GX TECHNOLOGY Data Processing, Imaging and Reservoir Services

Transcription

1 GX TECHNOLOGY Data Processing, Imaging and Reservoir Services

2 Data Processing, Imaging and Reservoir Services Regardless of the oil & gas exploration environment, reducing risk and optimizing production is the name of the game. Whether working with complex marine salt bodies or unconventional shale reservoirs, the goal is the same better quantifying risk and reducing time to first oil. ADVANCED DATA PROCESSING ION s GX Technology (GXT) group is a leader in advanced land, seabed and marine imaging, including prestack depth migration (PreSDM). Oil & gas companies apply our high end solutions to produce the highest fidelity subsurface images. By developing new technologies and new methodologies, we provide our clients with a full range of seismic data processing services that enable you to gain significantly greater value from your seismic data. GLOBAL EXPERIENCE We continue to expand our footprint, honing our regional expertise around the world. With partnerships and processing centers strategically located worldwide, GXT delivers unparalleled technical expertise and provides a better understanding of the subsurface to help reduce exploration and production risk. Unsurpassed CAPACITY AND THROUGHPUT Our globally distributed network of Linux-clusters, each scaled to local needs, combined with our major compute hubs in Houston and Egham allows us to routinely conduct some of the largest imaging projects in the industry. COLLABORATIVE Working collaboratively with you, we help accelerate the introduction of new methods and technologies. Whether working to better appraise or develop a particular area or seeking to discover new prospects in a region, we work closely with your company to deliver solutions for your exploration and development challenges within required budget and timing constraints. 1

3 TABLE OF CONTENTS 2 Pre-Processing 9 Multicomponent Processing and Imaging 6 Velocity Model Building 10 Reservoir Characterization 7 Advanced Imaging PRE-PROCESSING Regardless of acquisition type, data conditioning to enhance signal-to-noise ratio, preserve amplitude, control phase, and maintain frequency over a broad bandwidth is paramount to a better understanding of the subsurface. GXT uses rigorous noise analysis and removal tools, and specially developed statistical and global quality control methods to accomplish these goals. In addition to pre-processing steps common to all data types, we offer a portfolio of technologies and workflows tailored to the specific challenges of marine, land and seabed environments. Below are examples of our key technologies. WiBand Deghosting and Processing The industry is seeing a significant uptake of broadband technologies to deliver a full range of frequencies required for high fidelity images and accurate quantitative results from inversion. In marine data, for example, the problem of ghost notches generally limits frequency bandwidth and data resolution. Acquisition based de-ghosting solutions are expensive and do not address the ghost notch issue for data acquired by traditional towed streamers. These seismic inversions are from a 2D line processed using conventional (left) versus WiBand processing (right). Note the better definition of the stratigraphy and improved well tie of the data processed with WiBand. Data courtesy of Searcher Seismic. WiBand de-ghosting and processing tackles both the source and receiver ghosts to recover the full spectrum of towed streamer data with effectiveness approaching an acquisition solution, but at a far lower cost. WiBand solution delivers improved resolution and clarity while providing more robust inversions and ties to well data the ground truth. WiBand technology can be utilized for flat or variable - depth streamers, new data acquisitions and the reprocessing of conventionally acquired or legacy data. The technology greatly improves seismic interpretation through improved fault definition, horizon delineation, and attribute analysis, allowing E&P companies to make more accurate decisions in exploration and reservoir development. ION has extensive experience in broadband technologies with almost 50 projects and more than 27,000 kilometers of 2D and 30,000 square kilometers of 3D seismic data processed to-date. 2

4 Data Processing, Imaging and Reservoir Services Complete Ongoing To Start More than 20 3D projects either complete or underway, and 30,000 square kilometers processed. More than 25 2D projects either complete or underway, and 27,500 kilometers processed. GXT s WiBand project experience Noise Attenuation Depending on the acquisition type, a broad range of noise types must be attenuated to preserve primary signal. Recorded data can be contaminated by coherent or random noise. Marine noise sources include, but are not limited to, seismic acquisition vessels, shipping lanes, platform infrastructure, strumming from the vessel, cables and buoys, surface waves, and swell noise. Land noise sources may include ground roll and air blast, coherent road and drill rig noise as well as cultural noise. For seabed acquisition, unique noise conditions that should be attenuated include Sholte waves, shear wave leakage, swell noise in shallow water, strum and others. Our core noise removal algorithm, SWDNOISE, is a frequency dependent, data adaptive method capable of attenuating noise bursts, spikes and swell noise. For organized noise, GXT offers effective radial filter tools and has extensive modeling experience in the fk, fkk, and tau-p domains followed by adaptive matching and subtraction. Surface Related Multiple Elimination (3D SRME) Surface Related Multiple Elimination (3D SRME) is a model-based multiple suppression method that is fully data driven, and the only input needed is the data to be modeled. The user need not identify the multiple generating interfaces. It works well in both moderately shallow and deep-water marine environments; in addition, our 3D SRME toolkit is fully applicable to both WAZ and NAZ datasets. GXT pioneered 3D SRME in 2005 and has extensive experience processing tens of thousands of square kilometers. Short Period Multiple Attenuation (SPMA) Data acquisition in shallow water introduces noise in the form of short-period multiples that may not be effectively removed using traditional 3D SRME technologies. GXT employs a proprietary Short Period Multiple Attenuation (SPMA) technique, in combination with 3D SRME to remove this type of noise. This method uses pre-stack migration 3

5 Stack data from Brazil before (left) and after (right) SPMA. SPMA offers multiple attenuation in shallow water to overcome missing near offset data. to overcome the problem of predicting multiples when near-offset data are missing, then uses standard adaptive subtraction and matching techniques to attenuate the short period reverberations. The benefit of the technique is that it runs efficiently in combination with 3D SRME and effectively attenuates short-period multiples. This method is also tailored to address unique seabed acquisition issues. Interbed Multiple Attenuation Our Interbed Multiple Attenuation (IMA) algorithm can be used to remove multiples in land, marine and seabed data. IMA is an extension of the SRME model/subtraction methodology used to remove peg-leg and interbed multiples. Our approach to multiple attenuation involves signal processing, SRME to attenuate surface multiples, followed by a step to attenuate remaining interbed multiples using IMA. We leverage our geophysical expertise and this sophisticated method to efficiently remove interbed multiples on large surveys. A seismic stack from a field in Canada before multiple removal (left). The same seismic line (right) processed using GX Technology s interbed multiple attenuation (IMA) solution. Note the removal of multiples as noted in red. A seismic section from the same Canadian field as images to the left illustrating that the synthetics tie GXT s Offset Vector Tile (OVT) prestack time migration processing with IMA. Note the removal of multiples in the area within the red circle. System Calibration, Wavefield Separation and PZ Summation In addition to logistical advantages over towed streamer acquisition, a key advantage of OBC acquisition is the ability to use the combined response of dual sensor recording (hydrophones and vertical geophones) to discriminate and effectively suppress receiver-side water column multiples from the data. First, system calibration removes the phase and amplitude differences between hydrophone and vertical geophone responses. A wavefield separation approach (PZ 4

6 Seabed Projects 45 seabed processing projects including OBC, node, 2C, 4C, PP and PS PSTM/PSDM. Summation) then exploits upgoing waves and downgoing waves to not only remove receiver-side multiples, but to reduce the acquisition footprint and improve illumination. Combining up and downgoing waves further reduces noise and multiples, removes ghost notches, and broadens the frequency spectrum, thereby improving the overall quality of the seabed data for imaging. In addition, the availability of the separated downgoing wavefield facilitates mirrormigration in deeper water, so as to increase the size of the imaged area. Regularization During seismic data acquisition, whether land, marine or seabed, there are many factors that may cause data to be sampled both sparsely and irregularly. As a result, noise and amplitude or structural distortions may impede the clarity of the subsurface image. Regularization, or the movement of data traces from their natural positions to form a regular grid for further processing and imaging, can generally be undertaken to improve the imaging result. GXT offers two signal-processing based regularization solutions, Minimum Weighted Norm Interpolation (MWNI) and Basis Pursuit, both of which use the seismic data to drive a geologically realistic result. For land data, where noise is commonly higher than in the marine environment, GXT employs the robust MWNI scheme using 5D interpolation to yield a high quality result for imaging. For narrow azimuth marine data, GXT generally utilizes 3D regularization; with good quality marine data, the Basis Pursuit method typically yields a high quality result for imaging. For wide-azimuth data marine surveys, 5D regularization techniques can be used. Static Corrections and Surface Consistent Processing Surface consistent processing techniques are useful in correcting for travel-time deviations caused by variations in the near surface velocity as well as for compensating for frequency/phase variations associated with the near surface seismic transmission properties. Correcting amplitude, phase and frequency of the recorded signal in a surface consistent manner can not only compensate for variation in source output and receiver coupling, but also provides 5

7 a more stable correction in the presence of the degrading effects of noise. Well-understood practices of surface consistent processing commonly applied in land can be extended to benefit OBC/OBN data processing. These techniques, including residual statics, are useful in correcting for rough seabed topography and seabed anomalies such as mud, shallow gas, and faulting. Corrections for tidal statics, travel-time delay caused by heterogeneity in water column temperature and salinity further improve the subsurface image. These processing techniques can lead to more detailed stratigraphic analysis and improved reservoir characterization. Velocity model constructed using high-resolution tomographic inversion to delineate velocity details within the chalk. Velocity Model Building An accurate velocity model is paramount to generating reliable subsurface images, particularly in complex geology where exploration risk and drilling costs are high. Our philosophy of employing multiple technologies to yield the best quality image is also adopted in our velocity model building methodology. We carefully consider data acquisition type and geologic challenge throughout the velocity model building and imaging process. Our experience with all data types including narrow azimuth marine, wide and complex azimuth marine, land and transition zone assures that we obtain the best possible velocity model for each imaging objective. Below are mature tomographic velocity modeling solutions. Ray-based Tomographic Model GXT offers several isotropic and anisotropic tomographic solutions for narrow azimuth, multi-azimuth, and wide-azimuth data. The geologic challenges and data types demand different tools and velocity model building workflows. Tomography updates the velocity model using residual moveout picks from migrated gathers. We offer two auto-picking algorithms for residual moveout correction; parametric autopicking for a smooth background model in low signal-to-noise data, and non-parametric autopicking, which produces more accurate picks in complex residual moveouts. Using this method the velocity model is fine tuned where channels cause small-scale velocity anomalies or where salt causes sharp lateral velocity variations. Stack data from the Gulf of Mexico with an initial velocity overlay and well tie (left). Stack data after applying multiparameter FWI with an updated velocity overlay and well tie (right). Note shallow events above the salt are more consistent, and the image is better focused after simultaneous velocity, epsilon and delta inversion. 6

8 By combining these methods with event, trace and geology level constraints, we are able to produce more geologically realistic models that converge quickly in the tomographic solver. For wide azimuth and multi-azimuth surveys, we employ Offset Vector Tile (OVT) gathers to drive the tomographic solution. Upon successful completion of the velocity model, our Q-tomography strives to determine attenuation and absorption characteristics of the subsurface. The estimation of seismic attenuation allows our visco-acoustic Q-migration to compensate for amplitude, frequency, and phase distortion effects along the actual ray-paths contributing to the seismic image. The results are effective in areas where shallow gas can degrade the image and can help preserve important information for reservoir characterization. Wave-based Tomographic Model (Full Waveform Inversion) Our proprietary full waveform inversion (FWI) leverages wave-based methods to generate fine scale velocity models. By inverting for velocity, anisotropy and attenuation parameters, we are able to resolve very complex geologies. In addition, where well log data is available, it is used to constrain the model by incorporating independent velocity information. This not only helps stabilize the results of FWI, but also accelerates convergence to a solution. The technology is applied in innovative workflows tailored to the properties of the subsurface; the result is a high fidelity Earth model that can be used confidently for more accurate prospect evaluation and reservoir exploitation. advanced imaging For 25 years, GXT has delivered innovative technologies that produce a higher quality seismic image. Our imaging solutions deliver answers to exploration and production challenges even in the most complex geologic scenarios. Today, we continue to research technological solutions that will dramatically improve seismic image quality and significantly improve turn around time so that you can make critical business decisions faster and improve drilling success. Below are a few examples of key imaging technologies. A seismic line from NovaSPAN overlaid with a velocity model built using Kirchhoff PreSDM (left) and RTM (right) processing. Note the finer resolution across the vertical layers and the enhanced delineation of salt with GXT s RTM solution. 7

9 Reverse Time Migration Reverse Time Migration (RTM) is the purest form of PreSDM wavefield-extrapolation migration. Unlike PreSDM methods, such as Kirchhoff or Beam migration, RTM handles complexities of the wavefront and does not impose a one-way energy propagation assumption that can potentially yield misleading images of complex geobodies like salt diapirs. In complex velocity regimes, RTM is a powerful tool for imaging steep dips, overturned reflectors and the salt face while preserving amplitude and phase information. RTM is the algorithm of choice in complex salt provinces. We are known for our pioneering work in the field of RTM and have amassed experience from more than 100 projects and 180,000 kilometers of seismic data. We use proprietary RTM-based methodologies to efficiently process 2D or 3D, wide azimuth (WAZ) and complex acquisition datasets. The result leads to an improved understanding of subsalt structure where many hydrocarbon reservoirs are found. RTM 3 E&P companies need more efficient methods to image complex data, particularly in salt provinces, while reducing cycle time. In the past, modifying the velocity model to test different salt body scenarios was not feasible because of the time required to iterate through the model building and imaging process. Our RTM 3 suite delivers remote data access and intuitive 3D model morphing tools to modify salt model features securely from your office so that you can quickly play out what if scenarios. We eliminate data exchanges and extend RTM imaging capabilities to allow interpretation and model building to occur at the same time. Streamlined model building and processing workflows leverage the speed and full aperture benefits of reverse time migration. The process of iteratively interpreting horizons, building velocity models, migration, and QC can be reduced from months to weeks. Kirchhoff PreSDM/PreSTM Kirchhoff pre-stack depth migration (PreSDM) utilizes turning ray techniques to image steep dips and overhangs even where anisotropic conditions exist. Additionally, our Kirchhoff PreSDM algorithm is amplitude preserving, making it the ideal choice for AVO studies. Our Kirchhoff methods are highly efficient and optimized for specific hardware so we are able to employ a no compromise approach when selecting migration parameters. The result is a quality and cost effective subsurface image in less time than RTM or wave equation methods. Where the subsurface geology and velocity field is moderately complex our Kirchhoff Pre-stack Time Migration (PreSTM) is the logical choice. In addition to well-established acoustic migration schemes, we also offer a visco-acoustic Kirchhoff migration where attenuation effects are accounted for during the imaging process. Beam Migration Beam migration is particularly suited for imaging steep or overturned events where rapid turn-around time is a key concern. In challenging regimes, such as sub-salt or sub-basalt, Beam migration techniques have the advantage over Kirchhoff migration by handling multi-path arrivals. In this scenario, Beam migrations produce a cleaner image by accounting for multi-arrival events which are critical for resolving difficult to image events. By computing operators only in the vicinity of a narrow trajectory, migration speed can be tuned and costs can be kept in check. Our implementations of 2D and 3D Beam migration are tailored to output common-image gathers for use in tomography iterations and offer the flexibility to output inline or cross-line targeted images. Beam migration is suitable for land, OBC, marine, NAZ, and WAZ data acquisition. 8

10 Anisotropic Imaging Anisotropy effects are present in seismic data from most basins in the world. Unless properly analyzed and modeled, anisotropic effects can degrade the seismic image and derived attributes. In the case of horizontal transverse isotropy (HTI) caused by vertically aligned fractures or unequal horizontal stress, we offer AZIM technology to measure azimuthal velocity anisotropy. This proprietary approach takes HTI and vertical transverse isotropy (VTI) effects into account. The result is an azimuthally-varying NMO function that improves the stacked image. Additionally, the process provides information about stress fields and fracture networks that drive critical drilling decisions in unconventional resource plays. Where orthogonal fractures are superimposed on layered anisotropic behavior, we offer an orthorhombic solution. In the presence of geologic dip above 10 degrees, we decouple the azimuthal NMO signature of dip and anisotropy using Offset Vector Tile (OVT) PreSTM. The approach uses an offset vector tile binning method to preserve azimuth and offset information through migration. The result is a robust solution that leads to improved HTI analysis, significant improvement in the seismic image, better understanding of fracture orientation, and refined lithology predictions where geologic dip is steep. The AZIM and OVT PSTM solutions help unlock the value of wide azimuth 3D land and OBC seismic data. Isotropic OVT PSTM (left) and anisotropic OVT PSTM (right). The combination of AZIM and OVT PSTM results in more robust HTI analysis and azimuthal velocity anisotropy attributes. Note the significant improvement in the seismic image on the bottom image from the incorporation of HTI into the PSTM velocity field. Multicomponent Processing and Imaging The complexity of E&P challenges today, including the shift to unconventional plays, often requires more subsurface information than can be attained from compressional (P) wave data alone. Multicomponent data (compressional, shear, and converted wave) is a more complete measurement of the seismic wavefield and can therefore deliver more accurate seismic images and better estimates of reservoir properties. Since pioneering the use of multicomponent technology in 2005, we have developed a comprehensive suite of advanced proprietary algorithms to solve the unique technological challenges that shear and converted waves present. Our multicomponent processing technology includes algorithms for noise attenuation, shear statics, signal processing, shear splitting, registration, velocity model building, and RTM imaging. These technologies are effective for both land and marine OBC/OBN data. 9

11 More than 325 unconventional reservoir projects involving over 93,000 square kilometers of 3D seismic data. GXT experts skillfully use multicomponent data to resolve a broad range of challenges from seismic imaging to reservoir characterization and development. The data can be used to enhance the seismic image through gas clouds, confirm hydrocarbon bright spots, or identify drilling hazards by modeling the presence of shallow gas and over-pressure zones. Processing and inversion of PP and PS data can provide more accurate prediction of favorable reservoir properties. Additionally, measurements of shear and converted wave anisotropy can provide useful information about reservoir fracture density and orientation. RESERVOIR CHARACTERIZATION The GXT Reservoir Services team provides advanced analysis, modeling, and interpretation services to help E&P companies meet reserves replacement and production targets cost effectively. We are a leader in integrating geophysical, geological, petrophysical, and rock physics technologies to deliver a more complete picture of your reservoirs. From prospect identification and ranking, to reservoir appraisal, to field development, to production monitoring, we customize services to help you manage uncertainty, reduce risk, and decrease project cycle time. The majority of our Reservoir Services team has 25 years of experience on staff at E&P companies around the globe. We work closely with your team to help maximize return on investment. Examples of our capabilities that can help you better understand the reservoir are described below. Geological Interpretation Our comprehensive portfolio of geological services goes beyond traditional log editing and well correlation, facies interpretation, cross section and mapping tasks to provide deep insight into all aspects of oil and gas exploration and development. Whether your project requires expertise in basin scale petroleum geology, regional stratigraphy and sedimentology, complex structural interpretation, or reservoir scale detail, our geoscientists are equipped with the technology and knowledge to assist. Our geologic capabilities are integrated with other disciplines and technologies to assure a more complete description of the reservoir. 10

12 Marcellus shale TOC map from inverted seismic data using rock physics relationships. Petrophysics and Rock Physics Studies Rock physics is the crucial link between petrophysical properties at the well and a successful AVO analysis or seismic inversion required for more accurate reservoir characterization. Beyond traditional petrophysics, our experts have extensive experience in regional rock physics studies involving log processing, statistical mineralogy characterization at the log scale, rock physics modeling, seismic modeling and verification. These capabilities enable us to effectively model fluids, mineralogy, fractures, pressure, and anisotropy including their effects on P- and S- wave seismic data and AVO responses. Using these data, we are able to improve prestack P-wave and joint P- and S-wave inversions. The results help determine both reservoir quality and geomechanical properties that impact effective drilling and completions. Fast P-wave azimuth co-rendered with fault probability. Quantitative Interpretation/Inversion GXT is a pioneer in developing seismic inversion techniques using PP and converted wave (PS) data to estimate reservoir parameters. By leveraging PP and PS inversion data, AVO gathers, and stacked seismic data, we estimate reservoir properties such as porosity, water saturation, and clay content, as well as critical unconventional reservoir properties such as TOC, effective porosity, and brittleness. GXT has completed hundreds of successful inversion projects and is a leader in multi-component applications. We have earned our clients trust by demonstrating the value of multi-component data through comparative studies of PP and PS data. Close collaboration between specialists in seismic, petrophysics, rock physics and geology disciplines ensures that the reservoir is adequately characterized and that results meet your exploration or development objectives. Anisotropy Services Our Anisotropy services include elastic anisotropy modeling, analysis, and interpretation at the core, log, VSP and seismic (PP and PS) scales. We use advanced monopole and cross-dipole sonic data and other well data to characterize intrinsic VTI and fracture or stress-related HTI anisotropy for each well. Our seismic processing and inversion methods utilize anisotropic models to provide significant enhancement to seismic imaging quality and resolution. In addition, integration of anisotropy data can help characterize local and regional fractures and stresses crucial for optimizing well placement, drilling operations and completion decisions. Pore Pressure Prediction Unanticipated changes in geopressure and well bore instability issues can cause costly drilling delays or hazardous incidents. GXT provides expertise in two pore pressure prediction methods that can improve drilling performance and minimize HSE risks: (1) reconnaissance 3D pressure modeling based on high-resolution velocity volumes, and (2) well specific prediction using high-resolution velocity analyses and calibration at proposed well locations. These models employ realistic velocity-to-stress 11

13 relationships based on a shale compaction/diagenesis rock physics model. This approach has proven to be significantly more accurate than using empirical relationships that fail beyond certain depths. In addition to predicting geopressures prior to drilling, we also offer services to update the pore pressure/fracture gradient model in near real time while the well is drilling. Geocellular Modeling Our modeling experts leverage structural and lithofacies models, rock and fluid properties and petrophysical data to establish a geocellular model that best approximates the static state of the reservoir. We routinely integrate anisotropy effects, stress estimations, seismic inversion outputs and attributes into the geocellular model to better define spatial variability of reservoir properties. Accurate geocellular models are useful for a broad range of purposes including reservoir delineation and reserves estimation, in addition to calculating initial oil in place. An accurate geocellular model can help E&P companies establish more effective well placement or full field development plans, and better forecast reservoir performance and depletion. 3D Geocellular model built with millions of cells containing key reservoir parameters. Discrete Fracture Network (DFN) Modeling Discrete Fracture Network (DFN) modeling provides enhanced understanding of reservoir connectivity and compartmentalization. DFN models are also used to forward model hydraulic fracture stimulation and micro-seismic events. DFN modeling of natural and stimulated fracture architecture is a powerful tool for reservoir characterization and can lead to more productive well placement and cost effective infill drilling programs. Enlarged section of a DFN model showing two hypothetical laterals. Deterministic faults and fractures (left) based on fault probability are shown. DFN model (right) showing stimulated/created fractures (multi-colored) and one of the modelled fracture sets based on seismic attribute analysis. 12

14 To better predict fractured reservoir performance we model fracture sets both deterministically and stochastically. Anisotropy magnitudes and azimuths, along with seismic attributes, are added deterministically to the model to guide the stochastic fracture generation process. Other data types, such as image logs, aid in the definition of target fracture densities and can be used as calibration points. Inversion results, including Young s Modulus and Poisson s Ratio, along with principal stress magnitudes and estimates of both regional and local stress azimuth, are also integrated into the model. VSP Processing and Analysis GXT has extensive capabilities in planning, processing and analyzing VSP surveys, including 3D multi-component VSP surveys. In addition to traditional uses of VSP data, our expertise extends to imaging reservoir boundaries, salt flanks, and fault/fracture zones in complex geological environments. We offer straightforward data processing for zerooffset data, as well as offset and walk-away data to produce high-resolution images that yield important structural and stratigraphic information. Corridor stacks and depth-time curves are provided to properly identify reflections from surface CDP data. In more complex settings we offer anisotropic analyses of walk-away and walk-around surveys, and 3D imaging using Reverse Time Migration (RTM) and Interferometric Migration approaches. Our VSP analysis leverages all the rich information contained in VSP data including estimates of Q, the absorption coefficient, which we use to improve surface seismic imaging and reservoir characterization solutions. To improve VSP survey results we model proposed survey geometries using single-component ray tracing and multi-component elastic forward modeling methods. Our broad VSP experience covers early appraisal to field development situations, and our Reservoir Services team collaborates closely with you to insure that survey objectives are realized. COMMITTED TO YOUR SUCCESS As a premier processing company, we are committed to developing tailored solutions that address your unique business challenges across all acquisition environments, including subsalt, sub-basalt, naturally fractured reservoirs, and the Arctic. Through our expertise and ongoing R&D efforts, we continue to push the limits in advanced processing, imaging and reservoir characterization, developing new and innovative technologies in collaboration with our clients to help ensure your exploration and production success. 13

15 PRINTER TO BUILD POCKET DIECUT TO CAPACITY FOR FOLD-IN Charged to innovate. Driven to solve. ION Geophysical Corporation is a leading provider of geophysical technology, services, and solutions for the global oil & gas industry. ION s offerings are designed to allow E&P operators to obtain higher resolution images of the subsurface to reduce the risk of exploration and reservoir development, and to enable seismic contractors to acquire geophysical data safely and efficiently.

16 GX TECHNOLOGY To learn more about how ION helps oil & gas companies and seismic contractors solve their toughest imaging and operational challenges, visit us at iongeo.com ION Geophysical Corporation GX Technology 2105 CityWest Blvd., Suite 900 Houston, TX USA Phone Fax PROCESSING CENTERS: HOUSTON, DENVER, OKLAHOMA CITY, CALGARY, RIO DE JANEIRO, PORT OF SPAIN, LONDON, CAIRO, PORT HARCOURT, LUANDA, MOSCOW, DELHI (GURGAON), PERTH 05/2014