(E) Sediment geochemistry
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1 (E) Sediment geochemistry chemical composition of common arenites Pettijohn et al p.59 classification based on geochemistry Herron 1988 Pettijohn 1963, 1987
2 Example: Swiss Molasse Basin 1. CE 1% calclithite 33% 9% NCI-rich sandstone NCI-bearing sandsto dstone sandstone s.str. NCI glauconitic greensand oolithic ironstone reworked phosphorite gypsarenite CI rich NCI-ric hybrid arenite NCI-bearing N hybrid arenite hybrid arenite CI calcarenite 2. subarkose lithic subarkose arko kose 25% 5% lithic arkose Q quartzarenite feldspathic litharenite sublitharenite litharenite NCE quartzarenite, arkose, litharenite F Lincl. CE /K O) / lo og(fe O 1-1 Fe-shale shale litharenite wacke arkose Fe-sandstone sublitharenite subarkose 1 2 log(sio 2/Al2O 3) renite quartz ar classification based on geochemistry classification based on petrography Pettijohn et al p.59
3 Rollinson 1993 Tectonic Setting Discrimination diagrams (1) Major elements: Rollinson 1993 p.28
4 Rollinson 1993 p.27 discrimination of tectonic setting by major elements does it work properly? Armstron-Altrin & Verma 25, Sed Geol 177
5 success rate Armstron-Altrin & Verma 25 be very careful with such discrimination diagrams!!! the problem of grain-size D G-m O-m O-f O-g G-g G-f A C B A increasing grain size B C D Bhatia 1983, Bhatia & Crook 1986, Roser & Korsch 1988 greywackes from type-locality Oberharzer Grauwacke
6 Bivariate Ca / Mg / LOI-plots of Swiss Molasse sandstones (litharenites) CaO 3 CaO SiO LOI MgO 12 8 MgO CaO LOI Ma G S % WSW ENE
7 framework composition vs. wr-geochemistry von Eynatten 23 (2) Trace elements: Rollinson 1993 p.28
8 detection of various processes such as recycling, sorting, etc. Th/Sc monitors the compositional variation of the source area, and Z/S Zr/Sc monitors zircon enrichment due to sedimentary (sorting and) recycling 1 Th / Sc 1.1 Sediment Recycling Active Margin Turbidites.1 Trailing Edge Turbidites.1 Zr / Sc Andean Foreland Loess McLennan 1993, GSA Spec Pap 284 Cr-spinel chemistry cling recy TiO 2 [Gew.-%] IPB 1..5 MORB IAB Fe III /(Cr+Al+Fe) group I TiO 2 [Gew.-%] 2. group II group III MORB IPB IAB % L u (serpentinite clasts) Fe III /(Cr+Al+Fe) von Eynatten 23, Sedimentology 5
9 Ma SEDIMENTE WSW > > > edimente e dimente e (Ultra-)basite > 75% 5-75% 25-5% 1-25% Flysch Metasedimente Granitoide? recycling? ~ 2 Ma Metas Sedimente Granitoide ~ 25 Ma? recycling? 29 SEDIMENTE WSW 31 (Ultra-)basite 8 7 Sedimente 6 5 4? Se (Ultra-)basite ~ 21 Ma Sedimente Granitoide ENE (Ultra-) basite SEDIMENTE toide Grani ENE von Eynatten 23 Contribution of mafic to ultramafic (ophiolitic) source rocks ( Mixing! ) McLennan 1993
10 Rare earth patterns of sediments from different sources McLennan 1993 Alteration (weathering, diagenesis,...) Chemical Index of Alteration: Al 2 O 3 CIA = 1 Al2 O 3 + CaO* + Na 2 O + K 2 O (with CaO* = CaO from silicate phases) increasing alteration Nesbitt & Young 1989
11 Leeder 1999 Nesbitt & Young 1989
12 chemical weathering of granitoid rocks Toorongo granodiorite (Nesbitt et al. 198, GCA 44) A 1 Ka C I A Chemical Index of Alteration: Al 2 O 3 +CaO*+Na 2 O+K 2 O 1 Al 2 O 3 5 Pl + Kf CN K chemical weathering of granitoid rocks Toorongo granodiorite p(a) s k = (k p w1 ) g p w1 = (.49,.13,.38) 99.5% g + von Eynatten et al. 23 p(cn) p(k)
13 chemical weathering of granitoid rocks Toorongo granodiorite 1.8 Al O 2 3 normalized to Al 2 O 3 = CaO* Na O KO 2 2 k von Eynatten et al. 22, Math. Geol. 34 chemical weathering at global scales suspended sediment load of the world s major rivers (McLennan 1993, J. Geol. 11) s = cc (k p w2 ) p w2 = (.51,.13,.36) 97.1% p w1 = (.49,.13,.38) river k St. Lawrence.13 p(a) Danube.25 Niger Ganges.75 Indus.78 Orinoco 1.1 Mekong 1.87 Congo Congo 2.15 Niger % Orinoco Indus Mekong Ganges p(cn) cc g Danube St. Lawrence Mackenzie p(k) von Eynatten et al. 23, Math. Geol. 35
14 Observed trends often due not correlate with predicted trends She et al. 26, Chem Geol. X 1 superposition of processes 1 2? von Eynatten 24, Sed Geol a X 2 X 3 Trace elements such as Rb, Ba, Sr, U, Th, Zr, etc. may provide valuable additional information on weathering processes McLennan 1993
(E) Sediment geochemistry
(E) Sediment geochemistry chemical composition of common arenites Pettijohn et al. 1987 p.59 classification based on geochemistry Herron 1988 Pettijohn 1963, 1987 1 Example: 1. 9% NCI glauconitic greensand
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