Energy Planning. ' and Urban Form. Susan Owens

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1 A Energy Planning ' and Urban Form Susan Owens.

2 lstituto Universitario Architettura Venezia PG 430 Servizio Bib\iogratico Audiovisivo e di Documentazione

3 Energy Planning ' and Urban Form Susan Owens '"!'" '{l/ (l, i,.-, "-~

4 ,..-- Contents 1 Energy, spatial structure, and planning Introduction 1 Energy and spatial structure 2 The energy outlook in the 1980s 5 Energy and planning 8 2 Spatial responses to energy constraints Introduction 10 Reversal of trends? 10 Response to energy constraints: some important issues 11 The nature of constraint 11 Inertia in the built environment 13 Identifying 'causes' 13 Nonspatial options for energy saving 13 Energy constraints, behaviour, and spatial structures 14 Response to fuel price increases in transport 15 Physical shortfall 17 Summary 18 Energy constraints and urban models 18 Residential energy consumption and spatial structure 21 Concluding comments 23 3 Reducing transport energy requirements Introduction 24 Approaches to defining energy-efficient structure 24 Reducing transport energy requirements 28 The regional and subregional scales 28 The intraurban scale 32 Summary so far 35 Promoting energy-efficient transport 36 4 Reducing energy requirements in buildings Introduction 41 Energy efficiency and built form 41 Renewable energy and spatial structure 44 The local scale 44 Wider spatial implications of 'soft energy paths' 49 Combined heat and power generation 51 Spatial requirements for CHP/DH 52 CHP/DH and the inner city 57 Solar powered DH? 58 Conclusion 58

5 Contents 5 Energy-efficient environments: synthesis and policy implications Introduction 60 Energy-efficient environments-a synthesis 60 Efficient characteristics 60 Efficient structures 61 The potential for energy conservation 67 The magnitude of savings 67 Comparison with other conservation measures 69 Energy and planning: the policy implications 70 Constraints 74 Economic constraints 74 Social and environmental considerations 76 Political constraints 78 Concluding comments 80 6 Energy-integrated planning in practice Introduction 81 The USA: Davis, California, and Portland, Oregon 84 Davis 84 Portland The United Kingdom Strategic planning Greater London Local energy-efficient planning Energy-efficient planning in Milton Keynes Denmark-integration of energy and spatial planning Australia-an energy-efficient strategy for Melbourne Conclusion References Index

J - ~ Energy, Planning and Urban Form Susan Owens. N wnham College, Cambndge 1986 118 pag s.

6 J - ~ Energy, Planning and Urban Form Susan Owens. N wnham College, Cambndge pag s. ISBN The relat1onsh1p between energy systems and the spatial structure of society has been a subject of growing Interest since the energy crisis of the 1970s. It has often been argued that energy considerations should be integrated into the land use planning process, and some planning authorities-as yet rather few in number-have attempted to put this idea into practice. After a decade of good Intention, it is time to take stock. The following issues are explored in detail in the book: the links between energy and spatial structure at the regional, subregional, and local scales; the possible effects of energy constraints on urban and regional trends; and the potential to modify urban form in order to reduce energy requirements for transport and space heating. Theoretical evidence is synthesised to identify 'energy-efficient' and 'energyflexible' environments, and there is extensive discussion of Important policy imphcations and constraints. Practical experience of 'energy-integrated' planning in Britain, the United States of America, Denmark, and Australia is evaluated. The book aims to draw together theoretical work and practical experience within a comprehensive framework. Its context is lntemational and though there is some emphasis on the British experience, material from other countries- including the case studip.s mentioned above-is drawn upon extensively. Pion Limited, 207 Brondesbury Park, London NW2 5JN, England Distributed by Methuen & Co. (worldwide excluding USA). Methuen Inc. (USA)

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