SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION
|
|
- Noah Shelton
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Contents 1. Data Tables 2. Sample Descriptions 2.1. Geology and Stratigraphy 2.2 Samples 2.3 Mineralogy 3. δ 18 O w of Archaean seawater 4. Supplementary References 1
2 1. Data Tables Table S1. Geographic coordinates, lithology, selected geochemical characteristics, phosphate extraction results and isotopic composition of phosphate (δ 18 O P ) of studied samples. Sample Name Latitude Longitude Lithology SiO 2 Al 2 O 3 P 2 O 5 Fe 2 O 3 TC TOC Total PO 4 PO 4 (%) a (%) a (%) a (%) a (%) b (%) c extracted by HCl (μmole/g) extracti on (%) d AL03-1A Massive chert < < AL03-2A Silicified tuff < < 0.07 < n/a AL03-3D Black and white banded chert < n/a 1-2 AL03-5B Black and white banded chert < < AL03-11A Carbonaceous chert AL03-12A Carbonaceous chert < AL03-13B Banded chert < 0.01 < < 0.07 < AL03-13D Banded ferruginous chert, < AL03-20A Silicified sandstone with bands of jaspilite < < AL03-25A Banded ferruginous chert < < AL03-26A Hematite BIF < n/a 1-2 AL03-28A Black and white banded chert < < AL03-28C Carbonaceous-ferruginous chert AL03-28F Banded chert < 0.01 < < 0.07 < AL03-28G Black and white banded chert < < AL03-28I Banded ferruginous chert < AL03-29B Silicified tuff, 10 m above gigant lapilli < 0.07 < n/a 1-1 AL03-29C Silicified carbonaceous sandstone n/a 1-1 AL03-30B Silicified tuff, laminated < < n/a 1-2 AL03-88A Jaspilite-hematite BIF < < 0.07 < n/a 1-2 Standard g - - Internal Standard KH 2 PO a XRF data. b TC=Total carbon, analytical uncertainty: ± 0.07 %. c TOC=Total organic carbon, analytical uncertainty: ± 15 % rel. d Phosphate was extracted sequentially from samples using 10 M HNO 3, followed by 6 M HCl. The percentage shown is the fraction of phosphate, extracted by HCl e, f δ 18 O P =oxygen isotope composition of phosphate in per mil ( ) relative to VSMOW (Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water). Two different 18 O-labeled waters (δ 18 O H2O : -6 and ) were used for the preparation of 10 M HNO 3 and 6 M HCl. No difference in δ 18 O P values (within error) was found between the two 18 O-labeled acid extractant solutions, indicating that incorporation of oxygen from water into PO 4 due to hydrolysis of any condensed or organic phosphate that may have been present 38 was negligible. g δ 18 O P value of internal laboratory standard (KH 2 PO 4 ): 14.2 ± 0.3 (standard deviation, n=5). Abbreviations: s.d.=standard deviation, n/a=not applicable. δ 18 O P ( ) (δ 18 O H2O : -6 ) e s.d. n δ 18 O P ( ) (δ 18 O H2O : ) f Group marked in Fig. 1 2
3 Table S2. δ 18 O P values of inorganic phosphate bound to abiogenic, high-temperature, plume particle iron-oxides from 9 N EPR. Sample name Vent type P (wt %) δ 18 O P (, VSMOW) s.d. n HOBO Unknown 9N Active L-vent marker plate Active Q-vent HOBO tip area #1 (deep) Active Q-vent HOBO tip area #2 (middle) Active Vent chimney wall Inactive n/a 1 a Internal standard KH 2 PO a δ 18 O P value of KH 2 PO 4 internal laboratory standard: 14.2 ± 0.3 (s.d., n=5). Abbreviations: VSMOW=Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water, s.d.=standard deviation, n/a= not applicable 3
4 Table S3. Oxygen isotope compositions of dissolved phosphate (δ 18 O P ) in 10 M HNO 3 at 21 and 70 ºC. δ 18 O Sample ID Temp. (ºC) a Time δ 18 O H2O (, VSMOW) b P (, VSMOW) c LL days LH days LL days LH days TL-1 d 70 7 hours TH-1 d 70 7 hours TL-2 e hours TH-2 e hours TL-3 e days TH-3 e days TL-4 e days TH-4 e days a Precision of temperature: < ± 1 ºC for 21 ºC, < ± 2 ºC for 70 ºC. b Different 18 O-labeled water was used for the preparation of 10 M HNO 3. c Precision of δ 18 O P based on replicate mass spectrometric analyses of single samples: < ±0.3 (1σ). The starting PO 4 δ 18 O value: 14.2 ± 0.3 (standard deviation, n=5) d Sample volume was decreased from 47 ml to ~10 ml during its evaporation for 7 hours. e After the evaporation (TL-1 and TH-1), remaining samples (~10 ml) were stored in sealed borosilicate glass bottles thus, there was no change in sample volume. Abbreviations: VSMOW=Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water 4
5 2. Sample Descriptions 2.1. Geology and Stratigraphy. The Swaziland Supergroup of the Barberton Greenstone Belt (BGB) consists of a succession of Archaean supracrustal rocks surrounded and intruded by granitoids (Fig. S1). The BGB comprises a sequence of ultramafic and mafic volcanic rocks (basalt, komatiite), inter-layered with volumetrically minor sedimentary units consisting of cherts, banded iron formations (BIFs) and variably silicified terrigenous and volcaniclastic sediments 16, 18,19,39,40 (Fig. S2). The succession of volcanic and sedimentary rocks provides a record of Earth evolution in the time interval from 3.55 to 3.22 Ga (early to mid-archaean) 16,41, 42. The BGB rocks have experienced low grade, greenschist facies metamorphism 17, Samples. Twenty outcrop samples, collected from main sedimentary units within Hooggenoeg, Kromberg and Mendon Formations of the Onverwacht Group and the Fig Tree Group have been analyzed (Fig. S2, Table S1). Care was taken to minimize the possibility of recent contamination (e.g., lichen P mining). Fractured parts of outcrops were avoided, and powders analyzed in this study were prepared from internal parts of hand specimens. 5
6 Fig. S1. General geologic map of the southwestern part of the Barberton Greenstone Belt (BGB), South Africa and Swaziland (after refs. 16 and 19). Lithostratigraphic criteria have allowed the subdivision of the BGB into Onverwacht, Fig Tree and Moodies Groups. Six formations (Sandspruit, Theespruit, Komati, Hooggenoeg, Kromberg and Mendon) have been recognized within the Onverwacht Group in the southern part of the BGB, south of the Inyoka fault 43. The Onverwacht rocks north of the Inyoka fault have been assigned to the Weltevreden Formation. The stratigraphy of the Onverwacht group is mostly coherent from the Komati Formation upwards. A major fault at the base of the Komati Formation marks a distinct tectonic boundary, and separates the lowermost formations, the Sandspruit and the Theespruit Formations form the rest of the succession. Yellow dots give the sampling localities for which geographic coordinates are given in Supplementary Table S1. 6
7 Fig. S2. Generalized stratigraphy and geochronology of rocks of the upper part of the Onverwacht Group and Fig Tree Group in the southern part of the Barberton Greenstone Belt (BGB) (after ref. 1). The BGB comprises a sequence of volcanic rocks, inter-layered with volumetrically minor sedimentary units consisting of cherts, banded iron formations (BIFs) and variably silicified terrigeneous and volcaniclastic sediments. Labeled rectangles give stratigraphic positions of analyzed samples. 7
8 2.3. Mineralogy. Quartz is the dominating phase in all samples (SiO 2 > 75%, Table S1) except hematite BIF AL03-26A. Hematite is the most common Fe-oxide, but magnetite and goethite are also present. Rare carbonates are typically represented by Fe-rich forms (siderite) that contain minor Mg, Mn and Ca, but impure dolomite, rhodochrosite and calcite are also present. Sericite, developed from feldspars, is a principal Al carrier phase in samples containing altered tuffs. Phosphate minerals are rare in analyzed samples (Table S1). Scarce crystals of apatite, monazite and xenotime were found in six samples, consistent with low P 2 O 5 contents. Relatively large (100 μm) apatite crystals were found in cross-cutting chlorite veins in samples AL03-29B and AL03-29C (Fig. 2a), a clear indication of secondary hydrothermal-metamorphic overprint in these samples. While the environmental characteristics of the Archean ocean stored in phosphates may be erased or modified in samples that are cut by veins, these samples can be used to trace the effect of alteration. Small (< 10 μm) disseminated apatite, monazite and xenotime crystals were typically observed in association with Fe-rich bands of four samples (AL03-3D, AL03-26A, AL03-28C, AL03-28I). This association suggests a genetic link between phosphate and Fe-phases, a relationship that has been documented in modern oceans 23,44 and has also been posited for Archean-Proterozoic oceans 30. It is plausible that dissolved phosphate, REE and Y were effectively scavenged by primary Fe-precipitates. Crystallization of apatite, monazite and xenotime would have occurred in such a case, during subsequent diagenesis or low-grade metamorphism. The isotope effect accompanying crystallization of monazite and xenotime from phosphate initially scavenged by Fe-precipitates has not been studied. The isotope effect accompanying precipitation of phosphate as apatite has been shown to be minor 45. Inclusions of monazite and xenotime in apatites observed in some samples (Fig. 2b) may have been formed during co-precipitation, or these inclusions may have exsolved from the REE- and 8
9 Y-rich apatite during late diagenesis/metamorphism. Petrographic work did not reveal the presence of early diagenetic aluminophosphate minerals 46,47 in analyzed samples, but micron size or smaller crystals would have gone unnoticed. 3. δ 18 O of Archaean Seawater The δ 18 O value of seawater constrains temperatures calculated from δ 18 O values of cherts/silicates, phosphates and carbonates through geologic time. It is a subject of an intense and ongoing debate particularly in the case of ancient Precambrian systems where fewer samples are available for study. Arguments for a constant seawater δ 18 O w value of ~0 throughout Earth s history are based on consideration of reactions and hydrothermal circulation of seawater through basaltic/volcanic crust 12,48,49. Arguments for δ 18 O w values that were initially as low as - 13 in the Archean and increased gradually over time to reach present-day values are made principally on the basis of the Phaenerozoic and Precambrian marine carbonate record and include consideration of modeling of Earth s hydrologic system and chemical weathering 25 as well as variations in ocean depth, pelagic sedimentation and crustal thickness/heat flow 50. In this paper we calculated ocean temperatures using a δ 18 O w value of 0, a value that reflects conclusions of a study made specifically on seafloor rocks from the BGB 24 and one that results in more plausible, above-freezing, ocean temperatures. 9
10 4. Supplementary References 38 Liang, Y. & Blake, R. E. Oxygen isotope composition of phosphate in organic compounds: Isotope effects of extraction methods. Org. Geochem. 37, (2006). 39 Lowe, D. R. & Nocita, B.W. Foreland basin sedimentation in the Mapepe Formation, southern-facies Fig Tree Group. in Geologic Evolution of the Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa (eds. Lowe, D. R. & Byerly, G. R.), Geol. Soc. Am. Spec. Paper 329, (1999). 40 Hofmann, A. The geochemistry of sedimentary rocks from the Fig Tree Group, Barberton greenstone belt: Implications for tectonic, hydrothermal and surface processes during mid-archaean times. Precambrian Res., 143, (2005). 41 KrÖner, A., Byerly, G. R. & Lowe, D. R. Chronology of early Archaean granitegreenstone evolution in the Barberton Mountain Land, South Africa, based on precise dating by single zircon evaporation. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 103, (1991). 42 Kamo, S. L. & Davis, D. W. Reassessment of Archean crustal development in the Barberton Mountain Land, South Africa, based on U Pb dating. Tectonics 13, (1994). 43 Viljoen, M. J. & Viljoen, R. P. An introduction to the geology of the Barberton granitegreenstone terrain. Geol. Soc. S. Afr. Spec. Publ. 2, 9 28 (1969). 10
11 44 Poulton, S. W. & Canfield, D. E. Co-diagenesis of iron and phosphorus in hydrothermal sediments from the southern East Pacific Rise: Implications for the evaluation of paleoseawater phosphate concentration. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 70, (2006) 45 Liang, Y. & Blake, R. E. Oxygen isotope fractionation between apatite and aqueousphase phosphate: C. Chem. Geol. 238, (2007). 46 Rasmussen, B. Early-diagenetic REE-phosphate minerals (florencite, gorceixite, crandallite, and Xenotime) in marine sandstones: A major sink for oceanic phosphorus. Am. J. Sci. 296, (1996). 47 Rasmussen, B., Buick, R. & Taylor, W. R. Removal of oceanic REE by authigenic precipitation of phosphatic minerals. Earth Planet. Sci. Letters 164, (1998). 48 Muelenbachs, K. The oxygen isotopic composition of the oceans, sediments and the seafloor. Chemical Geology 145, (1998). 49 Gregory, R.T. & Taylor, H.P. An Oxygen Isotope Profile in a Section of Cretaceous Oceanic Crust, Samail Ophiolite,Oman: Evidence for δ 18 O Buffering of the Oceans by Deep (>5 km) Seawater-Hydrothermal Circulation at Mid-Ocean Ridges. J. Geophysical Res.--Solid Earth 86, (1981). 50 Kasting, J. F. et al. Paleoclimates, ocean depth, and the oxygen isotopic composition of seawater. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 252, (2006). 11
Correction notice Pervasive oxygenation along late Archaean ocean margins
Correction notice Pervasive oxygenation along late Archaean ocean margins Brian Kendall, Christopher T. Reinhard, Timothy W. Lyons, Alan J. Kaufman, Simon W. Poulton and Ariel D. Anbar The accompanying
More informationIMSG Post-conference Field Guide
IMSG 2017 - Post-conference Field Guide Jérémie Lehmann, Marlina Elburg and Trishya Owen-Smith The purpose of this short field excursion on Wednesday 18 January is to show a variety of rocks that make
More informationNew gold discovery in the Paleoproterozoic Mauken greenstone belt
New gold discovery in the Paleoproterozoic Mauken greenstone belt Mauken greenstone belt The Paleoproterozoic Mauken greenstone belt is situated in an unexplored and untested terrain in Northern Norway.
More informationMetamorphic history of Nuvvuagittuq greenstone belt, Northeastern Superior Province, Northern Quebec, Canada
Metamorphic history of Nuvvuagittuq greenstone belt, Northeastern Superior Province, Northern Quebec, Canada By: Majnoon, M., Supervisor: Minarik, W.G., Committee members: Hynes, A., Trzcienski, W.E. 1.
More informationGeology of the Barberton Greenstone Belt: Processes on the early Earth
PRE 16 Geology of the Barberton Greenstone Belt: Processes on the early Earth FIELD TRIP LEADERS: Christoph Heubeck, Gary Byerly and Don Lowe = Due to its excellent exposure, low-grade metamorphic overprint
More informationHigh Resolution Tephra and U/Pb Chronology of the Ga Mendon Formation, Barberton, Greenstone Belt, South Africa
Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Master's Theses Graduate School 2013 High Resolution Tephra and U/Pb Chronology of the 3.33 3.26 Ga Mendon Formation, Barberton, Greenstone Belt, South
More informationReal-Life Applications: Economic Mineral Deposits
Real-Life Applications: Economic Mineral Deposits Economic Minerals Economic minerals are minerals that can be extracted, processed and marketed for a profit. Various factors determine if a mineral is
More informationCaracterísticas e Critérios da Exploração de Depósitos Orogenéticos de Ouro
Características e Critérios da Exploração de Depósitos Orogenéticos de Ouro Richard Goldfarb, goldfarb@usgs.gov, SIMEXMIN 2012 Archean Lode Gold Deposits Greenstone Belts in granitoid-greenstone terranes
More informationREGOLITH GEOCHEMISTRY OF THE NORTH KIMBERLEY, WESTERN AUSTRALIA: A STRONG PROXY FOR BEDROCK
REGOLITH GEOCHEMISTRY OF THE NORTH KIMBERLEY, WESTERN AUSTRALIA: A STRONG PROXY FOR BEDROCK Paul A. Morris 1 1 Geological Survey of Western Australia, 100 Plain Street, East Perth 6004, Western Australia;
More informationChapter 4 Implications of paleoceanography and paleoclimate
Age ka / Chapter 4 Implications of paleoceanography and paleoclimate 4.1 Paleoclimate expression 4.2 Implications of paleocirculation and tectonics 4.3 Paleoenvironmental reconstruction MD05-2901 (Liu
More informationGlobal phosphorus cycle
Global phosphorus cycle OCN 623 Chemical Oceanography 11 April 2013 2013 Arisa Okazaki and Kathleen Ruttenberg Outline 1. Introduction on global phosphorus (P) cycle 2. Terrestrial environment 3. Atmospheric
More informationChapter 4 Rocks & Igneous Rocks
Chapter 4 Rocks & Igneous Rocks Rock Definition A naturally occurring consolidated mixture of one or more minerals e.g, marble, granite, sandstone, limestone Rock Definition Must naturally occur in nature,
More information2 Britain s oldest rocks: remnants of
Britain s oldest rocks: remnants of Archaean crust 15 2 Britain s oldest rocks: remnants of Archaean crust 2.1 Introduction Owing to the complex nature of extremely old deformed rocks, the standard methods
More informationSUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION DOI: 1.13/NGEO11 Deep-sea mud in the Pacific Ocean as a potential resource for rare-earth elements Yasuhiro Kato 1, Koichiro Fujinaga 1, Kentaro Nakamura, Yutaro Takaya 1, Kenichi
More informationBIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCE
BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCE Chambefort, I; Bignall, G. 2013. Preliminary stable isotope study on the Lahendong geothermal system, Indonesia, GNS Science Report 2013/14. 9p. I. Chambefort, GNS Science, Wairakei
More informationArchean Terranes. Archean Rocks. Southeastern Africa. West Greenland. Kaapvaal Craton. Ancient Gneiss Complex
Archean Terranes Archean Rocks Chapter 15A >2.5 Gy old Younger supracrustal sequences Greenstone belts Calc-alkaline metavolcanic rocks Older gneiss complexes Quartzo-feldspathic rocks Tonalites and migmatites
More informationSiliceous sedimentary rocks (cherts)
Siliceous sedimentary rocks (cherts) Introduction Siliceous sedimentary rocks are fine-grained, dense, very hard rocks composed of the SiO2 minerals quartz, chalcedony, and opal. Chert is the general group
More informationPractice Test Rocks and Minerals. Name. Page 1
Name Practice Test Rocks and Minerals 1. Which rock would be the best source of the mineral garnet? A) basalt B) limestone C) schist D) slate 2. Which mineral is mined for its iron content? A) hematite
More informationFigure 1.2. Growth of the world s population through history. Notice the sharp drop due to the Black Death that struck Europe in 1348, and the sharp
Figure 1.2. Growth of the world s population through history. Notice the sharp drop due to the Black Death that struck Europe in 1348, and the sharp rise that occurred in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
More informationINTRODUCTION. Basalt, the widespread igneous rock on the earth sur-face. today appear to have been equally important
INTRODUCTION Basalt, the widespread igneous rock on the earth sur-face today appear to have been equally important in the geologic past. Basaltic rocks are mostly partial melting products of the upper
More informationChapter 8 Lecture. Earth: An Introduction to Physical Geology. Twelfth Edition. Metamorphism. Rocks. Tarbuck and Lutgens Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 8 Lecture Earth: An Introduction to Physical Geology Twelfth Edition Metamorphism and dmetamorphic Rocks Tarbuck and Lutgens Chapter 8 Metamorphic Rocks What Is Metamorphism? Metamorphism means
More informationEarth Science 232 Petrography
Earth Science 232 Petrography Course notes by Shaun Frape and Alec Blyth Winter 2002 1 Petrology - Introduction Some Definitions Petra Greek for rock Logos Greek for disclosure or explanation Petrology
More informationLesson Seven: Metamorphic Rocks
Name: Date: GEOL1 Physical Geology Laboratory Manual College of the Redwoods Lesson Seven: Metamorphic Rocks Background Reading: Metamorphic Rocks Metamorphic Rocks These are rocks that have been changed
More informationGold Mineralization Potential in a Wabigoon Subprovince Granite-Greenstone Terrane, International Falls Area, Minnesota
Gold Mineralization Potential in a Wabigoon Subprovince Granite-Greenstone Terrane, International Falls Area, Minnesota Manitoba Ontario Mn The State of Minnesota is located in the north-central portion
More informationPLATE TECTONICS, VOLCANISM AND IGNEOUS ROCKS
PLATE TECTONICS, VOLCANISM AND IGNEOUS ROCKS PLATE TECTONICS TO IGNEOUS ROCKS Internal Heat Seafloor Spreading/Plate Tectonics Volcanism Plate Boundary Intra-plate (hot spot) Divergent Convergent Igneous
More informationSedimentary Geology. Strat and Sed, Ch. 1 1
Sedimentary Geology Strat and Sed, Ch. 1 1 Sedimentology vs. Stratigraphy Sedimentology is the study of the origin and classification of sediments and sedimentary rocks Mostly the physical and chemical
More informationN = N 0 e -λt D* = N 0 -N D* = N 0 (1-e -λt ) or N(e λt -1) where N is number of parent atoms at time t, N 0
N = N 0 e -λt D* = N 0 -N D* = N 0 (1-e -λt ) or N(e λt -1) where N is number of parent atoms at time t, N 0 is initial number of parents, D* is number of radiogenic daughter atoms, and λ is the decay
More informationWHAT CAN CLAY MINERALOGY TELL US ABOUT ALTERATION ENVIRONMENTS ON MARS?
WHAT CAN CLAY MINERALOGY TELL US ABOUT ALTERATION ENVIRONMENTS ON MARS? David Bish and David Vaniman Indiana University Los Alamos National Laboratory Products of Mineralogical Studies Mars surface mineralogy
More informationAbout Earth Materials
Grotzinger Jordan Understanding Earth Sixth Edition Chapter 3: EARTH MATERIALS Minerals and Rocks 2011 by W. H. Freeman and Company About Earth Materials All Earth materials are composed of atoms bound
More informationWAMUNYU EDWARD MUREITHI I13/2358/2007
WAMUNYU EDWARD MUREITHI I13/2358/2007 Olkaria geothermal area is situated south of Lake Naivasha on the floor of the southern segment of the Kenya rift. The geology of the Olkaria Geothermal area is subdivided
More informationGY 112 Lecture Notes Archean Geology
GY 112 Lecture Notes D. Haywick (2006) 1 GY 112 Lecture Notes Archean Geology Lecture Goals: A) Time frame (the Archean and earlier) B) Rocks and tectonic elements (shield/platform/craton) C) Tectonics
More informationEvolution of the Earth
Evolution of the Earth http://static.newworldencyclopedia.org/f/fe/geologic_clock.jpg Evolution of the Earth Solar system, 4.6 byr Collapse of a nebula Star forms as gravity concentrates material at center
More informationThe Geochemistry of Basalts in northeast of Darood Neyshaboor, NE Iran
The Geochemistry of asalts in northeast of Darood Neyshaboor, NE Iran Mehdi rbabi Tehran 1, H. Mehdizadeh Shahri 2, M. E. Fazel Valipour 3 1) Islamic zad University of Shahrood, Department of Geology 2)
More informationChapter 11. The Archean Era of Precambrian Time
Chapter 11 The Archean Era of Precambrian Time 1 Guiding Questions When and how did Earth and its moon come into being? How did the core, mantle, crust form? Where did Archean rocks form, and what is their
More informationRubey Colloquium Paper
ASTROBIOLOGY Volume 3, Number 1, 2003 Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. Rubey Colloquium Paper Spherule Beds 3.47 3.24 Billion Years Old in the Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa: A Record of Large Meteorite
More informationThe Sea Floor. Chapter 2
The Sea Floor Chapter 2 Geography of the Ocean Basins World ocean is the predominant feature on the Earth in total area Northern Hemisphere = 61% of the total area is ocean. Southern Hemisphere = about
More informationJochen Hoefs Stable Isotope Geochemistry
Jochen Hoefs Stable Isotope Geochemistry Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH Jochen Hoefs Stable Isotope Geochemistry 4th, Completely Revised, Updated, and Enlarged Edition With 73 Figures and 22 Tables
More informationAliabad-Morvarid iron-apatite deposit, a Kiruna type example in Iran
Aliabad-Morvarid iron-apatite deposit, a Kiruna type example in Iran Maryam-Sadat Mazhari 1 *, Majid Ghaderi 1, Mohammad-Hassan Karimpour 2 1 Department of Geology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran,
More informationListvenites as targets for Au-Hg mineralization in Central Iran ophiolites
Listvenites as targets for Au-Hg mineralization in Central Iran ophiolites Fatemeh Mohammadi*,Moosa Noghreian**,Mohammad Ali Mackizadeh**,Babak Vahabimogha *Islamic Azad university of khorasgan,esfahan,iran.
More informationEvidence for cavity-dwelling microbial life in 3.22 Ga tidal deposits
GSA Data Repository 2016012 Evidence for cavity-dwelling microbial life in 3.22 Ga tidal deposits Homann, M., Heubeck, C., Bontognali, R.R., Bouvier A.-S., Baumgartner L.P., and Airo, A. Geology, 2015
More informationThe Proterozoic: Ga. Archean-early Proterozoic Continents:
The Proterozoic: 2.5-0.542 Ga Early Proterozoic Orogenesis ~ modern Growth of continents and Supercontinents Life and Environments of Proterozoic Archean-early Proterozoic Continents: First large continent
More informationThe Martian Sedimentary Mass: Constraints on its Composition, Age and Size. Scott McLennan Department of Geosciences, SUNY Stony Brook
The Martian Sedimentary Mass: Constraints on its Composition, Age and Size Scott McLennan Department of Geosciences, SUNY Stony Brook Exploring Mars Habitability Lisbon 14 June, 2011 Martian Crustal Chemistry
More informationThe Building of a Continent. Delving into Deep Time
The Building of a Continent Delving into Deep Time Methods for Studying the Past Identifying orogenies Mountain building events Mountains erode Can t study topography Study the evidence they leave behind
More informationHydrothermal Chemistry/ Reverse Weathering. Marine Chemistry Seminar
Hydrothermal Chemistry/ Reverse Weathering Marine Chemistry Seminar 1974 Drever, The Sea Chapter 10:The Magnesium Problem 1979 Edmonds et al., Ridge Crest Hydrothermal Activity and the Balances of Major
More informationWelcome to GEO 101 Introduction to Geology
Welcome to GEO 101 Introduction to Geology so what is Geology? not just rocks! Geology is... study of Earth and planetary bodies processes responsible for formation processes that modify all areas of geology
More informationIgneous Rocks. Sedimentary Rocks. Metamorphic Rocks
Name: Date: Igneous Rocks Igneous rocks form from the solidification of magma either below (intrusive igneous rocks) or above (extrusive igneous rocks) the Earth s surface. For example, the igneous rock
More informationLecture 13. Hydrothermal Circulation
Lecture 13. Hydrothermal Circulation The discovery of hot springs on the ocean floor during the 1970s was one of the most exciting events in the history of oceanography. Although hydrothermal activity
More informationThe Early Ages. Chapter 8. The Archean
Chapter 8 The Archean The formative phase of Earth and Moon took place 4.6 to 3.9 billion years ago. At the end of the formative phase, the Earth s first real geological epoch, the Archean, began. During
More informationTABLE DR2. Lu-Hf ISOTOPIC DATA FOR WHOLE ROCK SAMPLES AND ZIRCONS [Lu] [Hf]
TABLE DR1. LOWER CRUSTAL GRANULITE XENOLITH DERIVATION AND MINERALOGY Sample Kimberlite Type Mineralogy KX1-1 Lace s gt + qz + sa + rt (sil, ky, gr, su, cor, zr, mz) KX1-2 Lace s gt + sa + qz + rt (sil,
More informationSedimentology & Stratigraphy. Thanks to Rob Viens for slides
Sedimentology & Stratigraphy Thanks to Rob Viens for slides Sedimentology The study of the processes that erode, transport and deposit sediments Sedimentary Petrology The study of the characteristics and
More informationEvidence of early life from drilling in the Pilbara
Evidence of early life from drilling in the Pilbara Roger Buick Dept. Earth & Space Sciences and Astrobiology Program University of Washington, Seattle Archaean life and environments What we would like
More informationReview - Unit 2 - Rocks and Minerals
Review - Unit 2 - Rocks and Minerals Base your answers to questions 1 and 2 on the diagram below, which shows the results of three different physical tests, A, B, and C, that were performed on a mineral.
More informationLecture 5. Introduction to Stable Isotopes
Lecture 5 Introduction to Stable Isotopes Stable Isotope Geochemistry Primarily concerned with the isotope ratios of H, C, N, O, and S Si and B often included and new instrumentation has opened up others
More information1/31/2013. Weathering Includes Physical, Chemical, Biological processes. Weathering Mechanisms. Wind abrasion forming Ventifacts
Monument Valley, Utah. What weathering processes contributed to the development of these remarkable rock formations? Weathering Includes Physical, Chemical, Biological processes Weathering Mechanisms Physical
More informationROCK CLASSIFICATION AND IDENTIFICATION
Name: Miramar College Grade: GEOL 101 - Physical Geology Laboratory SEDIMENTARY ROCK CLASSIFICATION AND IDENTIFICATION PRELAB SECTION To be completed before labs starts: I. Introduction & Purpose: The
More informationSedimentología Ayudantía Lectura 1 Carbonate minerals
Carbonate minerals The most common minerals in this group are the calcium carbonates, calcite and aragonite, while dolomite (a magnesium calcium carbonate) and siderite (iron carbonate) are also frequently
More informationQuiz 1. 3) Which of the following planetary bodies has the least number of impact craters on its surface? A) Mercury B) Mars C) the Moon D) Earth
Quiz 1 1) Earth's atmosphere is unique among the moons and planets in that A) it has a nitrogen (N2) rich atmosphere. B) it is rich in oxygen (O2) and nitrogen (N2). C) it is rich in carbon dioxide because
More informationLecture 5 Sedimentary rocks Recap+ continued. and Metamorphic rocks!
Lecture 5 Sedimentary rocks Recap+ continued and Metamorphic rocks! Metamorphism Process that leads to changes in: Mineralogy Texture Sometimes chemical composition Metamorphic rocks are produced from
More informationMetamorphism: summary in haiku form
Metamorphism & Metamorphic Rocks Earth, Chapter 8 Metamorphism: summary in haiku form Shape-shifters in crust. Just add heat and/or pressure. Keep it solid please! What Is Metamorphism? Metamorphism means
More information1. Gravel-size 2. Sand-size 3. Silt-size 4. Clay-size 5. Microcrystalline 6. Macrocrystalline
Name: GEOL 101 - Physical Geology Lab Grade: SEDIMENTARY & METAMORPHIC ROCK CLASSIFICATION and IDENTIFICATION SEDIMENTARY PRE-ID SECTION To be completed before observing hand samples: I. Introduction &
More informationit AUSIMM COBAR MINING SEMINAR
Straits Resources Limited it AUSIMM COBAR MINING SEMINAR Brownfields Exploration at Girilambone: Understanding the Mineralised Systems August 2010 Phil Shields / Phil Jones LOCATION TRITTON OPERATIONS
More informationRocks Reading this week: Ch. 2 and App. C Reading for next week: Ch. 3
Reading this week: Ch. 2 and App. C Reading for next week: Ch. 3 I. Environmental significance II. Definition III. 3 major classes IV. The Rock Cycle V. Secondary classification VI. Additional sub-classes
More informationRocks Environmental Significance. Rocks Reading this week: Ch. 2 and App. C Reading for next week: Ch. 3. Rocks Definition of a rock
Reading this week: Ch. 2 and App. C Reading for next week: Ch. 3 Environmental Significance I. Environmental significance II. Definition III. 3 major classes IV. The Rock Cycle V. Secondary classification
More informationThe Biogeochemical Carbon Cycle: CO 2,the greenhouse effect, & climate feedbacks. Assigned Reading: Kump et al. (1999) The Earth System, Chap. 7.
The Biogeochemical Carbon Cycle: CO 2,the greenhouse effect, & climate feedbacks Assigned Reading: Kump et al. (1999) The Earth System, Chap. 7. Overhead Transparencies Faint Faint Young Sun Paradox Young
More informationMETAMORPHIC ROCKS CHAPTER 8
Lecture 6 October 18, 20, 23 October 19, 24 METAMORPHIC ROCKS CHAPTER 8 This is only an outline of the lecture. You will need to go to class to fill in the outline, although much of the relevant information
More informationLecture 4 What Controls the Composition of Seawater
Lecture 4 What Controls the Composition of Seawater Seawater is salty! Why? What controls the composition of seawater? Do Chemical Equilibrium reactions control the composition of the Ocean? What is meant
More informationLab: Metamorphism: minerals, rocks and plate tectonics!
Introduction The Earth s crust is in a constant state of change. For example, plutonic igneous rocks are exposed at the surface through uplift and erosion. Many minerals within igneous rocks are unstable
More informationMetamorphism / Metamorphic Rocks
Metamorphism / Metamorphic Rocks Metamorphism: occurs when rocks are subjected to heat, pressure, and/or other environmental conditions - The rock remains a solid during this time period - Why Should You
More informationIgneous Rock Classification, Processes and Identification Physical Geology GEOL 100
Igneous Rock Classification, Processes and Identification Physical Geology GEOL 100 Ray Rector - Instructor Major Concepts 1) Igneous rocks form directly from the crystallization of a magma or lava 2)
More informationThe Lead 206/207 Dating Method
The Lead 206/207 Dating Method 1 U Pb Zircon Ages, Chemical Geology, Volume 211 (2004) Pages 87 109 2 Lead Isotope Planetary Profiling, Chemical Geology, Volume 233 (2006) Pages 1 45 3 U Pb Step-Leaching
More informationSection 4. The Biosphere and the Evolution of the Atmosphere. What Do You See? Think About It. Investigate. Learning Outcomes
Section 4 The Biosphere and the Evolution of the Atmosphere Section 4 The Biosphere and the Evolution of the Atmosphere What Do You See? Learning Outcomes In this section, you will Conduct an experiment
More informationThe Composition of the Continental Crust
The Composition of the Continental Crust Roberta L. Rudnick Geochemistry Laboratory Department of Geology University of Maryland Apollo 17 view of Earth Rationale: Why is studying crust composition important?
More informationBIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES
BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES BASICS Biogeochemical Cycle: The complete path a chemical takes through the four major components, or reservoirs, of Earth s system (atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere)
More informationEarthquakes. Earthquakes are caused by a sudden release of energy
Earthquakes Earthquakes are caused by a sudden release of energy The amount of energy released determines the magnitude of the earthquake Seismic waves carry the energy away from its origin Fig. 18.1 Origin
More informationAs compaction and cementation of these sediments eventually occur, which area will become siltstone? A) A B) B C) C D) D
1. A student obtains a cup of quartz sand from a beach. A saltwater solution is poured into the sand and allowed to evaporate. The mineral residue from the saltwater solution cements the sand grains together,
More informationGeol. 656 Isotope Geochemistry
HYDROTHERMAL ACTIVITY, METAMORPHISM, AND ORE DEPOSITS II SULFUR ISOTOPE FRACTIONATION IN LOW-TEMPERATURE SYSTEMS 2 - At temperatures below about 400 C, sulfate (SO 4 ) species becomes the dominant form
More informationTypes of Metamorphism!
Types of Metamorphism! The Types of Metamorphism 2 different approaches to classification 1. Based on principal process or agent Dynamic Metamorphism Thermal Metamorphism Dynamo-thermal Metamorphism The
More informationBanded Iron Formations (BIF) - Reading
Banded Iron Formations (BIF) (University of Oregon) Banded Iron Formation (also known as BIF) is a term that is applied to a very unique sedimentary rock of biochemical origin. Unique in their make-up,
More informationSUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION doi:10.1038/nature11021 Sample Description Tuff beds and granular iron formation Tuff beds were identified in the basal Frere Formation in diamond drill-core from drill hole TDH26
More information1. Which mineral is mined for its iron content? A) hematite B) fluorite C) galena D) talc
1. Which mineral is mined for its iron content? A) hematite B) fluorite C) galena D) talc 2. Which material is made mostly of the mineral quartz? A) sulfuric acid B) pencil lead C) plaster of paris D)
More informationMaking Sediments: Biogenic Production, Carbonate Saturation and Sediment Distributions
Making Sediments: Biogenic Production, Carbonate Saturation and Sediment Distributions OCN 623 Chemical Oceanography Reading: Libes, Chapters 15 and 16 Outline I. Deep sea sedimentation Detrital sediments
More informationThe Nucleus. Protons. Positive electrical charge The number of protons in the nucleus determines the atomic number
Matter Atoms The smallest unit of an element that retain its properties Small nucleus surrounded by a cloud of electrons The nucleus contains protons and neutrons The Nucleus Protons Positive electrical
More informationWhich rock is shown? A) slate B) dunite C) gneiss D) quartzite
1. Which metamorphic rock will have visible mica crystals and a foliated texture? A) marble B) quartzite C) schist D) slate 2. The recrystallization of unmelted material under high temperature and pressure
More informationBefore Plate Tectonics: Theory of Continental Drift
Before Plate Tectonics: Theory of Continental Drift Predecessor to modern plate tectonics Shape and fit of the continents was the initial evidence Snider-Pelligrini (1858) Taylor (1908) Wegner (1915) Fig.
More informationQuartz Cementation in Mudrocks: How Common Is It?
Quartz Cementation in Mudrocks: How Common Is It? Kitty L. Milliken Barnett Shale SE/CL image Woodford Shale SE/CL image Cements are Pore-filling Precipitates Specific definition differs with research
More informationVECTORING VOLCANOGENIC MASSIVE SULPHIDE MINERALIZATION AT THE RAINDROP ZONE, SNOW LAKE (NTS 63K16), MANITOBA by G.H. Gale
GS-8 VECTORING VOLCANOGENIC MASSIVE SULPHIDE MINERALIZATION AT THE RAINDROP ZONE, SNOW LAKE (NTS 63K16), MANITOBA by G.H. Gale Gale, G.H. 2002: Vectoring volcanogenic massive sulphide mineralization at
More informationMetamorphic Rocks. Metamorphic rocks. Formed by heat, pressure and fluid activity
Metamorphic Rocks Most figures and tables contained here are from course text: Understanding Earth Fourth Edition by Frank Press, Raymond Siever, John Grotzinger, and Thomas H. Jordan Metamorphic rocks
More informationCalcite Cements in Middle Devonian Dunedin Formation:
Geochemistry of the Fracture-Filling Dolomite and Calcite Cements in Middle Devonian Dunedin Formation: Implication for the Strata Dolomitization Model Sze-Shan Yip 1, Hairuo Qing 1 and Osman Salad Hersi
More informationChapter 7 Metamorphism, Metamorphic Rocks, and Hydrothermal Rocks
Chapter 7 Metamorphism, Metamorphic Rocks, and Hydrothermal Rocks Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Metamorphism What happens to rocks that are
More informationChapter 4 Up from the Inferno: Magma and Igneous Rocks
Chapter 4 Up from the Inferno: Magma and Igneous Rocks Up from the Inferno: Magma and Igneous Rocks Updated by: Rick Oches, Professor of Geology & Environmental Sciences Bentley University Waltham, Massachusetts
More informationChromite and tourmaline chemical composition as a guide to mineral exploration
Chromite and tourmaline chemical composition as a guide to mineral exploration Gabriel Voicu Université du Québec à Montréal, Canada and Cambior Management Services Content of presentation Part 1 Chromite
More informationMineral Resources Supply & Information with a Focus on Rare Earth Elements
Mineral Resources Supply & Information with a Focus on Rare Earth Elements Larry Meinert Mineral Resources Program, USGS September 12-13th, 13th, 2012, US-EU Workshop on: "Informed policy-making through
More informationGEOL Introductory Geology: Exploring Planet Earth Fall 2010 Test #2 October 18, 2010
GEOL 101 - Introductory Geology: Exploring Planet Earth Fall 2010 Test #2 October 18, 2010 Name KEY ID# KEY Multiple choice questions (2 points each). 1. What type of metamorphic rock is formed over large
More informationSedimentary Rocks and Processes
Sedimentary Rocks and Processes Weathering Sedimentary Processes Breakdown of pre-existing rock by physical and chemical processes Transport Movement of sediments from environments of relatively high potential
More informationOre Deposits and Mantle Plumes
Ore Deposits and Mantle Plumes by Franco Pirajno Geological Survey of Western Australia, Perth, Australia KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS DORDRECHT / BOSTON / LONDON CONTENTS PREFACE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS INTRODUCTION
More information1. are most likely to study the images sent back from Mars. A. Astronomers B. Geologists C. Doctors D. Engineers
1. are most likely to study the images sent back from Mars. A. Astronomers B. Geologists C. Doctors D. Engineers 2. When did the Earth form? A. About 540 million years ago B. About 2.5 billion years ago
More informationGeochemistry & mineralogy of late-metamorphic shear zones:
Geochemistry & mineralogy of late-metamorphic shear zones: Disseminated gold in the Otago Schist, New Zealand Dave Craw Geology Department University of Otago Dunedin, NZ in collaboration with: D.J. MacKenzie,
More informationCHAPTER VI CONCLUSIONS
CHAPTER VI CONCLUSIONS In this Chapter, salient observations made in understanding the various tectonothermal events, including U-Pb in-situ monazite geochronology of Sargur schists and granulites exposed
More informationDepositional Environments. Depositional Environments
Depositional Environments Geographic area in which sediment is deposited Characterized by a combination of geological process & environmental conditions Depositional Environments Geological processes:
More informationGeochemical exploration on the Tareek Darreh Gold deposit, north of Torbat-e Jaam, east Iran
Geochemical exploration on the Tareek Darreh Gold deposit, north of Torbat-e Jaam, east Iran Kourosh Shabani, M.Sc. Student of Economic Geology, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran,
More information