VARIATION OF SWELLING PRESSURE WITH TIME

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1 International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume 7, Issue 5, September-October 6, pp. 7 77, Article ID: IJCIET_7_5_9 Available online at ISSN Print: and ISSN Online: IAEME Publication VARIATION OF SWELLING PRESSURE WITH TIME Naveen PG Student, Department of Civil Engineering, Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Allahabad. Dr. R. K. Pandey Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Allahabad. C. S. Mishra Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Allahabad. ABSTARCT The performance of the soil depends upon the characteristics of soil. Therefore, the testing of soil with relation to the determination of its physical properties, and the evaluation of effects of certain other factors such as seepage condition etc., forms the most essential part of the development of soil engineering. It is through research only that design and construction methods are modified to give maximum safety and/or economy, and new methods are evolved. The swelling pressures of the three expansive soils were measured, (i) By Palit's Method at maximum volume change, and (ii) At no change in volume, at different Area Ratic of the mould. Results are shown by graph indicates that maximum swelling pressure is at. area ratio. Key words: Palit's Method, swelling pressure, area ratio, surface area. Cite this Article: Naveen, Dr. R. K. Pandey and C. S. Mishra, Variation of Swelling Pressure with. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 7(5), 6, pp INTRODUCTION The knowledge of the use of soil extends into prehistoric times, when men started constructing dwellings for living and roads for transportation. In the more primitive civilization, soil was used by man as a construction material for foundation of structure and for the structures themselves. The knowledge of soil for the foundations, bunds and roads was gained by trial and error experiences. Through ancient times and even within the last few generations practically all improvement was the result of a continuously broadening by empirical knowledge. Many structures were built during the medieval period (about 4 to 4 A.D.). One of the main problems they had was about the compression of soil and the consequent settlement of buildings. During the past centuries, the compressible soil upon which heavy structure such as cathedrals etc. were built had enough time to consolidate, causing large settlement. The leaning tower of Pisa, constructed between 74 to 5A.D. is one such example. In India, TAJMAHAL was constructed between6 to 65. It has unique foundation problems because of its proximity of the river JAMUNA. The terrace and mausoleum 7 editor@iaeme.com

2 Variation of Swelling Pressure with building, as well as the minarets, rest on one firm, compact bed of masonry, supported on masonry cylindrical wells sunk at close intervals.. METHOD PALIT (95) has given a method to swelling pressure of an undisturbed or remolded sample of soil. It consists of a device by which the remolded or undisturbed soil sample in a mould is confined between two porous stones covered with water. The water bath containing the mould is placed on the base of the frame work. A plunger piece is placed on the top porous stone and the ram attached to the proving ring is adjusted so that it comes in contact with the plunger piece. Pressure exerted by soil sample is transmitted to the proving ring the deflection of which is recorded in the dial gauge. The reading in the extensometer is taken daily until maximum constant reading is obtained. It is thus observed that in this method the swelling pressure is measured at maximum swelling. As shown in Fig. attached.. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Tests were performed on five samples of each soil. Two of these samples were compacted on % and 4% dry of O.M.C., two on % and 4% wet of O.M.C. while one at O.M.C. These compacted samples represented the state of soils, as would have been in the field, if compacted at and around O.M.C. The studies at these values of O.M.C. and dry density were taken for the reason, that in the field, the usual practice is to compact soils at to 4% dry or wet of O.M.C. The tabulated results were plotted on ordinary graph as shown in Fig. to Fig. 5. The time to attain maximum swelling pressure depends upon Area Ratio of the mould. The time to attain maximum swelling pressure is inversely proportional to Area Ratio i.e. higher the Area Ratio, minimum is the time. This is because, at higher Area Ratio, the lateral surface exposed to water, is more. This provides more surface area of the sample to let water enter the mass and move laterally to saturate the sample. Since the path travelled by water in lateral direction is minimum. The sample is saturated at relatively smaller time and thus giving maximum swelling pressure in minimum time. 7 editor@iaeme.com

3 Naveen, Dr. R. K. Pandey and C. S. Mishra S.D. in Rg/cm Figure Variation between time and swelling pressure for Area Ratio= 4 S.P. in kg/cm Figure Variation between time and swelling pressure for Area Ratio= 74 editor@iaeme.com

4 Variation of Swelling Pressure with 4 S.P. in Kg/cm Figure Variation between time and swelling pressure for Area Ratio=. 4 S.P. in Kg/cm Figure 4 Variation between time and swelling pressure for Area Ratio= editor@iaeme.com

5 Naveen, Dr. R. K. Pandey and C. S. Mishra S.P. in Kg/cm Figure 5 Variation between time and swelling pressure for Area Ratio=.6 4. CONCLUSION In the study it was observed that while using perforated cylinder in Palit s method the time to attain maximum swelling pressure is reduced considerably. at higher Area Ratio, the lateral surface exposed to water, is more. This provides more surface area of the sample to let water enter the mass and move laterally to saturate the sample. Since the path travelled by water in lateral direction is minimum. The sample is saturated at relatively smaller time and thus giving maximum swelling pressure in minimum time. REFERENCES [] Joshi, R.P. and Katti, R.K., (984), ìlateral Pressure Development under Surchargesî, Proc. of 5thInt. Conf. on Expansive Soils, Adelaide, South Africa, pp. 7-4 [] Kormornik, A. and Zeitlen J. G., 965, An Apparatus for Measuring Lateral Soil Swelling Pressure in the Laboratory, Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Vol., Toronto,78-8 pp [] Karaborni, S., Smit, B., Heidug, W., and van Oort, E., 996, The Swelling of Clays: Molecular Simulations of the Hydration of Montmorillonite, Science, Vol. 7, p.. [4] Likos, W.J., 4, Measurement of crystalline swelling in expansive clay. Geotechnical Testing Journal, 7(6), [5] Likos, W. J. and Lu, N.,, Automated Humidity System for Measuring Total Suction characteristics of Clay, Geotechnical Testing Journal, Vol. 6, No., pp [6] Likos, W.J., and Lu, N., 6, Pore scale analysis of bulk volume change from crystalline swelling in Na + - and Ca+-smectite, Clays and Clay Minerals, Vol. 54, No. 4, pp editor@iaeme.com

6 Variation of Swelling Pressure with [7] Likos, W.J., and Lu, N., 6, Pore scale analysis of bulk volume change from crystalline swelling in Na +- and Ca+-smectite, Clays and Clay Minerals, Vol. 54, No. 4, pp [8] Mitchell, J.K., 99, Fundamentals of Soil Behavior, John Wiley [9] Masoumeh Mokhtari & Masoud Dehghani Swell Shrink Behavior of Expansive Soils, Damage and Control. EJGE Vol. ()67 68 [] Nagendra Prasad.K, Manohara Reddy.R, Chandra.B and Harsha Vardhan Reddy.M, Compression Behaviour of Natural Soils. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), 4(),, pp.8-9. [] Norish K 954 swelling of montromillinite. Discuss. Faraday soc 8:-4 Discuss. Faraday Soc., 954,8, -4 DOI:.9/DF9548 [] Newman, A. C. D. (987), The interaction of water with clay mineral surfaces, in Chemistry of Clays and Clay Minerals, Mineral. Soc. Monogr., vol. 6, edited by A. C. D. Newman, pp. 7 74, John Wiley, Hoboken, N. J. [] Dr. CH. Sudha Rani, Prediction of Swelling Pressure of Expansive Soils using Compositional and Environmental Factors. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), 4(),, pp.4-4. [4] Palit, R. M., 95, Determination of swelling pressure of black cotton soil: Proc. Third Int. Conf. Soil Mech., Zurich, vol. I, p Peck, O. K., and Peck, [5] Ranganathan B.V., Satyanarayana B., A rational method of predicting swelling International Conference Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Vol., 965,. [6] Robert L. Lytton W. Gordon, Study of Expansive Clays in Roadway Structural Systems Research Project CENTER FOR HIGHWAY RESEARCH THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN Watt Research Report Number 8-4 September editor@iaeme.com

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY (IJCIET)

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY (IJCIET) International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 ISSN 0976 6308 (Print) ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume