INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GEOMATICS AND GEOSCIENCES Volume 6, No 2, 2015

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1 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GEOMATICS AND GEOSCIENCES Volume 6, No 2, 2015 Copyright by the authors - Licensee IPA- Under Creative Commons license 3.0 Research article ISSN Identification and delineation of threshold lower Yamuna River basin in Swati Jain 1, Ashraf M 2 1- Research Scholar at Department of Geography, Allahabad University 2- Research Scholar at Department of Geography, Patna University jainswati01@gmail.com ABSTRACT India is world s seventh largest country considering its area and it has abundant water bodies/resources running from north to south and east to west. India s rivers are mainly divided as Himalayan, peninsular, coastal, and inland-drainage basin rivers. Himalayan rivers are snow fed and maintain a high to medium rate of flow throughout the year. The massive annual mean rainfall amounts in the Himalayan catchments further add to their flow. During the monsoon months of June to September, the catchments are prone to flooding. The principal Himalayan Rivers are the Indus, the legendary Ganges and the Brahmaputra. Yamuna River is the principal tributary of the river Ganges which is divided into three sub basins namely Upper, Middle and Lower by the Central Water Commission of India. The Lower Yamuna river basin which majorly includes Chambal, Sind, Betwa, Ken and Tons rivers is the largest among them expanding in three states Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and. River Yamuna majorly drains through. According to Central Water Commission the area of entire Yamuna River basin is more than three lakh fifty thousand square kilometers and the Lower Yamuna River basin which is expanded over three states Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and, accounts nearly 70% of the total Yamuna River basin. Clearly the area of Lower Yamuna basin is too large and the area coming discretely under the boundary of has neither been delineated separately nor identified individually. With the help of Remote sensing and GIS technique the present study tries to identify and delineate the threshold of Lower Yamuna river basin s extent in. Keywords: Drainage basin, Catchments, Lower Yamuna River basin, Remote Sensing, GIS 1. Introduction A river drainage basin is the land that water flows across or under on its way to a river. This land area receives water from precipitation (i.e., rainfall or snowfall) and drains downhill into river, lake, reservoir, sea or ocean. The drainage basin acts like a funnel, collecting all the water within the area covered by the basin and channeling it into a waterway. It is the drainage basin where much of the hydrologic action takes place. Indeed it can be called as the natural laboratory of hydrology. The present research is mainly based on the Lower Yamuna River Basin which covers the parts of. The whole Yamuna River basin is more than km 2 in area but more than 70% of it comes under the area of Lower Yamuna River catchment area. Water is one of the most important natural resource and rivers, drainage basins and its catchment areas are of prime concern for the sustainable development of the area. The current water management at a broader level is broken in fundamental ways which prohibit the river s restoration: there is no proper accounting of water use by cities, agriculture or industry; no Submitted on March 2015 published on November

2 dedicated flow to sustain the river s ecosystem; no jurisdictional coordination of the river s protection; lack of integration of existing studies, knowledge or expertise on the river; insufficient funds for basic operations at water treatment facilities; and harmful policies across all sectors. There is no long-term view of managing and sustaining the river basin for the environment or future generations (Yamuna Action Plan Report; 2002). There has been a long history of conflict of interest between states and centre over the distribution and management of water resources in India (Lakshmikant; 2014). One of the major challenges in regional decision making is creating spatially explicit and technically sound analyses of future patterns of landscapes, river networks, land uses, and resource availability (Carbonneau and Piegay; 2012). Future resources and landscape patterns of a river basin are shaped by thousands of decisions made each day by individuals, organizations and communities. The delineation of Lower Yamuna river basin under the boundary of state of (India) will help the provincial government and local authorities to plan for the better management of this area. The clear identification of Lower Yamuna River Basin (LYRB) under will assist the creation of maps of land use and land cover (LULC) change over time, created in part from remotely sensed information, will provide an empirical source of evidence for the trajectories of landscape change. It will help to analyze its major sub basins and will demonstrate the importance of finding new strategies to gain more room for river networks in human-dominated landscapes, while acknowledging the real and largely irreversible investments that have already been made in these biologically and culturally important parts of human settlements. The spatial framework of coupled human and natural systems in the river basin required an extensive and detailed land cover representation (Hulse et al., 2004). Stream networks and large floodplain rivers strongly influence abundance and distribution of aquatic communities and terrestrial wildlife (Hulse and Gregory, 2003). Delineation of Lower Yamuna River Basin will enable the state government to adopt policies and practices that can have influence on the recovery of reduced natural resources over the time. The restoration practices and changes in land use policies can reverse long term trends in natural resource declines even in the face of a doubling of the human population. 2. Study area According to Central Water Commission India the geographical extent of the Yamuna Lower sub-basin lies between 77 6' to 81 55' east longitudes and 22 51' to 28 1' north latitudes of the country (Report on Ganga Basin., 2012). The Sind, the Betwa, the Dhasan, the Ken rivers are the major tributaries in the Yamuna lower sub-basin. The Lower Yamuna sub-basin is the largest sub-basin of the Yamuna River. The sub-basin majorly covers the states of Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan. Geographically, lower Yamuna basin includes the area from confluence point with Chambal including all right and left bank tributaries, downstream of Agra-Etawah ridge till its confluence with Ganges at Allahabad. Topography of the Yamuna basin varies between steep topography in the Himalayan segment to almost flat in the middle and lower segments (Figure 1.a.). The elevation in the Yamuna River basin varies from about 6,320 m above mean sea level (msl) near Yamunotri Glacier to around 100 m (above msl) near the confluence of Yamuna River with River Ganges at Allahabad. The topography of the Yamuna basin can be classified into three groups, i.e., hilly region (more than 600 m above msl); foot hills and Plateau region ( m); and plains and valleys ( m above msl). On the basis of this topographic classification 11,700 km 2 basin area can be classified as hilly, while remaining equally divided between plains and 1586

plateau regions. In the Himalayan segment (upper Yamuna catchment), the drainage system and the characteristics of landforms are closely interdependent and inter-related.

defined physiographic belts: the Lesser Himalaya, the Siwalik, and the Doon Valley.

3 plateau regions. In the Himalayan segment (upper Yamuna catchment), the drainage system and the characteristics of landforms are closely interdependent and inter-related. Figure 1(a): Topograhy of the Himalyan Catchment of Yamuna River Figure 1 (b): Topography of the Yamuna River basin excluding the Himalayan catchment The upper Yamuna catchment falls into three defined physiographic belts: the Lesser Himalaya, the Siwalik, and the Doon Valley. On the other hand, catchments of the Chambal, the Sind, the Betwa and the Ken experience undulating topography with ravines (Figure1.b.). The objective of this research article is to determine the extension of Threshold Lower Yamuna River Basin under the state of and establish a new study area considering the administrative boundary of the province. 1587

4 3. Methodology Identification and delineation of threshold lower Yamuna River basin in The manual survey of the large study area like Large River basins is cumbersome, time consuming and a team work so the present study has taken the help of latest techniques of surveying and feature extraction like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems. The extracted feature classes were later visually interoperated using visual interpretation technique. For this purpose different kind of satellite imageries were used including NASA s Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM 90M DEM version 4.0) tiles covering the study area were incorporated. The processing of all these RAW data was done by several popular GIS and Remote Sensing Software including ArcMap, ENVI, and Global Mapper. Arc Hydrology tool under ArcMap was very handy for fluvial geomorphic feature extraction. ENVI was used for the geometric correction and mosaicing of the Satellite image tiles. Global Mapper was used for topographic feature extraction. Beside this software Google Earth and ISRO Bhuvan were also used for geo referencing and accuracy assessment purposes. Table 1: Details of satellite data Satellite Year Accuracy Tile SRTM DEM 90 M 2007 Elevation in 1m pixel precision, ±7m vertical accuracy srtm_51_06, srtm_51_07, srtm_51_08, srtm_52_06, srtm_52_07, srtm_52_08, srtm_53_06, srtm_53_07, srtm_53_08 SRTM Source: - Table 2: Details of software used in the study Software Used Functions ArcMap 10.1 ENVI 5.1 ISRO Bhuvan Global Mapper Arc Hydrology tool for the geomorphic feature extraction and Threshold river basin generation, watershed extraction Georeferenced Mosaicing of SRTM DEM Tiles of the study area Georeferencing and Shape File creation of the AOI Topographic Feature Extraction 4. Results and discussion The prime focus of this study was to determine the extent of Lower Yamuna River flood basin under the boundary of. Since there is a lack of discrete research on this topic so a new approach on this topic was applied with the help of remotely sensed data. Using NASA s Shuttle Radar Topographic Missions digital elevation model (DEM) of 90 m resolution of the basin, geomorphologic characteristics of the Yamuna basin has been 1588

extracted from scratch using the ArcMap software.

The area of interest (AOI) which is Yamuna River basin was identified using Google Earth and ISRO Bhuvan. A shape file of AOI was created using polygon tool in ISRO Bhuvan.

Figure 3: Clipped area of interest (AOI) of Yamuna River basin raster After doing this Arc Hydrology tool was used for further processing.

5 extracted from scratch using the ArcMap software. For this purpose all the eight SRTM DEM tiles of satellite images mentioned in Table 1 were processed and mosaiced in one single Raster file which was then brought into ArcMap for further processing. The area of interest (AOI) which is Yamuna River basin was identified using Google Earth and ISRO Bhuvan. A shape file of AOI was created using polygon tool in ISRO Bhuvan. This shape file was then overlaid on SRTM mosaiced Raster image and clipped using raster management tool in ArcMap. The shape file for the clipped AOI is shown below in figure 3. Figure 3: Clipped area of interest (AOI) of Yamuna River basin raster After doing this Arc Hydrology tool was used for further processing. The sink filling operation was done of the AOI using Fill tool. A sink is a cell with an undefined drainage direction; no cells surrounding it are lower (Arc Hydrology manuals by ESRI). The pour point is the boundary cell with the lowest elevation for the contributing area of a sink. If the sink were filled with water, this is the point where water would pour out. The Sink tool can be used to find the number of sinks and help identify their depth. Knowing the depth of the sinks can help in determining an appropriate z-limit for Fill. After filling the sink, flow direction (figure 3.) and flow accumulation (fig 2.2.) was acquired using Arc Hydrology tool. Both of these were for further processing to get the Threshold Basin systems around the area of interest (AOI). 1589

Figure 4: Flows of Direction of AOI Raster, Accumulation of AOI Raster Having done all these Raster processing finally Threshold Basin System was generated using Basin Tool under Arc Hydro.

6 Figure 4: Flows of Direction of AOI Raster, Accumulation of AOI Raster Having done all these Raster processing finally Threshold Basin System was generated using Basin Tool under Arc Hydro. The output basin system which was generated is shown below in figure 5 (a) and (b). The extracted Yamuna basin was then converted into vector data using raster to polygon tool and the AOI was saved as a shape file. The area of this shape file was then calculated in ArcMAP with Projected Co ordinate System WGS 84 UTM Zone 44N (Northern Hemisphere). The total Threshold area under Yamuna River basin came out to be km 2 and the perimeter 5235 km. The manuals from Yamuna action plan: phase 2 under national river conservation directorate ministry of environment and forest government of India states that the area of Yamuna River basin is km 2. The difference of area can be caused by the use of different data sources. The present research has opted for the NASA s SRTM 90 Meter resolution Digital Elevation Model (Elevation in 1m pixel precision, ± vertical accuracy) while the government manuals have used ISRO s CARTODEM 1arc second Digital Elevation Model. So there is variation in the generation of Threshold of Yamuna River basin. 1590

For this purpose georeferenced shape file of 13 Lower U.

7 Figure 5(a): River Basin System AOI, (b) Extracted Yamuna River Basin from AOI Districts of Lower UnderYamuna River Basin: - After extracting the entire Yamuna River basin, the demarcation of lower districts lying under the basin area was done. For this purpose georeferenced shape file of 13 Lower U.P districts (starting from Etawah in West to Allahabad in East and Kanpur Dehat in North to Lalitpur in South) were prepared using ISRO s Bhuvan figure 6. Figure 6 (a,b): Districts of Lower, Extent of Yamuna River Basin in India 1591

Now these georeferenced Lower U.P maps were overlaid on the extracted Yamuna basin Raster (YRB) in ArcMap and the area under these districts were clipped (Figure 7a and Figure 7b).

8 Now these georeferenced Lower U.P maps were overlaid on the extracted Yamuna basin Raster (YRB) in ArcMap and the area under these districts were clipped (Figure 7a and Figure 7b). The joint area of Yamuna river Basin under these districts was found to be km 2. Figure 7(a,b): Lower U.P District YRB (Vector), Lower U.P Districts under YRB (Raster) Final cut for Acquiring the Lower Yamuna River Basin: -The clipped Raster image of Lower U.P districts from the extracted DEM of Yamuna River basin was again processed using Arc Hydrology Tool to get the fresh Threshold for the Lower Yamuna River basin. The same process mentioned above was applied again starting from filling the sink, getting the flow direction, flow accumulation and lastly getting the Threshold Basin area for the Lower Yamuna Districts. The outcome of this processing is shown below in figure 8a. This extract will be considered to be the final THRESHOLD AREA of Lower Yamuna River basin under (shown in dark black in figure 7b) and the present research for the Flood Geomorphology of Lower Yamuna River Basin (LYRB) in will be solely done considering this Threshold area. The area and perimeter of the Lower Yamuna River basin were calculated in ArcMAP using Projected Coordinate System WGS 84 UTM Zone 44N (Northern Hemisphere). They were found to be km 2 and 1844 km respectively. The longitudinal expansion for the study area was found to be between west and east longitudes, and the latitudinal expansion was found to between 27 North and 25 South latitudes. 1592

9 Identification and delineation of threshold lower Yamuna River basin in Figure 8 (a): Extracted location of lower Yamuna river basin under Yamuna River basin Figure 8 (b): Threshold Lower Yamuna River Basin under the Lower Districts 1593

10 Figure 8(c): Major LYRB and its Sub basins under the boundary of Figure 8 (d): Location of Threshold Lower Yamuna River Basin under 1594

11 Identification and delineation of threshold lower Yamuna River basin in Figure 8 (f): Yamuna River basin catchments of lower Uttar Paresh Figure 8 (g): Lower Yamuna basin 1595

12 5. Conclusion Identification and delineation of threshold lower Yamuna River basin in With the help of data acquired from NASA s SRTM mission the present study over the Lower Yamuna River Basin has been done. For this purpose the whole Yamuna River Basin was created from scratch under ArcMap. According to Remote sensing analyses the whole Yamuna River Basin and its catchment area is expanded in seven states namely Uttrakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, Rajasthan, Delhi (NCT), and Madhya Pradesh. The total area under the Yamuna River Basin came just over four lakh square kilometers, which is more than nearly fifty thousand square kilometers from the data acquired from the government sources. This might be because the Threshold Basin Catchment area generation has captured some areas of Ganges River Threshold. Our repeated attempt to review this could not alter the result so finally we decided to go with our outcome of the result. The objective of this study was to identify and delineate the Threshold Lower Yamuna River Basin under the administrative boundary of was successfully achieved. It was found that the Threshold Lower Yamuna River Basin under starts from 78 48' E in Etawah district and stretches to 82 13' E at Allahabad district to the confluence with Ganges. The latitudinal expansion is between degree North. The catchment area of Lower Yamuna River Basin is also extended up to Lalitpur disrtrict, but this part of the basin does not have the Threshold to be considered under the main Lower Yamuna River Catchment area. Because of its lower effectiveness it is not included in final Threshold Lower Yamuna River Basin under the administrative boundary of. 6. References 1. ArcMap Tutorials, Arc Hydrology Manuals from Environmental System research Institute (ESRI). 2. Carbonneau, P. E. and Piegay, H., (2012), Fluvial Remote Sensing for Science and Management, pp Hulse, D. and Gregory, S. (2004), Integrating resilience into floodplain restoration. Journal of Urban Ecology, (7), pp Hulse, D., Branscomb, A., and Payne, S. (2004), Envisioning Alternatives: using citizen guidance to map future land and water use. Ecological Applications, 14, pp Hulse, D.H. and Gregory, S.V. (2001), Alternative futures as an integrative framework for riparian restoration of large rivers. Applying Ecological Principles to Land Management. Springer-Verlag, New York, New York, pp Lakshmikant, M., (2014), Bharat ki Rajvyavastha, 4 th edition, pp Report of Central Water Commission of India, (2012), New Delhi. 8. Report on Ganga Basin, (2014), Ministry of Water Resources, Government of India, p Yamuna Action Plan Report (2002), Government of India, New Delhi 1596

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Volume 5, No 1, Copyright by the authors - Licensee IPA- Under Creative Commons license 3.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Volume 5, No 1, 2014 Copyright by the authors - Licensee IPA- Under Creative Commons license 3.0 Research article ISSN 0976 4402 Manual and automated delineation