Wetlands in the Context of Road Projects
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- Ashlie Evans
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1 September, 2011
2 Wetlands in the Context of Road Projects Goals of presentation include understanding: 1) need for accurate representation of wetlands and proposed impacts 2) time needed for concurrence before the snow flies 3) wetlands may occur on cropland and methods used to determine extent 4) options for completion of delineations and/or determinations.
3 Wetlands & Road Projects Why Do We Care? Minnesota Wetland Conservation Act Minnesota Statutes 103G and Minnesota Rules 8420 Regulates the draining, filling and excavation of wetlands Federal Clean Water Act Section 404 Regulates some impacts to waters of the U.S.
4 What Level of Delineation to Use? 12/12/2011
5 Wetland Delineation Methods The Corps of Engineers Wetlands Delineation Manual (87 Manual) describes two general types of delineation methods: Routine and Comprehensive. Routine : Qualitative data (pick representative sample points, use estimates) Comprehensive: Quantitative data (systematic sampling, more direct and precise measurements) COE & BWSR both use the same methodology
6 Wetland Delineation Methods CAUTION: National Wetland Inventory Maps are NOT a wetland delineation! National Wetland Inventory Map
7 Wetland Delineation Methods The Routine Method Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Onsite Inspection Unnecessary Onsite Inspection Necessary Combination of Levels 1 and 2
8 Wetland Delineation Methods Routine Level 1: Onsite inspection unnecessary. Used when exact wetland boundary is not critical. Review of common offsite mapping resources: Aerial photography Soils Topography NWI determines the potential presence of a wetland, identify its type, and/or sketch its approximate boundaries.
9 Routine 1 UP Use photo tone, NWI mapping, and soils map to identify wetland areas. WET WET 12/12/2011
10 Routine Level 1 Examples Evaluating incidental applicability for entire wetland Routine 1 or no delineation necessary Interchange reconstruction Borrow pit may be obvious, easy to ID with off site methods Obvious Caution: wetland May NOT and be safety incidental may warrant if wetland prior Routine to highway 1 construction 12/12/2011
11 Routine Level 1 Example Verify with a drive-by Proposed Highway Department Shed Obvious Upland (topo, soils, etc.) Obvious wetland 12/12/2011
12 Routine Level 1 Example Proposed road improvement project through large wetland, all acknowledge wetland existence 12/12/2011
13 Wetland Delineation Methods Routine Level 2 Onsite collection of field data and the physical marking of wetland boundaries, most commonly used when: accurate wetland boundary is critical. landowner wants to know the land-use constraints of property and seek assurance through a formal wetland boundary approval.
14 Routine 2 Representative transects established in each transition area Plant Comm. A Plant Comm. C Plant Comm. B Plant Comm. D 12/12/2011
15
16 Sampling locations should be REPRESENTATIVE of: Soil changes (from upland to wetland), Vegetation community changes, Hydrology indicator changes, and Landscape changes.
17 Common Errors The safe approach Choosing sampling location in area with the clearest boundary while ignoring the tough area. Wetland
18 Common Errors The lazy approach Cleared upland area Choosing sampling location in most accessible location while ignoring the dominant transition area Wetland Upland Forest with dense shrub layer
19 Common Errors The disturbed approach Road Choosing sampling location in area of disturbance Of course, if the project is a road corridor, sampling within the ROW is expected and acceptable. Wetland
20 Common Errors The long-distance approach Choosing sampling points so far apart that they fail to document boundary conditions. Wetland?
21 Avoid Errors by: Examining offsite mapping before heading to the field. Doing an initial site reconnaissance before settling on a sampling location. In tough areas, doing preliminary sampling to help determine where official sampling should be done (i.e., full data sheets).
22 Routine Level 2 Examples Proposed highway upgrade next to wetlands Routine Level 2 is most common wetland delineation method used for road projects 12/12/2011
23 Routine Level 3 Example Project Footprint Routine 2 here Routine 1 here Routine 1 may be acceptable for road projects in some cases 12/12/2011
24 Wetland Delineation Methods Comprehensive Method Very complex, requires rigorous documentation. Agree to the exact methodology prior to beginning the field work. Combine with other methods (sometimes).
25 Comprehensive Method Baseline (parallel to watercourse, perpendicular to slope) Equal Segment Lengths SLOPE Transect starting point random within segments Complexity of site (altered hydrology, wetland/nonwetland mosaic) may warrant comprehensive delineation 12/12/2011
26 Wetland Delineation Methods Some examples where the comprehensive method may be appropriate: 1. The applicant and TEP/Corps disagree on line and further data collection using the routine method cannot, or could not, resolve the dispute. For example, a complex site where the selection of sampling point locations has a significant influence on the result. 2. The decision on a project is, or is likely to be, challenged in court. Often requires more rigorous data collection and documentation to support conclusions.
27 Wetland Delineation Tips Routine Method typically used. If not? Coordinate with regulators. Wetland mapping and supporting data should be sufficient to allow the WCA TEP and Corps PM to verify extent of wetlands. Common sense and good professional judgment are essential. 12/12/2011
28 Regional Supplements Regional supplements address regional wetland characteristics and improve the accuracy and efficiency of wetland delineation procedures
29 Regional Supplements Great Plains North Central/Northeast Midwest The intent is to recognize regional differences in climate, geology, soils hydrology and plants, not to change how wetlands are identified.
30 Supplements vs. 87 Manual Regional Supplements are designed for use with the current 87 Manual. Where differences occur, Supplements take precedence over 87 Manual. Corps Districts retain final authority over use and interpretation of 87 Manual and Regional Supplements.
31 Use of Supplements Great Plains Supplement use became mandatory June 6, 2008 Midwest Supplement use became mandatory December 4, 2008 Northcentral/Northeast Supplement use became mandatory March 20, 2010.
32 Use of Supplements Delineations completed from now on must use the supplement indicators and data sheets. Delineations that do not use the supplements will be returned as incomplete, with instructions to use applicable regional supplement.
33 Wetland Delineation Wetlands on cropland Regardless of crop history on agricultural land, wetlands as identified by 1987 Manual and Regional Supplements may occur on cropland. Note: Sod fields are ag land and are often wetland. When identifying wetlands on agricultural land, use of offsite methods and MN Mapping Conventions may be necessary
34 Wetland Delineation Approaches Off-Site Procedures on Ag Lands 1) Interagency Mapping Conventions for Minnesota by SCS (now NRCS), COE, FWS and EPA (1994) (Currently being updated to be named Wetland Offsite Procedures ) 2) NRCS Chapter 19 of Eng. Field Handbook Hydrology Tools for Wetland Determination (rev. 2009) 3) 2010 BWSR Guidance: Using Aerial Imagery to Assess Wetland Hydrology
35 MN State Mapping Conventions Mapping Conventions involve noting recurrence of signatures related to wetness over multiple years. Review at least five years of FSA aerial imagery. Complete antecedent precipitation analysis for each slide usually flown in July. Signatures in a majority of Normal precipitation years indicate probable wetland. Verify with field visit whenever possible.
36 MN State Mapping Conventions Farm Service Agency Aerial Slides (Annual)
37
38
39
40 Normal
41 Dry
42 Wet
43 Normal
44 Dry
45 Dry
46 Wet
47 Normal
48 Normal 6 5 4
49 Normal
50 Here are some results. Yours may differ slightly, but hopefully in the same ballpark.
51 Area 2 is likely not wetland, while Area 5 is likely wetland. The other areas are borderline/questionable. Need to do onsite investigation and possibly revisit mapping conventions based on your field review.
52
53 Why do we care about Growing Season? Growing season dates are needed to: Evaluate and interpret some wetland hydrology indicators, and Analyze recorded hydrologic data to determine if the Corps Technical Standard for wetland hydrology is met.
54 April 28, 2011
55 Growing Season Delineation work not limited to growing season. Accurate ID of soils and veg more critical.
56 Indicators of Start of Growing Season Green-up ; Soil temp at 12 inch depth; or If no site visit, growing season may be approximated by median dates of 28 o F air temperature in spring and fall (WETS Table info).
57 Green-Up Indicator for Start of Growing Season 1. Two or more species of non-evergreen plants show active growth in a wetland or surrounding area with similar elevation and aspect Emergence from seed Penn. Sedge Leaf Emergence Steve D. Eggers Box elder leaf bud burst Birch flower emergence Steve D. Eggers
58 Green-up 2 3 weeks earlier than air temperature (WETS Table) estimates. WETS Table approach of using approximate frost-free dates represented safe planting period for agricultural crops. April 12, 2011
59 Growing Season Regardless of when growing season begins or ends, a complete wetland delineation requires full and accurate descriptions of hydrology, soils, and vegetation. To ensure timely technical review of delineation work submit early enough. Submit for review in November? Submit for review in September?
60
61 Why is the report important? Regardless of the method, results include description of techniques and materials utilized and basis for determination. Not only documentation, report also provides basis for regulatory permitting/compliance. Wetland delineations are valid for 5 years*, so it may be used in the future to re-construct the delineation lines.
62 Basic Format for Reports Introduction why was it done, for whom, where is the site, when was it done Methods 87 Manual, including the specific approach (Routine level 1, level 2,, mapping conventions, etc.). The more details the better. Results description of wetlands identified and (just as important) a description of the areas that were determined to be upland Figures Data Forms
63 Report Figures Standard Figures Location map USGS topo map Aerial photograph NWI mapping Soil survey mapping DNR Protected Waters Mapping Wetland boundary map (survey or overlaid on one of the base maps above). Antecedent precipitation conditions summary (MN Climatology Web Site)
64 Report Figures Other Figures (as needed/available) FSA slides and/or summary of Mapping Conventions review Local wetland maps (County/City inventories, etc.) County biological survey MLCCS mapping (MN Land Cover Classification System) Local topo map
65 Report Figures Figures should include site boundaries, approximate scale, and north arrow YES NO 1 =3000 N
66 Report Results For each wetland area identified: Describe the wetland type, dominant vegetation, soils, hydrology, and landscape position Describe the adjacent upland in terms of community type, vegetation, soils, and landscape position Describe the basis for the wetland delineation line, being specific on the transition
67 Do s and Don'ts Do be concise and specific. Don t LOAD the report with: language from the Manual/Supplement and regulatory program, or pages of OSDs or historic climate data. Bigger is not necessarily better! Do make a clear distinction between observations and interpretations. Don t mix policy with science.
68 ? Do make sure your report addresses the whole site. Knowing where the wetlands are NOT is just as important as knowing where they are.
69 Wetland Delineation Approaches How to Accomplish Wetland Delineation Work: 1) Utilize or develop internal expertise 2) Hire a consultant to do delineation 3) Develop an agreement with SWCD to do work 4) Delineation work is generally an eligible project cost (Engineering Costs)
70 Web Sites
71 Wetlands in the Context of Road Projects Summary: 1) Plans should show accurate representation of wetlands impacted by project based on 87 Manual and Reg. Supplements 2) Submit report early enough to allow for regulatory concurrence during the growing season 3) Wetlands may occur on cropland and off-site methods may help determine extent of wetlands 4) Several options exist to get wetland delineations or determinations done.
SAN FRANCISCO DISTRICT INFORMATION REQUESTED FOR VERIFICATION OF CORPS JURISDICTION
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