Historical Spatio-temporal data in current GIS

Transcription

1 Historical Spatio-temporal data in current GIS Case Study: German-Herero war of resistance 1904 Susanna Ambondo Abraham Matriculation Number: First Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Lars Bernard Second Supervisor: Dr. -Ing. Christian Murphy 1 16 October 2017

2 Content Materials & Methodologies Recommendations 16 October

3 History describes geography in the past. Without time we cannot discuss the past, present nor future. Spatial data represents features and objects in space at a point in time. Materials & Methodology Problem Definition Need for temporal GIS applications Time is hardly supported in GIS applications Historical spatio-temporal data is widely available Recommendations 3

4 Case Study Background: 1880s German Settlers arrived in SWA. Spread Across the country Materials & Methodology Early 1900 s the resistance struggle began. Hereros revolted in Germany responded by sending approx troops under General Von Trotha. Herero got defeated on the 11 th August 1904 in a decisive battle of Hamakari. Source: Resistance struggle 1904 by Klaus Dierks Recommendations 4

5 Research Objectives: Framework to automatically extract historical spatio-temporal information from text documents. Assess ArcGIS capability in handling time. Materials & Methodology Recommendations 5

6 Research : 1. What methods are available to recognise and extract spatial and temporal information from text documents? Materials & Methodology Recommendations 2. How can we extract location event information and produce trajectories from the extracted references? 3. How can historical data be modelled best in regards to Temporal vs. spatial data Precision vs. accuracy of historical information 4. What analysis methods and functions are available for historical spatio-temporal data? 5. What cartographic visualization techniques are suitable to visualize the case study information? 6

7 Data collection Historical documents Battle events Literature IE ST in GIS Information Extraction Location visit events Moving trajectories Visualizing Analyzing Modelling Materials & Methodology 2D 3D Time animations Story Map Spatio-temporal analysis Trajectory analysis Point in time Moving points Time queries Recommendations IE methods Tools and functions Uncertainties 7

8 Materials used: Materials & Methodology Historical publications 1. Let us die fighting 2. The revolt of the Hereros 3. Chronology of the Namibian history 4. South West Africa under German rule 5. Herero Uprising Namibia 1 on 1 online article 6. Battle events the-eis system Tools: Notepad ++ GATE 8.4 PostgreSQL 1.6 ArcGIS 10.5 Esri Story Map Journal JAPE Python 3.4 Recommendations 8

9 Information Extraction Materials & Methodology Recommendations 9

10 Document Pre-processing: PDF to XML conversion 10

11 Document Pre-processing results: Chronology of the Namibian history 11

12 Creation of Gazetteers Temporal gazetteer Materials & Methodology Spatial gazetteer List of place names 3859 place names Declared in list.def Recommendations 12

13 Creation of Gazetteers JAPE Transducer Text Patterns LHS Rule RHS Rule Annotation Class Materials & Methodology Date Expressions Attributive information Recommendations 13

14 Contextual Information Extraction Materials & Methodology Recommendations 14

15 Entity Extraction Pipeline Text Processing Gazetteer Matching JAPE Transducer Tokenizer Named Entities JAPE Rules Splitter Person names Temporal Entities POS Place names Materials & Date Methodology Person location Recommendations 15

16 GATE annotation framework: 16

17 GATE Annotation Results: 17

18 Information Extraction Algorithm: Materials & Methodology Results Recommendations 18

19 Extracted information in PostgreSQL: Materials & Methodology Cleaning Geocoding Creating individual trajectories Recommendations 19

20 Historical Spatio-temporal data 1. Location visit events 2. Individual trajectories 3. Battle events Materials & Methodology We are interested in: Space and existence in time Change in position Spatial relationships in time Query attributes of spatial objects in time Recommendations 20

21 Modelling historical events in ArcGIS Point in time Duration in time Time as attribute Materials & Methodology Recommendations 21

22 Spatio-temporal Cluster Analysis Isarithmic Method Answers Where Animated to detect cluster patterns Materials & Methodology Recommendations 22

23 Spatio-temporal Cluster Analysis Grouping Analysis Method Materials & Methodology Defines Spatial and temporal neighbours Generate Weight matric tool Space time window method Insufficient data Recommendations 23

24 Space time cube Analysis Monthly location visit events (x, y, time) representation Dec Count = Size and colour Materials & Animated to detect space-time patterns Answers: Where? When? Methodology Recommendations 24 Jan

25 Trajectory representations & Analysis Materials & Methodology Recommendations 25

26 Trajectory representations & Analysis What space-time analysis? Query trajectory attributes Duration between locations Materials & Methodology Recommendations 26

27 Static and Multiple Static Maps Materials & Methodology Recommendations Monthly Monthly historical historical visit visit events events 27

28 Time Animations Materials & Methodology Recommendations 28

29 Story Map Journal Materials & Methodology Recommendations 29

30 Information Extraction Method Materials & Methodology Approach used successfully extracted Spatial, temporal and attributive Spatio-temporal relationship terms Support Domain specific extractions Results in document structure Flexible framework X Time consuming Recommendations 30

31 Materials & Methodology Modelling time Time as attribute Limited time retrieval functions Simple SQL queries X Topological relationships in time Recommendations 31

32 Materials & Methodology Spatio-temporal cluster Analysis Spatio-temporal neighbors X Requires substantial amount of data X Not suitable for dynamic discrete data Space time cube analysis 3D representation of space & time Where & When answers Interactivity X No attributive information X Ability of query cube contents Recommendations 32

33 Trajectory Representation Moving points Moving line track lines Time animation Materials & Methodology X X X Inability to query trajectories Representation on 2D Unnatural movement representation Recommendations 33

34 Time animations Materials & Methodology Time slider functionality Time settings Events at time of existence Emphasize change in time X Time step temporal range X Discrete temporal patterns representation Recommendations 34

35 Uncertainties in historical data Positional uncertainties Unknown settlements Approximated locations Uncertain geographic locations Materials & Methodology Recommendations Temporal uncertainties Specific dates Range of dates 35

36 To what extend are the research questions answered? 1. What methods are available to recognise and extract spatial and temporal information from text documents? Materials & Methodology Recommendations 2. How to extract location event information and produce trajectories from the extracted references? 3. How can historical data be modelled best in regards to Temporal vs. spatial data Precision vs. accuracy of historical information 4. What analysis methods and functions are available for historical spatio-temporal data? 5. What cartographic visualization techniques are suitable to visualize the case study information? 36

37 There is limited support for time in ArcGIS for historical spatio-temporal information. Materials & Methodology Therefore, recommend: Development of time query functions. Development of trajectory representation functions. Use and development of Spatio-temporal data models. Recommendations 37

38 THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION! 38