. The cored ntervals of the Wnnpeg formaton n the Calforna Standard Ratner No well (Lsd l w2 ) and the Gronld No. I well (Lsd w2) are of partcular nterest n that the sand, stones at the top of the lower unt n each case exhbt dstnctve cross, beddng and colour mottlng whch are not apparent n the southern part of the area. These condtons may preval throughout much of the northern part of the area. In the southeastern quadrant of the area, a thn development of sandy to slty, grey and brown shales occurs at the top of the lower unt, mmedately underlyng the green.shales, and for purposes of correlaton (Sectons D,D' and E,E', Plates 4 and 5 and n Fg. 5) s consdered as part of the lower unt. 16

18 Secton B-B', Plate 2, shows the Precambran surface n the Imperal Cal fo rna Standard Fort a la Corne 8-9 well (Lsd w2 ) to be unusually hgh. Al though the gamma-ray-neutron log shows an atypcal response for the Precambran n ths well (n tha t t a ppears to reflect normal Deadwood lthology ), the upper part of the cored ntervals 2129'-2142' consst of schsts, whch n thn sectons show abundant hematte, fnely dssemna ted quartz and mnor quanttes of botte and feldspar. Therefore, on the bass of the cored ntervals, the Precambran surface was placed at the depth feet K. B. n ths well. _ In secton C-C', Plate 3, the Ceepee Annette No well (Lsd I w2 ) and the Woodley Ada. Thunderhll No. 4A-5 well (Lsd wl ), and n secton A-A., Pla te I, the Trad Whtefox No well (Lsd w2 ), show strata underlyng the lower unt of the Wnnpeg fo rmaton, tentatvely descrbed as "grante wash". T hs termnology, as noted by Buller ( 1958 ) s not ntended to mply any age relatonshp, but :as a purely lthologcal connota ton. For correlaton purposes n ths report, the "grante wash" ha.s been assumed to be of Cambran age. From the few samples avalable, t appears to be a slghtly reworked resduc1l depost derved from the underlyng Prece mbran rocks and conssts manly of poorly sorted, medum-graned sandstones and ferrugnous quartztes. The quartz grans of the sandstones are angular, clear and unfrosted, and the rock contans a var ::ble quantty of kaolntc materal. () The Upper Unt Unt Boundares The lower boundary of the upper unt of the Wnnpeg form~.ton s placed at the frst major ndcaton of shale (as ndcated by hgh gammaray and low neutron log values ) above the sandstones typcal of the lower unt. The upper unt, whch conssts prmarly of green sha.les, conformably overles the basal unt. The bounda ry between the two unts s gradatonal. Low gamma-ray and hgh neutron log values wthn the upper unt represent lenses and thn beds of sandstone. These sandstone lenses and beds show hgher gamma-my and lower neutron log values than the overlyng dolomtc lmestones of the Red Rver fo rmr1. ton. The Red Rver formaton n Saskatchewan conformably overles the upper unt of the Wnnpeg fo rm c1.ton. The upper bound2.ry of the upper unt of the Wnnpeg formaton s marked by a vertcal gradaton from calcareous shales nto dolcmtc lmestones typcal of the Red Rver formaton. The areal extent of the upper unt of the Wnnpeg formaton s more lmted than t hat of the lower unt, proba.bly due to non-deposton of the shale n the perpheral shallow areas. The upper unt appears to de out just to the north and west of the study area. The greatest thcknesses of the upper unt are found outsde the area of study n southwestern Mantoba and central North Dakota. Lthologcal Descrpton The upper unt conssts predomnantly of olve, pale green or greengrey, fssle, sometmes waxy, thnly bedded shales. There are, however, local varatons n texture and colour of the shales, and n some wells they become slty or sandy, fl aky rather than fssle (or even massve wth a sub-conchodal fracture), slghtly mcaceous and pyrtferous, and pale brown, greysh-brown or greysh-red n colour. The brownsh and reddsh coloured shales were observed n the cores of the followng wells from the ntervals recorded. 17

19 Well Numbers on Fg Name of W ell Locaton T dewater Canadan Superor Imperal Flnt Cutarm No. l.... Lsd l wl Ceepee Annette No Lsd w2 Tdewater Beaverhlls Crown No.!.... Lsd w2 Trad Whtefox N o Lsd w2 Gronld No. l..... Lsd w2 Calforna Standard Ratner N o. l Lsd w2 Depths below K.B. Cored Intervals ( 4554' -4564') (3268'-3273' ) (3275'-3276') (5000'-5004' ) ( 1440'- 1460') (2340'-2342') (2361 '-2364') (2271 '-2273') Tdewater Canadan Superor Imperal Flnt Cutarm No. I and Tdewater Beaverhlls Crown No. l (Nos. 44 and 39 ) both have pale green shales overlyng the brownsh-coloured shales n the upper unt of the Wnnpeg formaton. In the Gronld No. l well (No. 14 ), greyshred arenaceous shales, wth a few bands of pale green shales, occupy the upper part of the upper unt from the 2340 feet to 2342 feet nterval below K.B. Brownsh and reddsh shales appear to be common n the upper unt throughout the area n the form of local occurrences, but greensh coloured sha.ies are the domnant type. Arenaceous beds are present wthn the upper unt n many parts of the area. In the north, east and southeast, greysh to brownsh, ndurated, poorly sorted, sandstones, slghtly argllaceous, and sometmes calcareous and pyrtous, occur. The sand grans are usually cle3.r, and sub-angular to sub-rounded. The core of the Tdewater Canadan Superor Flnt Cutarm No. l well (Lsd l wl ) shows a thn bed of fne graned, purplshgrey, hghly calcareous sandstone at the 4545 feet to feet nterval, the lower part of the upper unt. In the northern pa.rt of the area, the Hudson's Bay Torch Lake No. 7 well (Lsd lw2 ) (No. 4, Fg. 3 and Secton B-B', Plate 2 ) shows an unusual thckenng of the upper unt. Ths development s shown more clearly on Fgure 3, but the top of the lower unt s only tentatvely outlned because of the obscurty of the mechancal log. It appears that th.s shale development s of local nature and possbly nterbedded wth sandstones. The sandstone unt whch overles the shale also appea.rs to be of local extent. In the west-central and northwestern parts of the area, argllaceous sandstones occur n the upper unt, and there s a local occurrence of sandstone at the top of ths unt n wells 8, 10, 11 and 13 of Fgure 3. These sandstones do not appear to be wdespread and possbly resulted from sands mgratng toward the basn centre from the shore areas, once the basn area ceased to subsde. A sandstone bed occurs wthn the upper shale unt n the southwestern part of the area; ths can be seen n the Ceepee Baldon No well (Lsd 2-ll-15-26w2 ) and n the Amerada Crown S-AC No well (Lsd w2 ), shown on the secton E-E' (Plate 5). Ths sandstone bed appears smlar to the one n the southwestern and eastern part of the area as descrbed above, but contans some rounded and frosted sand grans as well. A separate development of sandstone n the upper unt s observed on the electrcal log n the Tdewater Foam Lake No. I well (Lsd I w2, Secton C-C', Plate 3 ). From the small amount of core avalable, ths appears to be a frable sandstone, composed of rounded grans of quartz. From the log characterstcs, the nterval appears to contan salt water. 18

20 Of partcular nterest s the occurrence of pyrtc oolte-lke bodes a t the base of the upper unt n the north-central part of the area, and a t the top of the lower un t n t he southeastern quadrant. These bodes range n sze from about one to seven mllmeters. Ther orgn s not clear, but they may be coproltes. They we re observed from core and samples n the followng wells at the depths recorded: Well Numbers on Fg II Name of Well Locaton Ste. Marthe..... Lsd l wl Imperal Flnt C utarm Lsd wl Ceepee Annette..... Lsd w2 Gronld No. I.. Lsd w2 Woodley Sgnal Yellow C reek... Lsd w2 Depths below K.B. 4700' (samples) 4600' (samples) 3288'-3296' (core) 2357' (core) 3050' (samples) These "ooltes" were also observed n Mantoba by Macauley (1955 ), Genk (1954 ), and Balle (1952 ). Macauley suggests tha t the "oolte" zone represents a tme plane. If ths s so, because of ther regonal dstrbuton the "ooltes" may form a marker fo r correlaton n some areas, but they have not been used as such n ths report snce ther appearance wthn ths area seemed sporadc. (v) Faces Varatons The lthofades map (Fg. 7 ) llustrates the percentage of sand encountered n the Wnnpeg forma ton wthn the study a rea. Upon examnaton of ths map together wth the sopach map of the Wnnpeg formaton (Fg. 8 ), a general pattern of ncreasng sand percentage s seen to accompany a thnnng of the formaton. Sand percentages of 60 to 70 per cent are encountered over most of the area, wth progressvely greater values encountered southwestward, a nd to the north and northwest, n the drecton of the depostonal lmt. In the west-central part of the area, where the " Deadwood-type" fades occurs n the lower unt of the Wnnpeg formaton, the sand percentages are lower as approxmately half ths fades s made up of shales. A lower percentage of sand s present n the extreme southeast corner of the area n the drecton of the deepest part of the basn n central North Dakota, where the formaton s thckest. The varatons n fades may be seen on the cross-sectons (Pla tes 1-5 ). In the southeastern part of the area, where the upper unt s approachng ts greatest thckness, the hgh percentages of sand can be explaned by the occurrence of a sandstone bed of consderable thckness wthn the unt. In the extreme southeastern corner of the area, lower sand percentages are recorded due to ths sandstone bed n the upper unt passng la terally nto shales n a southerly drecton. In the southwestern part of the area, thnnng of the upper sha.le unt, and n the extreme southwest, the presence of a sandstone bed n the upper unt, gve rse to the hgher percentages of sand (Secton E-E', Pla te 5 ). In the northern part of the area (Secton A-A', Pla te 1 ), t he Wnnpeg formaton ncteases n thckness n a westerly drecton, and hgh percentages of sand occur as a result of the very rapd thnnng of the upper shales to the north and west, and thckenng to the west of the sandstones typcal of the lower unt of the Wnnpeg forma ton. A general pat tern of marne encroachment towards the north or northeast can be deduced from the lthofades map. The deepest part of the sea lay n the southeast where greater shale values predomnate. The lthofad es contours correspond closely to the sopachs of the Wnnpeg forma ton (Fgure 8 ) over most of the area. Local dscordance of the lthofaces and sopach maps n the southwestern and north-central parts of the area exst where the unusually hgh percentages of sand occur (80 19

21 to 90 per cent ). In the extreme southwestern part of the area these occur, as noted prevously, as a result of a sandstone bed of consderable thck; ness beng present wthn the upper unt [Secton E;E', Plate 5 a nd the Dllman Tuxford No. 1 well n Lsd 1;3;19;26w2 (Number 50 Fg. 2)]. Ths sandstone bed was deposted, possbly, as a result of basnward mgraton of the shorelne when the basnal area was nearly flled wth SANO PEJlt<XNTl,Gts o- t l-- E]oo-- (TI]=bd.,... f22l.. - UTHOFACIES MAP OF THE WINNIPEG FORMATION m ~ ~ - m» ~ ~ ~ SC.AL[ IH 1,111., eoo WELL CONTROL POINT- Fgure 7- Lthofaces map of the Wnnpeg formaton. 20

22 sedment. The hgh percentage of sand n the north,central part of the area occurs n an area where the formaton becomes qute thn, resultng from a rapd thnnng of the upper unt. IN[LL CONT" '-. POINT- ISOPACH MAP OF TH( WINNIPEG FORMATION -f-~., , C0"'10Uft tnlt.l'\ial. 2S' Flrure 8--lsopach map of the Wnnpeg formaton, showlnr the eastern edre of "Deadwood-type" lthologcal development wthn the formaton. 21

23 (v ) Dstrbuton and T hckness The dstrbut on and thckness of the Wnnpeg formaton wthn the study area s llustrated by the sopach map (Fg. 8 ). The map reveals the rocks n the southern part of the area to have been deposted at the northern end of a basn extendng southward from the area of study. The greatest thckness of sedment wthn ths part of the area s 200 feet n the Imperal Muscowpetung No. 1,9,21, 16 well (Lsd l,9,21, 16w2, No. 40, Fg. 2 ). From ths well, the formaton thckens southward and southeastward beyond the area of study due to a thckenng of both the lower and upper unts. Westward from the Muscowpetung well the Wnnpeg format on thns to less than 100 feet at the thrd merdan. Northeastward, the thnnng of the formaton s more gradual, the formaton reachng a thckness of 35 fee t n the Calforna Standard Pasqua Hlls Provnce No. 2,8 well (Lsd 2,8,5 l,6w2 ). Northwestward from the Muscowpetung well, n the west,central part of the area where the " Deadwood,type" lthology occurs n the lower unt of the Wnnpeg formaton, a rapd but unform westward ncrease n thckness of the formaton to 300 feet s observed on the flanks of a second basn extend, ng beyond the thrd merdan. In the northern part of the area, however, an uneven thckenng trend of the formaton s observed n an east,west drecton from the Man toba border.to the thrd merdan. The northern area shows an anomalous thnnng of the Wnnpeg formaton n the Imperal Calforna Standard Fort a la Corne No. 8,9,50, 18 well (Lsd 8,9,50, 18w2 ), where a topographc " hgh" s present on the Precambran basement, as prevously mentoned under the subheadng "The Lower Unt". (e) Ac E AND C ORRE LATION ( ) Deadwood Formaton The problem of the age of the Deadwood formaton has receved much attenton snce the formaton was named by Darton n 1901 n hs descrpton of the Cambran rocks of the Black Hlls. Later, n 1925, Darton assgned an Upper Cambran age to the Deadwood of the Black Hlls regon. Gres (1952 ) ndcated that Meyerhoff and Lochman n 1936 correlated several fauna! zones n the Deadwood wth smlar zones n the Upper Cambran of Wsconsn. Some of the dscrepances and problems that have a rsen wth regard to the age and correlaton of the Deadwood formaton were dscussed under the headng " Regonal and General Stratgraphy". Borden (1955a ) s of the opnon that the thcker sectons of the Deadwood n Alberta may contan beds older than those of the type secton. He has shown, from paleontologcal evdence, that the upper part of the Cambran sequence n southern Alberta s of Upper Cambran age, and the lower part possbly of Mddle Cambran age. From sub,surface studes n Montana, Ross (1957, p. 450 ) has shown that the Deadwood formaton contans fauna of both Lower Ordovcan and Cambran age. Ths stuaton probably exsts also n Saskatchewan and a tentatve Cambran,Ordovcan boundary s shown n the sectons of Plates 1,5. The Deadwood fo rmaton n the area under study has a very sparse macrofaunal content. Beca use of the hgh energy envron, ment and reworkng, only fragments, manly of brachopods, reman. Carlson (1958) refers to the fndngs of Lochman a nd Duncan n 1950, n whch they reported Lower Ordovcan fauna from the upper part of the Deadwood formaton n the northern Black Hlls of South Dakota. Carlson also reports the presence of conodonts wthn the Deadwood formaton n the Amerada,Iverson Nelson No. 1 well n northwestern North Dakota and suggests at least a Lower Ordovcan age for the upper part of the formaton n that area. 22

24 The general agreement of many authors, establshed from fauna! evdence over a wde area, s that the Deadwood formaton s of Upper Cambran to Lower Ordovcan age. Fossl evdence, however, does not exst wthn the area of study to confrm or deny ths range n age. () Wnnpeg Formaton The age of the Wnnpeg for maton n Saskatchewan and Mantoba, and ts correlaton wth lateral equvalents n the northern Unted States, s stll n doubt. As Genk ( 1954 ) ponts out, the problem of assgnng a defnte age to the Wnnpeg formaton wll exst untl the age of the overlyng Red Rver strata and the correlatve Bghorn formaton of Montana, and the Whtewood formaton of South Dakota, s establshed. Genk (1954 ) suggests, on the bass of lthology and stratgraphc poston, that the Black Island member (lower sandstone unt) of the Wnnpeg formaton n Mantoba may be equvalent to the St. Peter sandstone of Mddle Ordovcan age (Chazyan) n northern Illnos. Genk s of the opnon that the Wnnpeg formaton s dachronous, and ranges n age from Mddle Ordovcan (Chazyan ) to Upper Ordovcan (Rchmondan), wth the older beds n northwestern South Dakota and the younger beds n north-central Mantoba and Saskatchewan. Macauley (1955 ) suggests that the fauna of the Wnnpeg formaton s a select group from that of the Stewartvlle formaton of Mddle Ordovcan age (Trentonan ) whch were able to survve the hgh energy envronment and follow the advancng sea. Some of the fauna (partcu, larly the Coelenterata ) orgnated n Stewartvlle tmes, Macauley ponts out, and evolved throughout Wnnpeg to the Red Rver tmes. In Mantoba, M acauley found an Upper Ordovcan fauna through, out the entre Ordovcan secton, the fauna ndcatng a Rchmondan age for the Wnnpeg formaton as well as the Red Rver and Stony Mountan formatons. Macauley ndcates that n Mnnesota and Illnos, the Stewartvlle fauna show evoluton through the Dubuque formaton nto the Maquoketa formaton, and suggests that the faunas of the Wnnpeg and the M aquoketa formatons are of equvalent age. From palaeontologcal evdence, Macauley beleves the St. Peter sandstone of Mnnesota, Iowa, and Illnos, although lthologcally smlar to the basal Wnnpeg formaton, to be of Chazyan age, and to have been deposted n a separate prevous advance of Ordovcan seas. Thus the St. Peter sandstone would be consderably older than the Wnn, -peg formaton. Balle (1952) states that the sandstone of the St. Peter formaton n Illnos and Iowa, the lower part of the Smpson group n Kansas, and the lower part of the Wnnpeg formaton n North Dakota and Mantoba, all represent the frst deposton on surfaces that were eroded durng Lower Ordovcan tmes throughout much of the central part of North Amerca, and n that respect they are equvalents, although they may dffer n age. Kupsch ( 1952 ) suggested from lthologcal and fauna.i studes of out,crops along the southern edge of the Precambran Sheld n Saskat, chewan (Namew Lake-Ballantyne Bay area), that the lower unt of the Wnnpeg formaton n ths area was younger than the lower unt n the Mantoba secton. Ths he explaned as overlap resultng from marne transgresson from south to north. Kupsch s of the opnon that the Wnnpeg formaton ranged from lower Mddle Ordovcan age n the south to lower Upper Ordovcan n the north. Van Hees (1959) n hs profle (E-F, Fg. 4, p. 80 ), ncludes two wells, Okalta et al Hagen No (Lsd 13, w2) and B.A. Sarby No. 13 (Lsd 13, 16-47,22w2 ) whch are wthn the area studed here. In both these wells, van Hees selects the top of the Mddle Cambran where the present wrter selects the top of the Deadwood formaton. 23

25 Ths boundary s located at feet n the Okalta et al Hagen No. 13,34 well, and at 2705 feet n the B.A. Sarby No. 13 well. Van Hees places the top of the Upper Cambran at 2921 feet n the Okalta et al Hagen No. 13,34 well, whch s the top of the upper unt of the Wnnpeg formaton consdered n ths report; and at 2580 feet n the B.A. Sa.rby No. 13 well, or at the top of the lower unt of the Wnnpeg formaton as consdered n ths report (Fg. 4 ). Thus van Hees appears to be of the opnon that the Wnnpeg formaton as dentfed n ths paper s wholly or n part Cambran n age. It should be noted, however, that both of the above wells contan the "Deadwood,type" lthology n the basal part of the lower unt of the Wnnpeg formaton as prevously descrbed n ths report, whch from fauna! evdence s of Mddle or Upper Ordovcan age (Porter and Fuller, 1959 ). Partcular attenton s drawn to the use of the termnology of the upper unt proposed recently by Carlson (1958 ) n North Dakota. Carlson has adopted the termnclogy orgnally proposed by McCoy n 1952, and dvdes the upper unt of the Wnnpeg formaton nto the Roughlock and Icebox members. These members were named from out, crop n South Dakota whch occurs near the type secton of the Deadwood formaton. The Roughlock member n outcrop conssts of 15 to 30 feet of dolo, mtc, slty, quartzose sandstones and dolomtc sltstones gradng nto the overlyng dolomtes of the Red Rver form':lton. The Icebox member conssts of 35 to 45 feet of soft, green shales. Carlson's sopach maps show the Icebox member (the mddle member of the Wnnpeg formaton ) to have thcknesses of 90 to 145 feet n North Dakota, thnnng out northward by non,deposton nto Sask, atchewan, where thcknesses of e.pproxmately 100 feet are recorded n the southeastern part of the Provnce. The Roughlock member s shown to have a thckness of 80 feet n southeastern North Dakota and to de out j ust south of the Saskatchewan border. Carlson accepts Genk's term Black Island member as applcable to the lower sandstones of the Wnnpeg formaton n North Dakota. The Icebox member of the Wnnpeg formaton n North Dakota s laterally contnuous wth the upper unt as used throughout the ds, cusson of the Wnnpeg form:1.tc-n n ths report. From examnaton of wells south of the study ar~a, t s the opnon of the author that the Wnnpeg formaton n Saskatchewan can be readly correlated wth the Wnnpeg formaton n North Dakota. The Wnnpeg formaton wthn the area of study s notably poor n fossl content because of extensve reworkng, and the sparse fauna s us1..ally very poorly preserved. Only three cored ntervals revealed fossls, manly fragments of brachopods and pelecypods. Samples from the Unon McPhee Lake No. 4,15 well (Lsd 4-15,56,27w2 ) yelded numerous poorly preserved lngulds at the 1980,2010 foot nterval, but ther age could not be establshed. The Brtalta Pelcan Lake well (Lsd 2,2,44,26w2) revealed a smlar type of fauna at 3450 feet depth. An arthropod spne fragment was obtaned from the Trad Whtefox well (Lsd 12-15,52, 14w2 ) at 1490 feet depth. Wells examned both nsde and outsde the area of study revealed a greater abundance of pelecypod fragments than those of brachopods. Because of poor macrofossl content, the age of the Wnnpeg forma, ton n the area of study cannot be determned as yet. However, agree, ment seems to preval among some authors wth regard to assgnng at least a Mddle to Upper Ordovcan age to ths formaton. The present author, on the bass of the evdence dscussed above, beleves that the Wnnpeg formaton n ths area s lkely to be Mddle Ordovcan n age, possbly rangng nto lower Upper Ordovcan. 24

26 II I GEOLOGICAL HISTORY AND TECTONICS The depostonal hstory of the Deadwood formaton and that of any tectonc elements affectng the deposton of ths formaton must be tentatve, due to a lack of well control. It s thought that n Mddle Cambran tmes, the seas whch occuped the Cordlleran geosynclne spread eastward to a pont slghtly beyond the Alberta-Saskatchewan border. In Upper Cambran tmes the sea spread further eastward and had possbly reached well nto Mantoba by late Upper Cambran or early Ordovcan tmes. The Deadwood formaton appears to have been deposted over an eroded Precambran surface of low relef. A few locally anomalous hghs n the Precambran basement are noted west of the area of study, partcularly n the southwestern part of the Provnce. The Precambran, at least wthn the area of study, appears to be composed essentally of grantc and gnessc rock-types; basc rock types occur only locally. Durng Lower or Mddle Ordovcan tmes, eroson strpped the Deadwood formaton from Mantoba and part of eastern Saskatchewan. The eastern erosonal edge s shown on the sopach map of the Deadwood formaton (Fg. 6). As prevously mentoned, ths map also shows the Deadwood formaton to thcken unformly n a westwardly drecton from the erosonal edge. The formaton appears to contnue thckenng from the western lmts of the map area nto Alberta. In Mddle Ordovcan tmes, wdespread and gentle subsdence n the Wllston Basn area commenced and marne transgresson from the south occurred, depostng the lower Wnnpeg sands over the Deadwood formaton n the western and southern parts of the area and upon the Precambran surface n the eastern part of the area. A regonal orogenc hstory of the Wllston Basn n Saskatchewan s outlned by Gallup and Hamlton (1953 ). They beleve that an ancestral Wllston Basn exsted n Cambran tmes, a result of the effects of an ancestral Sweetgrass Arch on the westerly regonal dp of the area. By means of sopach maps they trace an easterly movement of the basn centre between Cambran and Sluro,Ordovcan tmes caused by the slght subsdence of the centre part of the Wllston Basn accompaned by easterly tltng. The present Sweetgrass Arch s generally consdered to be a Tertary feature, wth mnor effects possbly beng traced back to Jurassc tmes. Untl recently, the few basement tests n southwestern Saskatchewan and southeastern Alberta have been usually drlled on anomalous Precambran hghs, thus gvng a msleadng pcture n these areas wtl respect to the Precambran surface. As a result, the Precambran surface appeared hgh n the Sweetgrass Arch regon and gave the mpresson of an ancestral feature related to the Arch. From examnaton of Cambran stratgraphy, Borden ( 1956) ndcates a structural arch to have been present n southern Alberta durng late Cambran to early Ordovcan tmes, but n the opnon of Borden, ths arch s unrelated to the Sweetgrass Arch. Cambran seas, he suggests, are lkely to have spread nto the plans area from the Red Deer and Gypress Hlls synclnes. Subsequent wthdrawal n early Ordovcan tmes exposed the plans regon to eroson. By means of tectonc maps, Borden shows the Southern Alberta arch to be effectve n keepng the plans regon topographcally hgh untl late Ordovcan tmes when the area as a whole subsded. As a result, the eastern part of Alberta, southern Saskatchewan and southwestern Mantoba were nvaded by a shallow sea from the Wllston Basn area. 25

27 The area covered by Borden's account ncludes the whole of the area under dscusson here. Hs concept of the southern Alberta a rch mantan, ng the pla ns area a t a hgh topographcal level s n keepng wth the observed erosonal effects wthn the Deadwood formaton n the area of study, and possbly wth the deposton of glauconte, whch may be ndca tve of shallow water condtons. W'El.l CONTROL POINT- ~ 1NTERVA.L-,00' STRUCTURE CONTOUR MAP ON THE TOP OF THE PRECAMBRIAN ~ 0 == 5GAL IN MI L.ES SURFACE..,0 == Flrure I-Structure contour map on top of the Precambran surface. 26

28 The sgnfcance of the presence of glauconte n the Deadwood formaton, and wthn the "Deadwood-type" lthology n the Wnnpeg formaton as prevously descrbed, s not clear. The problem of glauconte n general and ts sgnfcance, however, has receved consderable attenton. Accordng to Krumben and Sloss (1956), glauconte apparently forms under condtons of slow sedmentaton n partally restrcted z 0. s ~~ 1 -j J, ~ ~ '' " ~ ""'l ~ ~ ~~~"s::--~~+-~-"--t:'"<--~+-~t-~~~ +-~~~~~-j--,.~~ l J 1,-)0~ TJ,l~4 : WELL CONTROL POINT- STRUCTURE CONTOUR MAP ON THE TOP OF THE DEADWOOD CONTOUR FORMAT ION INTERVAL - ~00' 10 O 10 zo 30 IIO ~ - - -:,- - - ~ SC.ALE IN MtLES Flpre IO- Structure contour map on top of the Deadwood formaton. 27

29 envronments, but, once formed, can be transported as detrtal grans. The presence of glauconte s consdered by some to be a crteron of the marne orgn of the enclosng sedment. Krumben and Sloss ndcate that the assocaton of glauconte, especally wth phosphatzed pebbles and manganferous zones, may possbly represent submarne dsconform~ tes or dastems. 1 -, l~!io~ ~ --~ '" rvc.. -=- - -t WELL CONTROL POINT- e STRUCTU RE CONTOUR MAP ON THE TOP OF THE WINNIPEG FORMATION CONTOUR INT'Eft\lAL-&00' F&Ure 11- Structure contour.map on top of the Wnnlpec formaton, 28

30 The sopach map of the Wnnpeg formaton (Fg. 8 ) shows the northern flank of an ancestral Wllston Basn n the southern part of the area, and a second area of subsdence n the west-central part of the area. The central a nd eastern parts of the a rea of study, appear from the sopach map of Fgure 8 to be largely shelf areas. The Wnnpeg form2tcn, n the area of study, probably derved most of ts materals from the Precambran surfaces to the north and east of the area. Wnd eroson of adjonng land areas, and rver eroson of these areas, possbly contrbuted greatly to the supply of detrtus. Krumben and Sloss ( 1956 ) ndcate that the presence of quartzose sandstones and green sha les such as are typcal of the Wnnpeg formaton, are ndcatve of the stable shelf a reas of a craton where mld subsdence and deposton preval. The upper shale unt of the Wnnpeg formaton probably developed further from the shore lne, as ma rne transgresson was approachng ts maxmum a real extent and the supply of sedment was gradually beng dmnshed. The arenaceous beds n the upper unt n the eastern part of the a rea may have developed from a slght local shftng of the depostona l a xs of the basn, or, as suggested by Macauley ( 1955 ), the a renaceous zones may have resulted also from basnward mgraton of sand from the shore a reas when the basn approached ts maxmum nfllng. Structure contour maps of the top of the Precambra n eroson surface the Deadwood formaton, a nd the top of the Wnnpeg formaton are presented as Fgures 9, 10 and 11 respectvely. These maps show a unformly southwesterly dp of about 20 feet per mle as the sole structural feature wthn the a rea. The seemng Jack of notable regonal structures wthn the area of study however, does not preclude the possblty of there beng local structures present that would only become eydent wth more closely spaced wells. The structure contour map on top of the Wnnpeg sandstone constructed by Gallup and Hamlton ( 1953 ), and the Precambran structure contour map of Parks and Ambler ( 1956 ), are regonal maps whch nclude the present area of study. From these maps a general basn outlne s vsualzed, the greater depths beng located south of the area of study n the northern regons of North Dakota and Montana. 29

31 IV ECONOMIC GEOLOGY The salnty dstrbuton map of the fluds n the Wnnpeg forma ton (Fg. 12 l has smlartes to one presented by Porter a nd Fuller for the WELL CONTROL POINT - g <!k>,oooo.o... Cl ~ so ,000,., [I]] 100,000-1,0,000...,.ffl. [Z] > 1,0,000 ' ' "' SALINITY MAP Of T HE FLUIDS I N THC WINNIPEG SCAL[ IN MILES FORMATION 44ap11d,,om Port", J w_ OM fw1.., JAC..M. 119S91, a,.,.,,o1~,,.-0l,,.~~ ~ J.Nt,,mb#rl,~-,_., Fgure 12- Sal~ty map of the fluds n the Wnnpeg formaton (Adapted from Porter, J. W. and Fuller, J.G.C.M., 1959). 30

32 undvded Deadwood and Wnnpeg formatons, but t has been modfed n the west-central and southeastern regons to nclude addtonal well nformaton. Porter and Fuller ndcate that the area of greatest salnty (over 200,000 ppm. Cl- ) s stuated over the Nesson Antclne n North Dakota, where an occurrence of ol n the Wnnpeg formaton had been noted. In twenty of the wells n the area of study, drll stem tests of the Wnnpeg formaton were run recoverng prolfc quanttes of salt water that recorded from 900 ppm. to over 150,000 ppm. Cl-. It s the opnon of the present wrter that n certan nstances saln, tes whch have been reported as ppm. chlorde on are actually ppm. of sodum chlorde. Ths s especally true when values n excess of 200,000 ppm. Cl- are consdered as these values are close to the saturaton pont of sodum chlorde solutons. If any other salts are present such a hghly concentrated soluton of sodum chlorde would be very unlkely to occur. It would appear, therefore, that the maxmum salnty values obtaned n the area of study are as hgh as would be lkely to occur anywhere. Although there have been no ndcatons to date of ol or gas wthn the Wnnpeg formaton n Saskatchewan, ol shows have been encountered, as noted above, n the Nesson Antclne of North Dakota and commercal quanttes found n one well n South Dakota (Barnes, 1953 ). Ol stanng has also been encountered n the Cambran sandstones of Alberta n the Elk Pont No. 3 well, 30 mles west of the Saskatchewan border (Parks and Ambler, 1956). In the southwestern part of Saskat, chewan n the regon of Swft Current, the presence of nert gases wthn the Deadwood formaton has been recently revealed. Wthn the area of study, the hghest salntes are found n the west, central and southeastern parts (Fg. I 2 ). In vew of the apparent relaton, shp of ol to hgh salnty n the Nesson Antclne area, these areas of the Wnnpeg formaton may prove favourable to petroleum exploraton where local structures exst to entrap the ol. The generally well-sorted nature of the sandstones and the roundness of the ndvdual grans results n good porosty, and ndeed the overall characterstcs of both the lower sandstones of the Wnnpeg formaton and the sandstones of the Deadwood formaton make them good potental reservor rocks. Grffths (1952 ) has shown from regonal studes of reservor characterstcs n the Unted States that ol reservors n sandstones are prncpally confned to those rocks havng grans rangng n sze from mm. to 0.25 mm. In the area studed, the average gran szes of 40 to 50 per cent of the sandstone samples examned fall wthn ths range. An nterestng account, by Dckey and Rohn (1955 ), on reservor studes n Wyomng, concluded that most ol pools are found where the sand to shale rato of the strata s 25 per cent and slghtly greater. Wthn the area of study, however, all sand percentages are hgher than ths fgure wth the lowest values beng between 40 and 50 per cent. The lowest values are found toward the southeastern part of the area and n the west-central regon, and on the bass of the Dckey and Rohn theory, these areas would be the most favourable. A "favourable area" map, constructed by supermposton of the structure contour, salnty and lthofaces maps, s shown n Fg. 13. Ths map ndcates, on the bass of the foregong dscusson, that the most favourable areas are to be found n the extreme southeast and possbly the west-central parts of the map area. These areas of low sand percentage values and hgh salnty values are hatched on the map. Although there are few local structural features known at present wthn the Deadwood and Wnnpeg formatons, and though the central and northern parts of the area contan unfavourably hgh sand percent, 31

33 ages n the successon, nevertheless the formatons possess many en.. couragng factors for the accumulaton of ol and gas. The prolfc recoveres of salt water, the lthologes, a nd the porosty of the sands of these formatons are ndeed encouragng, a nd warrant further nvestga.. ton by means. of drllng more closely spaced we lls, especally n the southeastern and west.. central parts of the area. ~ tt'iiah0' '4l,tt11, n ~,,.,. - S1 u11 1' "1'01111 COM BINEO LITHOFACIES ANO SALINITY MAP OF THE WINNIPEG FORMATION ~lt09a.\,.[ nyoulta8u,111 11$ II ::: :r::~...,:,. ~-= ~;... SCALE IN MILCS Fgure 13- Combned salnty and Hthofaces map of the Wnnpeg formaton 32

34 BIBLIOGRAPHY Ba lle, A. D. ( I 952), "Ordovcan Geology of Lake Wnnpeg and Adjacent Areas, Mantoba ", Provnce of M antoba Mnes Branch Publcaton Barnes, T. R. ( 1953), ''Wllston Basn New Provnce for Ol Exploraton", Bull. Amer. Assoc. Petrol. Geo/., Vol. 37, No. 2, pp Borden, R. L a 1, " Ca mbra n Stratgraphy of the Southern Part of the Prare Provnces, Canada", ) our. Alberta Soc. Petrol. Geo/., Vol. 3, No. 8, p Borden, R. L. ( 1955b), "Ordovcan and Sluran Stratgraphy of the Southern Part of the Prare Provnces, Canada", ) our. Alberta Soc. Petrol. Geol., Vol. 3, No. IO, p Borden, R. L. ( 1956), "Hstorcal Geology and Tectoncs of the Southern Part of the Prare Provnces, C,111ada", ) our. Alberta Soc. Petrol. Geol., Vol. 4, No. 2, p Buller, J. V., 1958), "On the Sub,Ashern Stratgraphy ofan Area n the Northwestern P<1rt of the Sedmentary Basn n Saskatchewan", Ol n Ca nada, Vol. 10, p. 34. Carlson, C. G. ( 1958), " The Stratgraphy of the Deadwood-Wnnpeg Interval n North Dakota and Northwestern South Da kota", Second Wllston Basn Sym, PJs um, Conrad Publshng Co., Bsmarck, N.D., p. 20. Dess, C. (1939), "Cambran Formatons of Southwestern Alberta and Southeastern Brtsh Columba", Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., Vol. SO, pp Dck ey, P. A. and Rohn, R. E. (1955), "Faces Control of Ol Occurrence", Bull. Amer. Assoc. Petrol. Geo/., Vol. 39, No. 11, pp Gallup, W. B. and B a:mlton, G. J. (1953). "The Orogenc Hstory of the Wllston Basn, Saskatchewan", Bllngs Geologcal Socety, Fourth Annual Feld Conference, pp Genk, C. J. (1954), "A Regonal Study of the Wnnpeg Formaton", Bull. Alberta Soc. Petrol. Geo/., Vol. 2, No. 5. Gorrell, B. A. ( 1958), "The Importance of Subsurface Water Da ta n Petroleum Geology", Canadan Mnng and M etallurgcal Bulletn, Vol. 5 I, N o. 560, pp Gres, J. P. ( 1952), "Deadwood Forma ton", Bllngs Geologcal Socety, Thrd Annual Feld Conference, p. 42. Grffth, J. C. (1952), " Gran-Sze D strbuton and Reservor-Rock Characterstcs", Bull. Amer. Assoc. Petrol. Geo/., Vol. 36, No. 2, pp. 205,229. Krumben, W. C. (1957), "Comparson of Percentage and Ra to Da ta n Faces Mappng", ) our. Sed. Petrol., Vol. 27, No. 3, pp Krumben, W. C. and Sloss, L. L. (1956), "Stratgraphy and Sedmentaton", W. H. Freeman and Company, San Francsco, Calforna. Kupsch, W. 0. ( 1952), "Ordovcan and Sluran Stratgraphy of East-Central Sask, atchewan", Sask. Ceol. Survey Report No. 10. Macauley, G. (1955), " A General Dscusson of the Wnnpeg Formaton", )our. Alberta Soc. Petrol. Ceo/., Vol. 3, No. 4, pp Mller, B. M. (1936), "Cambran Stratgraphy of Northwestern Wyomng", ) our. Ceol., Vol. 44, No. 2, pt. I. Parks, T. and Ambler, J. S. (1956), "Wnnpeg and Older Rocks, Saskatchewan", Frst Wllston Basn Symposum, pp. 115, 120. Porter, J. W. and Fuller, J. G. C. M. (1959), "Lower Paleozoc Rocks of Northern Wllston Basn and Adjacent Areas", Bull. Amer. Assoc. Petrol. Ceol., Vol. 43, No. 1, pp Ross, R. J. Jr. (1957), "Ordovcan Fossls from Wells n the Wllston Basn, Eastern Montana", U.S. Ceo/. Sun ey Bull. 1021, pt. M, p Shhner, B. W. and Shrock, R. R., " Index Fossls of North Amerca", John Wley and Sons Inc., New York. van Bees, B. (1959), "Mddle Cambran of the Southern Alberta Pla ns", Alberta Soc. Petrol. Ceol., nnth annua l feld.:onference, p. 80. Webb, J. B. (1951), "Geologcal Hstory of Plans of Western Canada", Bull. Amer. Assoc. Petrol. Ceo/., Vol. 35, No. 11, p W eeks, L. G. (1952), " Factors of Sedmentary Basn Development that Control Ol Occurrence", Bull. Amer. Assoc. Petrol. Ceo/., Vol. 36, No. 11, p

35

36 APPENDIX Control Wells Formaton tops of wells shown on Fgure 2. Legend ndcates Precambran surface not penetrated.? ndcates top of unt or formaton uncertan. ndcates Deadwood formaton not present. 35

37 Name Locaton Elevaton Wnnpeg K. 8. Upper Unt Lower Unt Deadwood Precambran w ' 1. Unon McPhee Lake No Unon Hudson's Bay Garden Rver No Fna Begn No Hudson's Bay T orch Lake No B.A. Halas No Impera l Calforna Standard Fort a La Corne No l rex No B.A. Sarby No Okalta et al Hagen No Brtalta Pelcan Lake No Woodley Sgna l Yellow Creek No Dome S lver Park No B.A. Kuras No Gronld No.! Calforna Standard R atner No Trad Whtefox No Trad Whtefox No Zenon Park No.! Calforna Standard Pasqua Hlls Provnce No Calforna Standard Bannock N o Peesane No.! B.A. Wlson No Schrner No Cree C. and E. Daphne No Imperal Guernsey No Tdewater Stalwart Crown No.! Socony Soho H atfeld N o Socony Soho N okoms No Tdewater Krasne Cr. No.! Lsd w2.... Lsd w Lsd w Lsd l w2.... Lsd w2.... Lsd 8-9,50,18w2.... Lsd w2.... Lsd w Lsd ,25w2 Lsd w2.. Lsd w2.... Lsd l 9w2.... Lsd w2... Lsd ,17w2 Lsd l w2.... Lsd l 2-l w Lsd w2 Lsd l w2.... Lsd w Lsd w2 Lsd l 2w2... Lsd w2 Lsd w2 Lsd l 8w2 Lsd wL... Lsd w2 Lsd ,22w2.... Lsd 10, w Lsd 16-14,30-16w ? ? ? ? 2485? (?) 2050 (?) 2372 (?) 2037 (?) 2471 I?) 2704 (? ) 3146 I?) 3660 (?) 3170 I?) 3557 (? ) 2693 (? ) 2470 (?) 2391 (?) 2568 I?) 3917 (? ) 4094 r?) 4810 (? )

38 30. Tdewater Foam Lake Crown N o. l Imperal Kurok No Texas Pacfc Pg Lake No Margo No Ceepee Annette No Woodley Ada Thunderhll No. 4A Canadan Gulf Myrfeld No Texas Pacfc South Rama No Husky Phllps Ftzmaurce No.! Tdewater Beaver Hlls Crown No.! Imperal Muscowpetung No Socony Star Blanket No.! Trton Tdewater Dubuc Crown No Rddle Tdewa ter Atwater No Tdewater Canadan Superor Imperal Flnt Cutarm No.! Rddle Tdewater Marchwell Cr Rddle Tdewater St. Marthe No Ca lforna Standard Tdewater Ca rnouste Provnce Rddle Tdewater Clayrdge Cr. No Marysburg No Dllman Tuxford No. I Ceepee Bal don No Rddle Tdewater Rocan vlle Crown No Canadan Devonan Tdewater Rupert No Tdewater Broad vew Crown No Amerada Crown S-AC No Amerada Crown S-AD No Lsd l w2.... Lsd w2.... Lsd 12-18,34-9w2.... Lsd 8- l l-33-9w Lsd w2.... Lsd ,3lwl..... Lsd w2.... Lsd w Lsd w2.... Lsd w2. Lsd l w2.... Lsd I Ow2.. Lsd l l 9-4w2.... Lsd w2.... Lsd l wl..... Lsd wl Lsd wl.... Lsd wl Lsd w Lsd w2.... Lsd l w2.... Lsd w2.... Lsd wl..... Lsd w2.... Lsd w2.... Lsd w2.... Lsd w ? ?

39 Prnted by Lawrence Am on. Prnter lo the Queen's Most Excellent Majesty. Regna. Sasl<atchewan 1960