Principles of 3-D Seismic Interpretation and Applications
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1 Principles of 3-D Seismic Interpretation and Applications Instructor: Dominique AMILHON Duration: 5 days Level: Intermediate-Advanced Course Description This course delivers techniques related to practical analysis and interpretation of 3D seismic. It is centered on the practice of structural and stratigraphical interpretation in various geological environments, and to the contribution of 3D seismic interpretation at different stages of exploration, appraisal and development for the enhancement of hydrocarbons recovery. 3D acquisition and processing techniques are described first in order to characterize their influence on seismic interpretation. Specific topics such as seismic velocities and anisotropy are presented. Intervention of interpretation in the pre-stack depth migration (PSDM) process is covered. Latest developments in acquisition and processing techniques are briefly described. Subsequently, the course covers various steps of 3D seismic interpretation: well-tie to seismic and modern calibration methods, modeling horizons, faults picking, and mapping. A great variety of geological references and analogous are illustrated in order to provide the practical ways to tackle each case along with the most appropriate displays (volume attributes, instantaneous attributes) and interpretation tools for structural interpretation and seismic stratigraphy in different geological environments. Procedures for mapping through depth conversion, seismic to well tie, and geostatistical Kriging methods are presented. Selection and applications of seismic attributes are emphasized for integrated reservoir modeling. Interpretation of Direct Hydrocarbons Indicators (DHIs) is then presented and tips on how to use the right tool at the right moment are provided. The course also offers proven approaches as how to use 3D seismic for reservoir management by: gaining better knowledge of the reservoir and accumulations through modeling, effective drilling with geo-hazards detection and geosteering, and improved production through time-lapse monitoring with 4D. Specific techniques and their applications are presented that include anisotropy and use of 3 components seismic. Lastly, the course presents an illustrated review of 3D seismic case histories around the world, with the analysis of successful application of 3D and 4D. Examples of failed cases are also presented. In addition several hands-on exercises on PC-based software, OpendTect, are performed throughout the lectures to further consolidate the knowledge and practical skills of class participants. Course Learning Upon completion of this course, participants should be able to: Know what the most essential 3D acquisition parameters are that intervene in the interpretation. Recognize acquisition artifacts. Influence the design of a new 3D. Recommend 3C acquisition when needed. Detect the defaults or lacks in a processing sequence; propose solutions. Be alert of the interpreter s role during the processing, especially at PSDM stage. Tie a 3D seismic volume to well, by using the well velocity data through seismic synthetic generation, VSP analysis, inversion and modeling process. Make the right choice of velocities. 3D Seismic Interpretation (Page 1 of 8) Dr. Dominique Amilhon (IPS, Inc.)
2 Use effectively all other means of seismic calibration including geological data and non-seismic geophysical methods. Pick horizons and faults confidently, using vertical and horizontal slices of the most appropriate 3D volume depending on interpretation objectives. Avoid interpretation pitfalls. Integrate key geological concepts in the interpretation process. Make practical use of structural interpretation and seismic stratigraphy methods. Select and use attributes properly and where they make important contributions for reservoir description and modeling. Analyze horizons characteristics on horizon slices. Apply geostatistical methods by calculating variograms and using kriging method for evaluation and distribution of geophysical and geological variables. Generate maps. Recognize fluid effects on seismic (DHIs) and elaborate a strategy to discriminate between real hydrocarbon indicators and artifacts. Perform AVO analysis. Bring seismic support to well preparation. Contribute to the reservoir management through reservoir modeling, volume estimates, hydrocarbon in place, and choice of well locations. Exploit anisotropic effects for fracture characterization through the use of standard 3D or 3- components acquisition when available. Participate to the field development by proposing means as geosteering and time-lapse monitoring with 4D. Illustrate seismic acquisition and interpretation case histories around the world. Highlight successes and failures, and the reasons for them. Target Audience This course will be most beneficial to geophysicists, geologists, reservoir engineers, and drilling engineers at intermediate or advanced level of 5-10 years experience. Course Delivery The course delivery is based on three kinds of activities: 1) lectures supported with example illustrations, 2) case histories and field data analysis, and 3) classroom hands-on exercises on PC-based software, OpendTect 3D Seismic Interpretation (Page 2 of 8) Dr. Dominique Amilhon (IPS, Inc.)
3 Course Content 1. INTRODUCTION Course overview Course expectations Review of the historical evolution of seismic methods. 2. SEISMIC APPLICATIONS IN OIL E&P PROCESSES Regional Scale Global basin geometry location Shape and burial of source rocks Definition of migration pathways Presence and geometry of reservoirs and seals Block Scale Location and shape of reservoirs (structural interpretation) Quality of reservoirs (stratigraphy) Unconformities and accidents (faults) DHI s Prospect Scale Local stratigraphic variations DHI s fine tuning Volumetrics and risks evaluation Well definition. Appraisal Delineation of accumulation Definition of sweet spots Development Definition of well locations (producers, injectors), Geosteering Monitoring (4D) 3. 3D SEISMIC ACQUISITION Marine vs. Land Physical properties of wave propagation in water and on land. Wave equation: reflection, refraction, diffraction P and S waves, and other ground waves (ground roll, Rayleigh, etc) Comparison of standard patterns for offshore and onshore. Introduction to azimuth and offset. Horizontal anisotropy. Characteristics and Imperfections of Seismic Measurements Source and receivers characteristics: Frequency content, search for the ideal impulse source 3D Seismic Interpretation (Page 3 of 8) Dr. Dominique Amilhon (IPS, Inc.)
4 Amplitude : variations versus offset, versus time Velocity: introduction to vertical anisotropy 3D characteristics compared to 2D: when is 2D acceptable and when 3D is really compulsory Multiples (sea-bottom, intrabed), noises, ghost, Specific Acquisition Methods 3 components Wide Azimuth (WAZ) Onshore wireless systems Ocean Bottom Cable (OBC) and Nodes Field Examples Exercises 4. ADVANCED 3D SEISMIC PROCESSING Description of Standard Processing Sequence Ideal source: deconvolution, frequency filtering Noise attenuation: mute, filters, stack, demultiple Amplitude decay: notion of amplitude recovery, of real amplitudes processing. Migration Post-stack time migration Pre-stack time migration Pre-stack depth migration o Applicability of Kirchhoff, Beam, RTM, migrations o Advantages and inconveniences of these different methods. o Iterative velocity model building (tomography) o Depth accuracy of PSDM. Notion of anisotropy Field Examples Hands on Exercises with Software velocity picking multiple recognition under or over-migrated features 5. ESSENTIAL FIRST STEPS: WELL TIE and CALIBRATION Initial Review of Seismic Dataset Seismic polarity Frequency content. Vertical and lateral resolution. Balance of amplitudes Main unconformities. Seismic Tie to Well Data Well tie in time domain o Check-shots o Velocity (sonic) and density logs o Synthetic seismogram. o VSP and corridor stack. 3D Seismic Interpretation (Page 4 of 8) Dr. Dominique Amilhon (IPS, Inc.)
5 Well tie in depth domain: o Relationship between surface measurement and well data o vertical anisotropy Use of well data for seismic inversion and modeling. Other Calibration Means o Surface geology o Geological knowledge of the basin o Existing interpreted seismic (2D or 3D) o Other non-seismic geophysical techniques 6. HORIZONS AND FAULTS PICKING Horizons Relating horizons picks to chrono-litho-stratigraphy Techniques and tools for horizon picking: o on vertical sections (inlines, crosslines, and random lines) o on time slices o manual picking, o semi-automatic, o propagation tools and their efficient uses Faults Notions of fault stick, fault plane, triangulated surface. How to pick and tie faults (combined dip and strike) Use of coherency volume for fault picking Pitfalls Multiples Pull-up, pull-down Refracting points, under or over-migration effects Field Examples Hands on Exercises on a Real 3D Dataset Well calibration Picking of unconformities, time depositional surfaces, faults. 7. STRUCTURAL AND STRATIGRAPHIC INTERPRETATION Structural Interpretation Emphasis on compressive and/or wrench tectonic environment: Practical ways to interpret inverse faults and repeated horizons Practical considerations on strike-slip faults Thin-skin vs thick-skin models Technique to determine detachment levels Seismic Stratigraphy Emphasis on deltaic environment: Reconnaissance of depositional pattern: toplaps, onlaps, offlaps, downlaps, Application of sequence stratigraphy concepts 3D Seismic Interpretation (Page 5 of 8) Dr. Dominique Amilhon (IPS, Inc.)
6 Reconnaissance of stratigraphic features: channels, levees, etc. Analysis of horizon characteristics on horizon slices. Neural network classifications and use Specific Environments Carbonates o Fracturation o Tool: fault peeling o Heterogeneities o Sweet spots Salt tectonics Emphasis of PSDM processing sequence iterative way adapted to salt tectonics Review of Case Histories Interpretation Exercises How to choose the right block (i.e. attribute) and tool 8. DEPTH CONVERSION, KRIGING AND MAPPING Velocity and Depth Conversion Review of seismic velocity; what accuracy? Comparison with well velocities Choice of model for depth conversion: review of some classical models o Layer-cake model o Average velocity o Compaction law Time to depth conversion Evaluation of results (is the method valid?) 3D seismic maps to well tie Kriging and Mapping Variogram: calculation of empirical variogram and estimation of nugget, range, and sill parameters. Meaning of these parameters for geophysical variables. Choice of model for estimation Application to specific values in geophysics: time and depth, velocity, amplitude, other parameters known only at well locations (such as porosity). Use of kriging method with external drift. Exercise of depth conversion Exercises of mapping 9. APPLICATIONS OF VARIOUS ATTRIBUTES For structural interpretation For seismic stratigraphy For hydrocarbon detection For reservoir parameters characterization Field examples Exercises (and Quiz) 10. DIRECT HYDROCARBON INDICATORS (DHIs) 3D Seismic Interpretation (Page 6 of 8) Dr. Dominique Amilhon (IPS, Inc.)
7 Fluid Effects on Full Stack Cubes Polarity change at contact Bright spots and Dim spots Flat spots Other DHI s: gas chimneys, energy absorption below accumulation Fluid Effects According to Angle (AVA or AVO) Physical principle of AVA effect: elastic properties of rocks, variation of Poisson s ratio according to fluid. Classification of sands. Tools to be Used Swath of data along a seismic traverse Map of amplitude on event Map of RMS amplitude on a window around one event, or between 2 horizons Use of partial stacks to highlight AVO effects. Intercept/Gradient displays Limitations of the method: geologic environment and deep range Pitfalls Tuning effect Diagenetic effects, Gas hydrates (BSR) Carbonate strings Fizzy water Other fluids than hydrocarbons Review of Examples Hands on Exercise 11. ANISOTROPY Vertical anisotropy: application to anisotropic pre-stack depth migration Horizontal anisotropy: application to fracture characterization Use of shear waves and 3 components acquisition Examples and case histories D SEISMIC INTERPRETATION FOR RESERVOIR MANAGEMENT Drilling Detection of geo-hazards (shallow gas pockets) Prediction of abnormal pressures (PPP study) Appraisal Delineation of accumulation Reserves estimate Relating seismic attributes to reservoir parameters o Crossplots o kriging to map parameters Reservoir modeling Location of producers and injectors. Development 3D Seismic Interpretation (Page 7 of 8) Dr. Dominique Amilhon (IPS, Inc.)
8 Geosteering 4D and time-lapse seismic monitoring 13. OTHER METHODS 3 components processing and interpretation. Use of passive seismic for unconventional resources. 14. SUMMARY OF 3D CASES STUDIES AROUND THE WORLD Review of 3D and 4D successful applications worldwide for finding hydrocarbons and enhancing petroleum recovery. Structural or stratigraphic hidden discoveries Fields discovered on the basis of DHIs studies Untapped reserves shown by time-lapse monitoring of production Lessons learnt by selected historical failure cases. Historically famous structural failures (drilling of false structures) Review of some unsuccessful drilling of DHIs-based prospects Inconclusive cases of 4D acquisitions 15. OPEN DISCUSSION 3D Seismic Interpretation (Page 8 of 8) Dr. Dominique Amilhon (IPS, Inc.)
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