Distribution of anurans. Distribution. Great extinction of the Permian 1/24/2012
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1 Distribution of anurans Distribution History of the anuran family groups is related with history of the land masses Distribution during Mesozoic and Cenozoic Mainly Gondwanaland d As early as Pangaea (Early Jurassic mya) Great extinction of the Permian The end of the Permian Bigger than the Cretaceous extinction Over 95% of marine species 70% of terrestrial 1
2 Triassic Completed (Triadobathrachus) Madagascar Jurassic (Vieraella) Argentina First frog Diverse anuran fossils in Europe and South America Frogs became wide spread Jurassic Labyrinthodont Seymouria Most primitive frogs Ascaphidae Convergent Evolution? Leiopelmatidae 2
3 Discoglossidae Mid temperate Laurasia Laurasia Current 4 genera Discoglossidae Discoglossidae Mid temperate Laurasia Pipoids Paleobatrachus Rhynophrynids Discoglossidae Mid temperate Laurasia Pipoids Paleobatrachus Rhynophrynids Jurassic Paleocene Current 1 sp 3
4 Pipids Discoglossidae Mid temperate Laurasia Pipoids Paleobatrachus Rhynophrynids Pipids Current Laurasia Discoglossidae Mid temperate Laurasia Pipoids Paleobatrachus Rhynophrynids Pipids Paleobatrachus and pipids divided Americas still together Pipids divided with Africa Current Laurasia Megophrynidae Pelobatinae Pelodytidae Megophrynidae Pelobatidae Pelobatidae PelodytidaePelodytes punctatus All over laurasia Divide on cretaceous 4
5 Laurasia Discoglossidae Paleobatrachus Rhynophrynids Pipids Pelodytidae Megophrynidae Pelobatidae Salamanders First fossils from middle Jurassic (Europe) Sirenoidea Salamandroidea Cryptobranchoidea Laurasia Late Cretaceous Paleocene Albanerpeton Salamanders Continental fragmentation Division of Laurasia Continental Drift Expansion of humid climates p Four orders of salamanders 5
6 Vicariance events Opening of North Atlantic Ocean (180 mya) Produces 2 groups Karauroidea Others Separation of Euroamerica by the midcontinental sea 160 mya Sirenoids (NA) Cryptobranchus and salamandroids (Eu) Cryptobranchus arrive to NA later on the Kolma Block Miocene Salamandridae Salamandridae Ambystomatid Plethodontid Dicamptodon Rhyacotriton Necturus Cryptobranchidae Hynobids Cryptobranchidae Plethodontidae Associated with the apalachians in paleocene Differenciation between east and west in Oligocene Genus Hydromantes in europe via Bering Bolitoglossa and Odepina 11 genera, 140 spp 6
7 Gondwanaland Late Jurassic (140 mya) Ancestral stock differentiate Bufonids Ranoids Microhyloids Break up in three continental masses Leopelmatidae Myobatrachidae Hylidae Antarctica Australia Leiopelmatidae Antarctica Australia Continent had temperate and tropical climates Late cretaceous Nez Zealand fragmented from temperate part Only Leiopelmatids survive in NZ All amphibians in Antartica extinct Leiopelmatids Myobatrachidae Temperate Tropical Hylidae 7
8 Australia continue drifting and creates New Guinea Interchange of biotas separated for 120 my Hylids and Myobatrachids associate with Microhylids from Asia Antarctica Australia Wallace s line Nyctimystes Madagascar Seychelles India Madagascar Seychelles India drifted 140 mya Only tropical groups Ranids Hyperolids Rhacophoridae Microhylids Myobatrachids Bufonids? Madagascar Seychelles Madagascar drift 100 mya Figure 18 4 Seychelles broke off from india 64 mya India collided with Asia 35 mya Many families were move to the east Families became isolated 8
9 Madagascar Scaphiophrynidae Dyscophine Microhylidae Rhacophoridae Hiperolidae Mantellidae Ranidae Seychelles Sooglossidae Hiperolidae Microhylids Ranids Rhacophorids? Extinct India When India collided with Asia Ranids disperse east and west Bufonids Racophorids Microhylids Moved east Microhylids got to Australia by New Guinea 9
10 Early Cretaceous Pipids Leptodactylidae Bufonids Microhylids Ranids Hyperolids Racophorids? Africa South America Separation started 100 mya Land conection persisted until 90 mya Before separation Pipids Leptodactylidae Bufonids Microhylids Late Cretaceous Pipids Leptodactylidae Bufonids Hylids Microhylids Pipids Heleophrynes Bufonids Ranids Hyperolids Racophorids Brevicipitines 10
11 Africa Pipids Heleophrynes Bufonids Ranids Hyperolids Racophorids Brevicipitines Pipids Bufonids Leptodactylidae Hylids Microhylids South America Inter America exchange Late cretaceous connection between N and S America Some groups moved north Caecilians Phyllomedusine Microhylidae Bufonidae Eleutherodactylidae 11
12 Inter America exchange Others moved south in Pliocene Agalychnis Ranidae Plethodontids Overview Understand the processes that influenced amphibian dispersion Be able to relate families in different continents (ecological equivalents), why they live where they live Understand basic geological events that created amphibian distributions Questions Why there are no Centrolenids in North America or Ranids in southern tip or South America? Why there is only one family of salamanders in southern hemisphere? Why the level of endemism is so high in Madagascar How you explain the presence of Hydromantis in Europe and of Criptobranchus in North America 12
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Alfred Wegener gave us Continental Drift. Fifty years later...
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Plate Tectonics. These icons indicate that teacher s notes or useful web addresses are available in the Notes Page.
Plate Tectonics These icons indicate that teacher s notes or useful web addresses are available in the Notes Page. This icon indicates the slide contains activities created in Flash. These activities are
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