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1 advances.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/3/8/e /dc1 Supplementary Materials for Stress drops of induced and tectonic earthquakes in the central United States are indistinguishable This PDF file includes: Yihe Huang, William L. Ellsworth, Gregory C. Beroza Published 2 August 2017, Sci. Adv. 3, e (2017) DOI: /sciadv fig. S1. Observed S-wave spectral ratios of potentially induced earthquakes to their egfs (colored solid lines) and modeled spectral ratios (gray dashed lines). fig. S2. Observed S-wave spectral ratios of tectonic earthquakes in the central United States to their egfs (colored solid lines) and modeled spectral ratios (gray dashed lines). fig. S3. Observed S-wave spectral ratios of tectonic earthquakes in eastern North America to their egfs (colored solid lines) and modeled spectral ratios (gray dashed lines). fig. S4. East-component velocity seismograms and spectra recorded at station KAN06 for the 2016 Mw 5.1 Fairview earthquake (event #1) and its egf (event #3). fig. S5. East-component velocity seismograms and spectra recorded at station OK033 for the 2016 Mw 5.1 Fairview earthquake (event #1) and its egf (event #3). fig. S6. The misfits between the Brune spectral model and the stacked spectral ratios, and the corner frequency estimates derived from different window lengths for the 2016 Mw 5.1 Fairview earthquake. fig. S7. Histograms of the corner frequency distribution from the bootstrap analysis for four Oklahoma earthquakes. table S1. Near-source peak ground accelerations of potentially induced earthquakes in the central United States. table S2. Source parameters of potentially induced earthquakes in the central United States. table S3. Source parameters of tectonic earthquakes in the central United States. table S4. Source parameters of tectonic earthquakes in eastern North America.
2 table S5. Comparison of source parameters between the study of Boyd et al. (41) and this study. table S6. Networks and number of stations used in this study. References (47 59)
3 fig. S1. Observed S-wave spectral ratios of potentially induced earthquakes to their egfs (colored solid lines) and modeled spectral ratios (gray dashed lines). The spectral ratios shown in different colors are calculated from multiple egfs. Triangles denote corner frequency estimates.
4 fig. S1 (continued). Observed S-wave spectral ratios of potentially induced earthquakes to their egfs (colored solid lines) and modeled spectral ratios (gray dashed lines). The spectral ratios shown in different colors are calculated from multiple egfs. Triangles denote corner frequency estimates.
5 fig. S1 (continued). Observed S-wave spectral ratios of potentially induced earthquakes to their egfs (colored solid lines) and modeled spectral ratios (gray dashed lines). The spectral ratios shown in different colors are calculated from multiple egfs. Triangles denote corner frequency estimates.
6 fig. S2. Observed S-wave spectral ratios of tectonic earthquakes in the central United States to their egfs (colored solid lines) and modeled spectral ratios (gray dashed lines). The spectral ratios shown in different colors are calculated from multiple egfs. Triangles denote corner frequency estimates.
7 fig. S3. Observed S-wave spectral ratios of tectonic earthquakes in eastern North America to their egfs (colored solid lines) and modeled spectral ratios (gray dashed lines). The spectral ratios shown in different colors are calculated from multiple egfs. Triangles denote corner frequency estimates.
8 fig. S4. East-component velocity seismograms and spectra recorded at station KAN06 for the 2016 Mw 5.1 Fairview earthquake (event #1) and its egf (event #3). The top figure demonstrates normalized east-component velocity seismograms recorded at station KAN06 for the 2016 M w 5.1 Fairview earthquake (event #1) and its egf (event #3). The velocity seismograms are normalized. The colored lines in the top figure show S-wave windows for spectral analysis. The S-wave spectral ratios calculated from each window are shown by colored lines, and the stacked spectra ratio is shown by the black line.
9 fig. S5. East-component velocity seismograms and spectra recorded at station OK033 for the 2016 Mw 5.1 Fairview earthquake (event #1) and its egf (event #3). The top figure demonstrates normalized east-component velocity seismograms recorded at station OK033 for the 2016 M w 5.1 Fairview earthquake (event #1) and its egf (event #3). The velocity seismograms are normalized. The colored lines in the top figure show S-wave windows for spectral analysis. The S-wave spectral ratios calculated from each window are shown by colored lines, and the stacked spectra ratio is shown by the black line.
10 fig. S6. The misfits between the Brune spectral model and the stacked spectral ratios, and the corner frequency estimates derived from different window lengths for the 2016 Mw 5.1 Fairview earthquake. The top figure shows the misfits between the Brune spectral model and the stacked spectral ratios derived from different window lengths for the 2016 M w 5.1 Fairview earthquake. The bottom figure gives the corner frequency estimates for each window length.
11 fig. S7. Histograms of the corner frequency distribution from the bootstrap analysis for four Oklahoma earthquakes. Note that only one master-egf pair is shown for each earthquake here.
12 table S1. Near-source peak ground accelerations of potentially induced earthquakes in the central United States. M w Depth (km) Station Component Epicentral Distance (km) PGA (cm/s 2 ) Earthquake KAN02 HNN Kansas October 2, : KAN02 HNE Kansas October 2, : KAN08 HNN Kansas October 2, : KAN08 HNE Kansas October 2, : KAN12 HNN Kansas October 2, : KAN12 HNE Kansas October 2, : KAN06 HNN Kansas October 2, : KAN06 HNE Kansas October 2, : OK915 HNN Cushing September 18, : OK915 HNN Cushing September 18, : OK031 HN Cushing September 18, : OK031 HN Cushing September 18, : QUOK 1 HNE Cushing September 18, : QUOK 1 HNN Cushing September 18, : OK031 HN Cushing September 25, : OK031 HN Cushing September 25, : OK915 HNE Cushing September 25, : OK915 HNN Cushing September 25, : OK030 HN Cushing September 25, : OK030 HN Cushing September 25, :16
13 QUOK 1 HNE Cushing September 25, : QUOK 1 HNN Cushing September 25, : OK914 HNE Cushing October 10, OK914 HNN Cushing October 10, OK915 HNE Cushing October 10, OK915 HNN Cushing October 10, OK031 HN Cushing October 10, OK031 HN Cushing October 10, OK030 HN Cushing October 10, OK030 HN Cushing October 10, QUOK 1 HNE Cushing October 10, QUOK 1 HNN Cushing October 10, KAN08 HNN Kansas June 5, : KAN08 HNE Kansas June 5, : KAN12 HNN Kansas June 5, : KAN12 HNE Kansas June 5, : KAN02 HNN Kansas June 5, : KAN02 HNE Kansas June 5, KAN06 HNN Kansas June 5, : KAN06 HNE Kansas June 5, : KAN11 HNN Kansas June 5, : KAN11 HNE Kansas June 5, : ETX01 HNN Timpson January 25, 20:13
14 ETX01 HNE Timpson January 25, 20: ETX02 HNN Timpson January 25, 20: ETX02 HNE Timpson January 25, 20: ETX03 HNN Timpson January 25, 20: ETX03 HNE Timpson January 25, 20: ETX01 HNN Timpson September 4, : ETX01 HNE Timpson September 4, : ETX02 HNN Timpson September 4, : ETX02 HNE Timpson September 4, : ETX01 HNN Timpson September 4, : ETX01 HNE Timpson September 4, : ETX02 HNN Timpson September 4, : ETX02 HNE Timpson September 4, :51
15 table S2. Source parameters of potentially induced earthquakes in the central United States. Date (yyyy/mm/dd) Location M w Depth (km) Depth range (km) Window length (s) f c (Hz) Δτ (MPa) Δτ range (MPa) 2011/02/28 Guy, AR (47) ± /08/23 Trinidad, CO (48) ± /11/05 Prague, OK (23) ± /11/06 Prague, OK (30) ± /05/10 Timpson, TX (49) ± /05/17 Timpson, TX (49) /01/25 Timpson, TX (49) /09/02 Timpson, TX * (49) /09/02 Timpson, TX * (49) ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± /12/23 Azle, TX (50) ± /10/02 Milan, KS (51) ± ± /10/07 Cushing, OK (52) ± ± ± ± /10/10 Cushing, OK (52) ± ± ± ± /11/12 Milan, KS (51) ± ± /07/27 Crescent, OK (23) ± /09/25 Cushing, OK (53) ± /10/10 Cushing, OK (53) ± ± /11/19 Cherokee, OK (23) ± /02/13 Fairview, OK (54) ± ± /09/13 Pawnee, OK (23) ± ± ±
16 2016/11/02 Pawnee, OK (53) ± ± /11/07 Cushing, OK (53) ± ± We use five windows overlapped by half the window duration, and the window length is for one window. f c gives the corner frequency and its standard deviation. Δτ range shows the possible range of stress drop calculated from the 95% confidence interval of corner frequency. * Two M w 4.3 earthquakes occurred in Timpson, TX on September 2, Table S1 lists the two earthquakes in order of time.
17 table S3. Source parameters of tectonic earthquakes in the central United States. Date (yyyy/mm/dd) Location M w Depth (km) Depth range (km) Window length (s) f c (Hz) Δτ (MPa) Δτ range (MPa) 2001/05/04 Enola, AR (23) ± /05/01 Manila, AR (53) ± /04/18 Mt Carmel, IL ( ± ) ± /04/18 Mt Carmel, IL ( ± ) 2008/04/21 Mt Carmel, IL ( ± ) 2011/06/07 Potosi, MO (53) ± /02/23 Trumann, AR (53) ± /04/02 Steele, MO (53) ± /08/25 Covington, TN (53) ± We use five windows overlapped by half the window duration, and the window length is for one window. f c gives the corner frequency and its standard deviation. Δτ range shows the possible range of stress drop calculated from the 95% confidence interval of corner frequency. table S4. Source parameters of tectonic earthquakes in eastern North America. Date (yyyy/mm/dd) Location M w Depth (km) Depth range (km) Window length (s) f c (Hz) Δτ (MPa) Δτ range (MPa) 2002/04/20 Au Sable Forks, (58) ± NY 2003/04/29 Fort Payne, AL (23) ± /06/23 Val-des-Bois, QC (59) ± /08/23 Mineral, VA (32) ± /08/25 Mineral, VA (23) ± /11/10 Hazard, KY (53) ± /05/17 Shawville, ON (59) ± ± /02/15 Edgefield, SC (23) ± We use five windows overlapped by half the window duration, and the window length is for one window. f c gives the corner frequency and its standard deviation. Δτ range shows the possible range of stress drop calculated from the 95% confidence interval of corner frequency.
18 table S5. Comparison of source parameters between the study of Boyd et al. (41) and this study. Event name Guy- Greenbrier, AR Trinidad, CO Date (yyyy/mm/dd) Time (hh:mm:ss) Moment (Boyd) (N.m) Moment (Huang) (N.m) f c (Boyd) (Hz) f c (Huang) (Hz) Δτ (Boyd) (MPa) Δτ (Huang) (MPa) 2011/02/28 5:00:50 2.2E E /08/23 5:46:18 1.3E E Prague, OK 2011/11/06 3:53:10 5.0E E Timpson, 2012/05/17 8:12:00 2.2E E TX Milan, KS 2014/11/12 21:40:00 3.1E E Crescent, 2015/07/27 18:21:15 8.4E E OK Cherokee, 2015/11/19 7:42:12 1.3E E OK Fairview, 2016/02/13 17:07:06 6.6E E OK Mt Carmel, 2008/04/18 9:36:59 1.8E E IL Au Sable 2002/04/20 10:50:47 6.1E E Forks, NY Val-des- 2010/06/23 17:41:42 7.2E E Bois, QC Mineral,VA 2011/08/23 5:07:52 5.0E E
19 table S6. Networks and number of stations used in this study. Date (yyyy/mm/dd) Location M w Networks Number of stations Sampling rate (sps) 2011/02/28 Guy, AR 4.8 AG, NM, TA, US 14 40, /08/23 Trinidad, CO 5.3 IU, IW, TA, US, Z , /11/05 Prague, OK 5.0 OK, TA, US 20 40, /11/06 Prague, OK 5.7 TA, US 12 40, /05/10 Timpson, TX 3.9 TA, US 6 40, /05/17 Timpson, TX 4.8 TA, US 6 40, /01/25 Timpson, TX 4.4 NQ, US 4 40, /09/02 Timpson, TX * 4.3 9A, NQ, US 4 40, /09/02 Timpson, TX * 4.3 9A, NQ, US 4 40, /12/23 Azle, TX 3.3 NQ 5 100, /10/02 Milan, KS 4.3 GS, NX, OK , /10/07 Cushing, OK 4.0 GS, N4, NX, OK, TA 36 40, /10/10 Cushing, OK 4.3 GS, N4, NX, OK, TA 36 40, /11/12 Milan, KS 4.9 GS, N4, OK, TA, US 18 40, 100, /07/27 Crescent, OK 4.5 GS, N4, NX, OK, US 30 40, 100, /09/25 Cushing, OK 4.0 GS, N4, NX, OK, TA , /10/10 Cushing, OK 4.3 GS, N4, NX, OK, TA 34 40, /11/19 Cherokee, OK 4.8 GS, N4, OK, US 25 40, 100, /02/13 Fairview, OK 5.1 GS, N4, OK 24 40, 100, /09/13 Pawnee, OK 5.8 GS, N4, OK, TA 18 40, 100, /11/02 Pawnee, OK 4.4 GS, N4, OK, TA 14 40, 100, /11/07 Cushing, OK 5.0 GS, N4, OK, TA 24 40, 100, /05/04 Enola, AR 4.3 IU, NM 3 20, /05/01 Manila, AR 4.2 IU, NM, US 10 20, /04/18 Mt Carmel, IL 5.4 IU, NM, US 11 20, /04/18 Mt Carmel, IL 4.8 IU, NM, US 10 20, /04/21 Mt Carmel, IL 4.0 IU, NM, US 9 20, /06/07 Potosi, MO 3.9 NM 3 40, /02/23 Trumann, AR 3.6 AG, NM, TA 6 40, /04/02 Steele, MO 3.5 NM 6 40, /08/25 Covington, TN 3.4 NM 6 40, /04/20 Au Sable Forks, 5.1 IU, LD, US 6 20, 40 NY 2003/04/29 Fort Payne, AL 4.6 IU, NM, SP, US 6 20, /06/23 Val-des-Bois, 5.2 CN, LD, US 5 40 QC 2011/08/23 Mineral, VA 5.7 IU, LD, PE, TA, US 11 40, 50, /08/25 Mineral, VA 3.9 ET, US, XY 4 40, 100, /11/10 Hazard, KY 4.2 TA, US /05/17 Shawville, ON 4.4 CN, LD, TA, US /02/15 Edgefield, SC 4.1 CO, TA, XR, Z , 50, 100
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