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1 Australia s Version 2 ASTER mineral maps unmixed of the effects of green and dry vegetation Tom Cudahy Chief Scientist, CSIRO, Mineral Resources Director, C3DMM Pty. Ltd., Perth WA, AUSTRALIA MINERAL RESOURCES FLAGSHIP

2 Coverage Geoscientists empowered by seamless 3D mineralogy Validation of Australian ASTER geoscience maps using the National Geochemical Survey of Australia (NGSA) ASTER Version 2 maps of Australia unmixing green and dry vegetation Stage 1 - Queensland public release January 2017 An integrated (drill core, field, airborne and spaceborne spectral data) 3D mineral mapping ASTER spectral-resolution Some challenges facing our mineral mapping technologies for the resources sector. Public release of The Spectral Geologist (TSG) software suite

3 30 year CSIRO vision Empower the resources industry with accurate, global, scalable 3D mineralogy to better characterise cover and detect alteration footprints to mineralisation Surface mineralogy from remote sensing and field data 3D geology modelled using seamless mineralogy Subsurface mineralogy from drill core data

4 Australian ASTER Version 1 (V1) Geoscience maps Global team effort Released at the 34 th IGC, August scenes for Australian mosaic 17 GIS-compatible maps (geotifs) Free and web-accessible Thousands of scenes uploaded by users New mineral discoveries

5 Australian Mining Journal Award 2012 Explorer of the Year C3DMM MM

6 ACIL Tasman report on THE VALUE OF EARTH OBSERVATIONS FROM SPACE TO AUSTRALIA 12/2015 According to industry representatives consulted for this project, the ASTER Map has become the default base map for exploration. It is an important tool to assist with target generation by exploration geologists and has become one of the layers of information on which they depend.

7 Independent validation of spectral-mineral products National Geochemical Survey of Australia (NGSA) Geoscience Australia + State and Territory Geological Surveys Transported regolith samples at the outlet of large catchments 1390 catchments covering 91 per cent of Australia Two sample depths: 0-10 & cm 60 elements + particle size + ph + LOI ASD, FTIR (DHR) N=169 samples LOI % sand % clay K Th U ASTER Al-clay composition ASTER Silica Index QEC Brisbane 18 th February 2015 Towards National 3D Mineral Mapping Tom Cudahy

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9 ASTER ferric oxide composition not hematite hematite NGSA field ASD Convolved ASTER response B /B

10 ASTER ferric oxide composition not hematite hematte

11 ASTER AlOH Group composition mantle plume?

12 ASTER AlOH Group content V1 Mt Carbine Cudahy et al., 2016, (NSR)

13 Mt Carbine - ASTER V1 AlOH group composition alunite

14 reflectance USGS full spectral resolution 2270 nm 2080 nm 2330 nm Cellulose 0.2 Lignin Peppermint 0.1 Sycamore wavelength (microns)

15 Airborne hyperspectral vegetation unmxing field spectra airborne hyperspectral clay content before vege unmix after vege unmix Cudahy 34IGC Towards global 3D mineralogy 10th August 2012 unmixing mineral contents in 65% vege cover Rodger and Cudahy (2009)

16 reflectance USGS ASTER spectral resolution Band 3 Band 6 Band 5 Band 7 Band Cellulose Lignin Peppermint Sycamore wavelength (microns)

17 Estimation of dry spectral resolution HyMap HS 2080 nm continuum-depth dry vege index ASTER dry vege index 100% green vege 100% dry vege 0% green + dry vege ASTER dry vege index

18 Estimation of dry spectral resolution HyMap HS 2080 nm continuum-depth dry vege index HyMap HS 2080 nm continuum-depth dry vege index

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20 Mt Carbine area False colour fires scars 10 km

21 Mt Carbine area ASTER AlOH Group content no masks applied no vegetation unmixing low content high content granites, fire scars? 10 km

22 Mt Carbine area Published 100K geology (Queensland Geological Survey) Permian biotite-muscovite granite Devonian sandstone/mudstone 10 km

23 Mt Carbine area ASTER green vegetation index low content high content 10 km

24 Mt Carbine area ASTER dry vegetation index low content high content dry vegetation index 10 km

25 Mt Carbine area ASTER AlOH Group content no masks applied vegetation unmixing low content high content 1-2 km wide aureole low in clay mineral content (dioctahedral silicates like muscovite, kaolinite) 10 km

26 Mt Carbine area ASTER AlOH Group content no masks applied no vegetation unmixing low content high content 10 km

27 Mt Carbine area AlOH Group composition no masks applied no vegetation unmixing Al-rich muscovite paragonite kaolin Al-poor muscovite, phengite Illite, montmorillonite 10 km

28 Mt Carbine area AlOH Group composition no masks applied vegetation unmixing Al-rich muscovite paragonite kaolin Al-poor muscovite, phengite Illite, montmorillonite 10 km

29 NGSA validation of ASTER AlOH Composition Version 1 NO vege UNMIX Mt Carbine area No final mask applied Version 2 WITH vege UNMIX No final mask applied kaolin muscovitephengite Illite, montmorillonite NGSA sample points

30 NGSA validation of ASTER AlOH composition V2 n = 112 V1

31 Australian mosaic - AlOH content before unmix NGSA validation R 2 < 0.1 no masking low high e.g. Al-Clays: phengite, muscovite, paragonite, lepidolite, illite, brammalite, montmorillonite, kaolinite, dickite, beidellite

32 Australian mosaic - AlOH content after unmix NGSA validation R 2 > 0.1 masking top 5% GV low high e.g. Al-Clays: phengite, muscovite, paragonite, lepidolite, illite, brammalite, montmorillonite, kaolinite, dickite, beidellite

33 false colour

34 AlOH group content before vege unmixing

35 AlOH group content after vege unmixing

36 ASTER V1 Silica Index not quartz sand quartz sand Sandy deserts Cudahy et al., 2016 NSR NGSA Field Validation data Si (g/kg) % sand limit of arid zone

37 ASTER V2 Silica Index not quartz sand quartz sand Mt Turner Mt Carlton Olympic Dam Presentation Presenter2016 name GRSG 2017 London title 7-9th December

38 Mt Carlton, ASTER Version 1 AlOH composition Evolution Mining 38 Presentation title Presenter name 15 km alunite

39 39 Presentation title Presenter name

40 Mt Carlton, ASTER before vege unmixing alteration? AlOH content (no masks applied) low clay high clay content content alteration? AlOH composition (no masks applied) kaolin (w/o) illite alunite, muscovite pyrophylite advanced argillic? phyllic? 15 km

41 Mt Carlton, ASTER after vegetation unmixing AlOH content (no masks applied) low clay high clay content content AlOH composition (no masks applied) kaolin (w/o) illite alunite, muscovite pyrophylite advanced argillic? phyllic? 15 km

42 Mt Turner, Qld - 3D Mineral spectral resolution NVCL drillcore, airborne HyMap and satellite ASTER + seismics + interpreted geology 42 Presentation title Presenter name

43 Mt Turner - Published alteration Rossiter 1979, BMR Journal 12 km 2 of silicic, potassic, phyllic, argillic and propylitic alteration

44 Mt Turner - Vege unmixed HyMap + ASTER resolution vegetation unmixed seismic line NVCL drill holes 44 Presentation title Presenter name

45 Mt Turner 3D NVCL + ASTER res - AlOH composition NCVL (<10 nm res) TSA results NS1 NS2 NS3 advanced argillic phyllic GRSG 2017 London 7-9th December 2016 NS4

46 Mantle tapping fluid pathway?

47 Olympic Dam NVCL ASTER simulated AlOH group composition A B Phanerozoic cover 1 km Proterozoic and Archaean rocks Published ASTER V2 AlOH geology group composition Olympic Dam A B Al-rich muscovite paragonite 47 kaolin Presentation title Presenter name Al-poor muscovite, Illite, montmorillonite NVCL data provided by Alan Mauger (GSSA)

48 Olympic Dam Cu assay Phanerozoic cover 1 km Proterozoic and Archaean rocks published geology A B NVCL data provided by Alan Mauger (GSSA)

49 Olympic Dam Au assay A B Phanerozoic cover 1 km Proterozoic and Archaean rocks published geology A B NVCL data provided by Alan Mauger (GSSA)

50 Olympic Dam %Fe assay Phanerozoic cover 1 km Proterozoic and Archaean rocks n=~9000 samples 50 Presentation title Presenter name NVCL data provided by Alan Mauger (GSSA)

51 Olympic Dam ASTER simulated Ferrous index 2 Phanerozoic cover 1 km Proterozoic and Archaean rocks ASTER published V2 geology Ferrous Index 2 A B 51 Presentation title Presenter name NVCL data provided by Alan Mauger (GSSA)

52 Summary (ASTER V2) Dry vegetation mixing spectral resolution looks reliable ASTER mineral product unmixing of green and dry vegetation provides more accurate, seamless information (validated with NGSA field data) Heavy masking no longer required ~90% of pixels now available for NE Qld in Version 2 release Phyllic and advanced argillic alteration more easily interpreted (new targets?) Ability to 3D integrate ASTER, HyMap and NVCL mineral geoscience products now possible Queensland ASTER V2 public release January 2016 Beyond that? Opportunity for C3DMM

53 3D Mineral Mapping from Fresh Rock to Space Capturing the 30 year VISION Mineral exploration (Tier 1 discovery!) Projects that are FUN! Open for Business 10 th February 2017 C3DMM Pty Ltd Tom Cudahy and Julia Novikova (Directors) Perth, Western Australia Web: C3DMM.com thomas.cudahy@c3dmm.com Ph:

54 Geosciences Special Issue: Advance in Structural and Lithological Mapping using Earth Observation Data

55 Resource Industry perceptions Measures only the top 100 µm of a target/sample vegetation, weathering, transported material, anthropogenic stuff Australia s UNCOVER challenge search space below 1 km Not reproducible, transferrable or quantifiable - always requires local tuning & validation just pretty pictures All surface deposits found Alteration is everywhere Too complex geologists don t (need to) think in terms of mineralogy No world class discoveries made especially with hyperspectral Floccinaucinihilipilification: habit of estimating something as worthless Competition between sensor/information providers No industry cohesion (voice) ASTER is all that is needed and its free! Remote hyperspectral is too expensive value not understood Drill core logging is increasingly valued/used 55 Presentation title Presenter name Moon Plain, Stuart Shelf South Australia (near Olympic Dam) (photo taken by S Hill, GSSA)

56 Technology challenges Resources sector is poorly valued/understood by the public and governments Reliance on commercial sector for technology development Lost patience waiting for hyperspectral imaging satellite/s Mature technology now transitioned from public R&D to operational/commercial sector Little/no integration across sensor/data types Yet to learn from the Google Earth experience No mineral product standards World is fast changing with: Cubesats, nanosats and microsats (uncalibrated & voluminous) Smart phone sensors IBM s Watson type artifical intelligence Spectral information is but one component for decision making 56 Presentation title Presenter name Moon Plain, Stuart Shelf South Australia (near Olympic Dam) (photo taken by S Hill, GSSA)

57 CSIRO s The Spectral Geologist (TSG )

58 CSIRO s The Spectral Geologist (TSG ) 58 Presentation title Presenter name

59 CSIRO s The Spectral Geologist (TSG ) 59 Presentation title Presenter name

60 Dr Tom Cudahy Chief Scientist CSIRO, Mineral Resources Australian Resources Research Centre Kensington, Western Australia, 6151, AUSTRALIA Director C3DMM Pty Ltd 3/472 Cambridge Street Floreat, Western Australia, 6014, AUSTRALIA m e thomas.cudahy@c3dmm.com.au w MINERAL RESOURCES FLAGSHIP

61 ASTER AlOH Group content low high Al-Clays: phengite, muscovite, paragonite, lepidolite, illite, brammalite, montmorillonite, kaolinite, dickite, beidellite