AFWA DUST EMISSION SCHEME for WRF-Chem/GOCART
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1 16 th Weather Squadron Fly - Fight - Win AFWA DUST EMISSION SCHEME for WRF-Chem/GOCART Sandra Jones (AER) & Glenn Creighton Aerosols/Fine Scale and Ensemble Models 16 WS/WXE &WXN Approved for Public Release Distribution Unlimited WRF Users WS: 23 June 11
2 Outline Outline of Talk Erodibility databases Dust emission 101 Possible causes of error in the original GOCART emission scheme Emission scheme rewrite used by AFWA Fly - Fight - Win 2
3 Topography Based Erodibility Ginoux Erodibility Factor Assumes loose sediment accumulates in topographic depressions. Calculates elevation relative to surrounding area within a 10 range. Assumes Holocene lake beds are primary sources of dust! Fly - Fight - Win 3
4 Landform Based Erodibility Southwest Asia Landform Map (Desert Research Institute (DRI)) AFWA and DRI developing physical process based erodibility database! Fly - Fight - Win 4
5 Dust Basics Dust Emission 101 Fly - Fight - Win 5
6 Dust Basics Dust is not usually lofted directly by the wind! Cohesive Forces Soil moisture tensile force/matric suction, electrostatic forces, chemical binding, etc. Hold soil grains to the ground. Stronger than aerodynamic forces for particles < ~ 80 µm Dust Particles Typically < ~ 50 µm Most are < ~ 20 µm Fly - Fight - Win 6
7 Dust Basics Dust lofting is typically caused by ballistic sandblasting! Lofting Process: Dust Production Wind transfers momentum to relatively easy to move sand grains. Sand particles are too heavy to remain airborne for long: they fall back toward the surface after rising ~ 1 m. (Commonly referred to as saltation.) Upon collision with the SFC, sand particles 1. Become embedded in the particle bed (Source: Greeley and Iversen, 1985) 2. Cause a cascading effect ejecting more sand grains (saltation flux) 3. Or smash up dirt clods spraying dust sized particles into the air (sandblasting). Fly - Fight - Win 7
8 Dust Basics To adequately model dust production processes, an emission scheme must accurately predict: (1) the threshold friction velocity* required for soil particle mobilization; (2) the horizontal saltation flux used to transfer momentum from the wind to the soil; and (3) the vertical flux of dust (efficiency of sandblasting). Point where enough energy has been transferred from the wind to a grain to get it moving. Fly - Fight - Win 8
9 Original Dust Flux EQ GOCART Dust flux EQ according to Ginoux et al & 2004 U 3 -driven saltation scheme Where: Tegen and Fung (1994) added s p parm. (Table 1 T&F article; α parm.) Added an erodibility term (S) Fly - Fight - Win 9
10 Original Dust Flux EQ GOCART Dust flux EQ Supposed to include a soil separate mass fraction (Tegen and Fung, 1994). Where: Step missing from 2001 GOCART scheme. Later addition to GOCART code: split erodibility fraction into 3 classes (dist. 0.5/0.25/ 0.25) associated with sand, silt and clay classes. Essentially, all erodible lands have a 50% sand, 25% silt, and 25% clay soil composition. Not realistic! Fly - Fight - Win 10
11 Original Dust Flux EQ GOCART Dust flux EQ Where: Parameter mix up. Equations cited for threshold velocity are actually equations meant to calculate threshold friction velocity (u *t ). Ginoux et al. 2001/original scheme: EQ for dry soil u *t from Bagnold (1941). Ginoux et al. 2004/WRF-Chem v3.3 GOCART code: EQ for dry soil u *t from Marticorena and Bergametti (1995). No conversion between U t and u *t. Fly - Fight - Win 11
12 Original Dust Flux EQ Actual EQ being calculated Issues Sandblasting component missing. Small particles loft directly by wind. Although they have the same units, the magnitude of 10 m winds >> than its equivalent friction velocity. Because of this error, Ginoux et al. applied the saltation algorithm to dust- sized particles rather than sand-sized particles. Clay sized material lofting with 2-3 kt winds (50-60 kt winds in actuality). Essentially, erodibility term and soil moisture threshold are the only emission restriction controls. This explains why this scheme will give you reasonable output for synoptic events with strong forcing at coarse resolutions and high FAR under light winds. Fly - Fight - Win 12
13 AFWA Emission Scheme Fly - Fight - Win 13
14 AFWA Scheme Bulk Vertical Dust Flux Scheme: Based on Marticorena & Bergametti (1995) Threshold Friction Velocity (Iversen & White, 1982)): Saltation Flux Over Bare Soil (Kawamura, 1951): Bulk Vertical Dust Flux (efficiency factor (α): Gillette, 1979) Fly - Fight - Win 14
15 AFWA Scheme Marticorena and Bergametti scheme only provides bulk dust flux. Particle Size Distribution (PSD) developed by Dr. Jasper Kok (NCAR) Brittle material fragmentation theory Kok, 2010 (PNAS) Fly - Fight - Win 15
16 Threshold Friction Velocity Fly - Fight - Win 16
17 Fly - Fight - Win 17
18 Dust Enhanced METSAT-9 20% Deg Sat 50% Rel Smois Fecan Method Fly - Fight - Win 18
19 CAND-E B B A A C C A--Convective activity mid-simulation B Mesoscale wind perturbation C Sea breeze front from Persian Gulf Convective Allowing Numerical Dust - Ensemble Fly - Fight - Win 19
20 Questions? Image Source: David Gilkey, NPR Contact Info: Fly - Fight - Win 20
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