Hawaii. plume. material can reconcile. structure beneath. upper -mantle. of thermo-chemical DOUBLE LAYERING DOUBLE LAYERING
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1 S FN NF Maxim D. Ballmer Garrett Ito, Cecily J. Wolfe, Sean C. Solomon DOUBLE LAYERING DOUBLE LAYERING of thermo-chemical plume material can reconcile upper -mantle structure beneath Hawaii
2 INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION world volcanic and seismic map all volcanism on Earth occurs on plate boundaries
3 INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION world volcanic and seismic map all volcanism on Earth occurs on plate boundaries. All volcanism?
4 MOTIVATION MOTIVATION MOTIVATION intraplate volcanism as probes of the mantle Courtillot et al. (2003)
5 MOTIVATION MOTIVATION MOTIVATION intraplate volcanism as probes of the mantle Courtillot et al. (2003)
6 MOTIVATION MOTIVATION MOTIVATION the classical mantle plume concept hotspot
7 RESULTS RESULTS RESULTS RESULTS RESULTS HAWAII HAWAII HAWAII HAWAII HAWAII age-distance patterns time
8 HAWAII RESULTS HAWAII RESULTS HAWAII RESULTS HAWAII RESULTS HAWAII RESULTS age-distance patterns time
9 HAWAII RESULTS HAWAII RESULTS HAWAII RESULTS HAWAII RESULTS HAWAII RESULTS age-distance patterns time
10 HAWAII RESULTS HAWAII RESULTS HAWAII RESULTS HAWAII RESULTS HAWAII RESULTS age-distance patterns time
11 HAWAII RESULTS HAWAII RESULTS HAWAII RESULTS HAWAII RESULTS HAWAII RESULTS age-distance patterns time
12 HAWAII RESULTS HAWAII RESULTS HAWAII RESULTS HAWAII RESULTS HAWAII RESULTS age-distance patterns time
13 HAWAII RESULTS HAWAII RESULTS HAWAII RESULTS HAWAII RESULTS HAWAII RESULTS age-distance patterns time
14 HAWAII RESULTS HAWAII RESULTS HAWAII RESULTS HAWAII RESULTS HAWAII RESULTS age-distance patterns time
15 HAWAII RESULTS HAWAII RESULTS HAWAII RESULTS HAWAII RESULTS HAWAII RESULTS age-distance patterns time
16 HAWAII RESULTS HAWAII RESULTS HAWAII RESULTS HAWAII RESULTS HAWAII RESULTS age-distance patterns time
17 HAWAII RESULTS HAWAII RESULTS HAWAII RESULTS HAWAII RESULTS HAWAII RESULTS age-distance patterns time
18 HAWAII RESULTS HAWAII RESULTS HAWAII RESULTS HAWAII RESULTS HAWAII RESULTS age-distance patterns time
19 HAWAII RESULTS HAWAII RESULTS HAWAII RESULTS HAWAII RESULTS HAWAII RESULTS age-distance patterns time
20 HAWAII RESULTS HAWAII RESULTS HAWAII RESULTS HAWAII RESULTS HAWAII RESULTS age-distance patterns time
21 HAWAII RESULTS HAWAII RESULTS HAWAII RESULTS HAWAII RESULTS HAWAII RESULTS age-distance patterns time
22 HAWAII RESULTS HAWAII RESULTS HAWAII RESULTS HAWAII RESULTS HAWAII RESULTS age-distance patterns time
23 HAWAII RESULTS HAWAII RESULTS HAWAII RESULTS HAWAII RESULTS HAWAII RESULTS age-distance patterns time
24 HAWAII RESULTS HAWAII RESULTS HAWAII RESULTS HAWAII RESULTS HAWAII RESULTS age-distance patterns time
25 HAWAII RESULTS HAWAII RESULTS HAWAII RESULTS HAWAII RESULTS HAWAII RESULTS age-distance patterns time
26 HAWAII RESULTS HAWAII RESULTS HAWAII RESULTS HAWAII RESULTS HAWAII RESULTS age-distance patterns time
27 HAWAII RESULTS HAWAII RESULTS HAWAII RESULTS HAWAII RESULTS HAWAII RESULTS age-distance patterns time
28 HAWAII HAWAII HAWAII HAWAII HAWAII age-distance patterns time
29 HAWAII HAWAII HAWAII HAWAII HAWAII age-distance patterns time
30 HAWAII HAWAII HAWAII HAWAII HAWAII age-distance patterns time
31 MOTIVATION MOTIVATION MOTIVATION the classical mantle plume concept hotspot
32 MOTIVATION MOTIVATION MOTIVATION the classical mantle plume concept hotspot plume-pancake - thin - axisymmetric - steady-state Ribe & Christensen (1994)
33 MOTIVATION MOTIVATION MOTIVATION the classical mantle plume concept hotspot plume-pancake - thin - axisymmetric - steady-state Ribe & Christensen (1994) plume-pancake pushes up the lithosphere hotspot swell
34 INTRODUCTION PART 2 INTRODUCTION PART 2 INTROD Hawaiian hotspot Harris and McNutt (2007) - Vigorous volcanism - long-lived hotspot (>84 Myrs) h = m w = 1200 km - linear age-distance relationship - supported by large swell => caused by mantle plume
35 INTRODUCTION PART 2 INTRODUCTION PART 2 INTROD Hawaiian hotspot Harris and McNutt (2007) - Vigorous volcanism - long-lived hotspot (>84 Myrs) h = m w = 1200 km - linear age-distance relationship - supported by large swell => by classical plume???
36 INTRODUCTION PART 2 INTRODUCTION PART 2 INTROD geophysical evicence vs. classical theory Rayleigh Wave Tomo. (1) Asymmetric & Short Wavelength Structure S-Wave Tomo. P-Wave Tomo. Laske et al. (2011) Wolfe et al. (2009; 2011) Ribe & Christensen [1999] Thermal plume NW SE SE (1) Low Vs,Vp body is too thick (~400 km)!
37 INTRODUCTION PART 2 INTRODUCTION PART 2 INTROD geophysical evicence vs. classical theory NW SE SE SE NW
38 courtesy by Cheng Cheng INTRODUCTION PART 2 INTRODUCTION PART 2 INTROD geophysical evicence vs. classical theory 0 courtesy by Barbara Romanowicz 200 CENSORED SE
39 INTRODUCTION PART 2 INTRODUCTION PART 2 INTROD volcanic record vs. classical theory van Arken and Lin (2004) van Ark and Lin (2004)
40 INTRODUCTION PART 2 INTRODUCTION PART 2 INTROD patterns of volcanism vs. classical theory Bianco et al. (2005) Diamond head, Waikiki, Oahu
41 INTRODUCTION PART 2 INTRODUCTION PART 2 INTROD patterns of volcanism vs. classical theory Bianco et al. (2005) Diamond head, Waikiki, Oahu
42 INTRODUCTION PART 2 INTRODUCTION PART 2 INTROD patterns of volcanism vs. classical theory Bianco et al. (2005) Diamond head, Waikiki, Oahu
43 INTRODUCTION PART 2 INTRODUCTION PART 2 INTROD geochemical asymmetry vs. classical theory
44 INTRODUCTION PART 2 INTRODUCTION PART 2 INTROD geochemical asymmetry vs. classical theory Garnero and McNamara (2008)
45 INTRODUCTION PART 2 INTRODUCTION PART 2 INTROD Enigmatic observations at Hawaii 1) seismic constraints from PLUME - thick low-velocity body - overall asymmetry 2) volcanic flux variations 3) widespread secondary volcanism 4) geochemical asymmetry
46 INTRODUCTION PART 2 INTRODUCTION PART 2 INTROD Enigmatic observations at Hawaii 1) seismic constraints from PLUME - thick low-velocity body - overall asymmetry 2) volcanic flux variations 3) widespread secondary volcanism 4) geochemical asymmetry
47 INTRODUCTION PART 2 INTRODUCTION PART 2 INTROD Enigmatic observations at Hawaii 1) seismic constraints from PLUME - thick low-velocity body - overall asymmetry 2) volcanic flux variations 3) widespread secondary volcanism 4) geochemical asymmetry
48 INTRODUCTION PART 2 INTRODUCTION PART 2 INTROD Enigmatic observations at Hawaii 1) seismic constraints from PLUME - thick low-velocity body - overall asymmetry 2) volcanic flux variations 3) widespread secondary volcanism 4) geochemical asymmetry
49 INTRODUCTION PART 2 INTRODUCTION PART 2 INTROD Enigmatic observations at Hawaii 1) seismic constraints from PLUME - thick low-velocity body - overall asymmetry 2) volcanic flux variations 3) widespread secondary volcanism 4) geochemical asymmetry 5) asymmetry in swell geometry
50 INTRODUCTION PART 2 INTRODUCTION PART 2 INTROD >>> problem statement <<< hotspot plume-pancake - thin - axisymmetric - steady-state Ribe & Christensen (1994)
51 INTRODUCTION PART 2 INTRODUCTION PART 2 INTROD plumes may be thermochemical plumes Kellogg et al. (1999)
52 INTRODUCTION PART 2 INTRODUCTION PART 2 INTROD alternative: thermochemical plumes Kumagai et al. (2008) mafic lithologies such as eclogite are intrinsically dense fat, complex plumes Farnetani and Samuel (2005)
53 INTRODUCTION PART 2 INTRODUCTION PART 2 INTROD evidence for mafic heterogeneity in Hawaiian lavas Herzberg (2011) Sobolev et al. (2005) more mafic materials in the source of Loa-volcanoes
54 INTRODUCTION PART 2 INTRODUCTION PART 2 INTROD mafic heterogeneity in mantle upwellings 15-20%-eclogite in plume stem Sobolev et al. (2005, 2007)
55 INTRODUCTION PART 2 INTRODUCTION PART 2 INTROD mafic heterogeneity in mantle upwellings ~1m to ~1km 250~150 km 15-20%-eclogite in plume stem Sobolev et al. (2005, 2007) ECL-melting: ECL+PER= pyroxenite ~76% peridotite 18% pyroxenite 6% refr. eclogite 65% dry peridotite 20% hydrous peridotite 15% eclogite Ito and Mahoney (2005)
56 INTRODUCTION PART 2 INTRODUCTION PART 2 INTROD eclogitic plumes in the upper mantle hypothesis: pooling in two layers Aoki and Takahashi (2004)
57 INTRODUCTION PART 2 INTRODUCTION PART 2 INTROD eclogitic plumes in the upper mantle! mineral physics hypothesis: pooling in two layers Aoki and Takahashi (2004)
58 INTRODUCTION PART 2 INTRODUCTION PART 2 INTROD eclogitic plumes in the upper mantle hypothesis: pooling in two layers Aoki and Takahashi (2004)
59 RESULTS PART 2 RESULTS PART 2 RESULTS PART 2 pooling in a thick double-layer ~70% dry peridotite isosurfaces of temperature isosurfaces of melting rate 20% hydrous peridotite 15% eclogite 250~150 km ECL-melting: ECL+PER= pyroxenite C pancake deep eclogitic pool
60 RESULTS PART 2 RESULTS PART 2 RESULTS PART 2 deep eclogitic pool (DEP) dynamics thermal plume eclogitic core of thermochemical plume. 300 km 410 d e e p e c l o g i t i c p o o l ( D E P ) km non-eclogitic buoyant outskirts of the plume dynamically support the DEP
61 RESULTS PART 2 RESULTS PART 2 RESULTS PART 2 deep eclogitic pool (DEP) dynamics thermal plume eclogitic core of thermochemical plume. 300 km 410 d e N S E e c l o g i t i c p o o l ( D E P ) km non-eclogitic buoyant outskirts of the plume dynamically support the DEP
62 RESULTS PART 2 RESULTS PART 2 RESULTS PART 2 model 1 thermal plume eclogitic core of thermochemical plume. 300 km 410 d e e p e c l o g i t i c p o o l ( D E P ) km non-eclogitic buoyant outskirts of the plume dynammically support the DEP
63 RESULTS PART 2 RESULTS PART 2 RESULTS PART 2 model 2 thermal plume eclogitic core of thermochemical plume. NOW: radius: 100 km (not as before: 90 km) 300 km 410 d e e p e c l o g i t i c p o o l ( D E P ) km non-eclogitic buoyant outskirts of the plume dynammically support the DEP
64 RESULTS PART 2 RESULTS PART 2 RESULTS PART 2 reference model 0 thermal plume no eclogite
65 RESULTS PART 2 RESULTS PART 2 RESULTS PART 2 model 0... in motion isosurfaces of temperature isosurfaces of melting rate model 0 interaction of a plume with small-scale convection
66 RESULTS PART 2 RESULTS PART 2 RESULTS PART 2 model 1 thermal plume eclogitic core of thermochemical plume. 300 km 410 d e e p e c l o g i t i c p o o l ( D E P ) km non-eclogitic buoyant outskirts of the plume dynammically support the DEP
67 RESULTS PART 2 RESULTS PART 2 RESULTS PART 2 model 1... in motion isosurfaces of temperature isosurfaces of melting rate model 1
68 RESULTS PART 2 RESULTS PART 2 RESULTS PART 2 model 1 thermal plume eclogitic core of thermochemical plume. 300 km 410 d e e p e c l o g i t i c p o o l ( D E P ) km non-eclogitic buoyant outskirts of the plume dynammically support the DEP
69 RESULTS PART 2 RESULTS PART 2 RESULTS PART 2 model 2 thermal plume eclogitic core of thermochemical plume. NOW: radius: 100 km (not as before: 90 km) 300 km 410 d e e p e c l o g i t i c p o o l ( D E P ) km non-eclogitic buoyant outskirts of the plume dynammically support the DEP
70 RESULTS PART 2 RESULTS PART 2 RESULTS PART 2 model 2... in motion isosurfaces of temperature isosurfaces of melting rate model 2
71 RESULTS PART 2 RESULTS PART 2 RESULTS PART 2 geochemical non-symmetry Rayleigh Wave Tomo. S-Wave Tomo. P-Wave Tomo. model 2 contribution of mafic melts in volcanism pyroxenite contribution
72 RESULTS PART 2 RESULTS PART 2 RESULTS PART 2 non-symmetry of shallow structures Rayleigh Wave Tomo. S-Wave Tomo. P-Wave Tomo. Pyroxenite contribution (less PX than Loa?) model 0
73 RESULTS PART 2 RESULTS PART 2 RESULTS PART 2 volcanic flux variations model 0
74 RESULTS PART 2 RESULTS PART 2 RESULTS PART 2 S-wave mantle velocity constraints synthetic based on thermochemical plume data-based inversion synthetic based on mplistic thermal plume model 1
75 RESULTS PART 2 RESULTS PART 2 RESULTS PART 2 S-wave mantle velocity constraints CENSORED synthetic based on thermochemical plume data-based inversion synthetic based on mplistic thermal plume model 1
76 RESULTS PART 2 RESULTS PART 2 RESULTS PART 2 S-wave mantle velocity constraints CENSORED synthetic based on thermochemical plume data-based inversion synthetic based on mplistic thermal plume model 1
77 RESULTS PART 2 RESULTS PART 2 RESULTS PART 2 S-wave mantle velocity constraints CENSORED synthetic based on thermochemical plume data-based inversion synthetic based on simplistic thermal plume model 1 model 0
78 RESULTS PART 2 RESULTS PART 2 RESULTS PART 2 widespread secondary vocalnism Rayleigh Wave Tomo. Bianco et al. (2005) model 1 S-Wave Tomo. secondary melting hotspot ºC
79 RESULTS PART 2 RESULTS PART 2 RESULTS PART 2 widespread secondary vocalnism Rayleigh Wave Tomo. Bianco et al. (2005) model 1 S-Wave Tomo. secondary melting hotspot ºC
80 CONCLUSION CONCLUSION CONCLUSION CONCLUSION predictions vs. observations: model 0 van Arken and Lin (2004) Melt Flux along axis van Arken and Lin (2004) Diamond head, Waikiki, Oahu S-Wave Tomo. P-Wave Tomo.
81 CONCLUSION CONCLUSION CONCLUSION CONCLUSION predictions vs. observations: models 1/2 van Arken and Lin (2004) Melt Flux along axis van Arken and Lin (2004) Diamond head, Waikiki, Oahu S-Wave Tomo. P-Wave Tomo.
82 CONCLUSION CONCLUSION CONCLUSION CONCLUSION Conclusions PART II Thermochemical plumes comprising ~15% eclogite pool in a deep eclogitic pool can explain seismic velocity structure beneath the Hawaiian hotspot can give rise to geochemical asymmetry of hotspot volcanism without pre-existing heterogeneity in the plume stem. can account for volcanic flux variations
83 CONCLUSION CONCLUSION CONCLUSION CONCLUSION Conclusions PART II Thermochemical plumes comprising ~15% eclogite pool in a deep eclogitic pool can explain seismic velocity structure beneath the Hawaiian hotspot can give rise to geochemical asymmetry of hotspot volcanism without pre-existing heterogeneity in the plume stem. can account for volcanic flux variations
84 CONCLUSION CONCLUSION CONCLUSION CONCLUSION Conclusions PART II Thermochemical plumes comprising ~15% eclogite pool in a deep eclogitic pool can explain seismic velocity structure beneath the Hawaiian hotspot can give rise to geochemical asymmetry of hotspot volcanism without pre-existing heterogeneity in the plume stem. can account for volcanic flux variations
85 CONCLUSION CONCLUSION CONCLUSION CONCLUSION Conclusions PART II Thermochemical plumes comprising ~15% eclogite pool in a deep eclogitic pool can explain seismic velocity structure beneath the Hawaiian hotspot can give rise to geochemical asymmetry of hotspot volcanism without pre-existing heterogeneity in the plume stem. can account for volcanic flux variations
86 CONCLUSION CONCLUSION CONCLUSION CONCLUSION Take-home messages I m neither fat nor double-layered not all plumes are classical
87 The End
88 RESULTS PART 2 RESULTS PART 2 RESULTS PART 2 model 0 no eclogite
89 RESULTS PART 2 RESULTS PART 2 RESULTS PART 2 model 3 thermal plume eclogitic core of thermochemical plume. NOW: smooth transition 300 km 410 d e e p e c l o g i t i c p o o l ( D E P ) km non-eclogitic buoyant outskirts of the plume dynammically support the DEP
90 RESULTS PART 2 RESULTS PART 2 RESULTS PART 2 geochemical non-symmetry model 3 model 3
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