Geographic standards of the European Commission

Transcription

1 Geographic standards of the European Commission lessandro nnoni Land Use Land Cover Unit Institute for Environment and Sustainability European Commission DG Joint Research Centre Ispra (V), Italy 1

2 GI in the European Commission Technical services Eurostat, JRC + EE R&TD JRC (direct actions), RTD (indirect actions) Users & Suppliers GRI, ENVI, REGIO, TREN, Information society & Market development INFSO, ENTR 2

3 Why a initiative on GI-GIS GIS? Increasingly DGs are using new IT applications to help manage the policy areas for which they are responsible. many of these, if not most, have a geographic dimension and use GIS to store, analyse and present the data Typical applications are in monitoring the environment, control of crops in agriculture policy, development of transport, regional development,... ll off these applications need GI of various kinds some specific, other common to several applications Time has come to take a more pro-active and strategic approach to GI in the Commission to create an internal infrastructure for GI for the benefits of all services using GI and GIS. May 1999 R.Verrue - Director General DG INFSO Y.Franchet Director General EUROSTT 3

4 COGI Joint UNECE/Eurostat Work Session on Methodological Issues Involving the Commission inter-service group on Geographic Information Mandate COGI is to co-ordinate the use of GI and to assure the application of common technical GI standards within the EC services to improve the efficiency and cost effectiveness of European policy monitoring that require a spatial analysis of the European territory at European and global level. DGs /services Chef(s) de file: EUROSTT, DG INFSO, JRC DGs/services participants: DGs : ESTT, INFSO, JRC, REGIO, GRI, TREN, SNCO, OPOCE, COMP, EMPL, ENV, RTD, FISH, MRKT, EC, ELRG. Chairman: EUROSTT (Lothar JENSEN Directeur) Duration: Groupe interservices permanent. 4

5 The needs of spatial data (GI) Most of the themes of EU policy have a spatial dimension water, air, climate, soil, biodiversity, land use, transports, noise, The territorial dimension of EU policy is a common factor for all of these policies, is increasingly recognised as an important element to be taken into account in the formulation of EU policies as illustrated in the proposal for the 6th EP We can also observe a trend in Community policy to require increasingly in legislative acts to the collection of geographic information. WFD, Habitat, ICS, LPIS, Olive Trees Regs,.. ICZM, ESDP,.. 5

6 6th Environment action programme COM (2001) 31 Community 'Environment 2010: Our future, Our choice' rticle 9 - Environment policy making based on participation and sound knowledge Priority actions: 1. Mechanisms within which stakeholders, especially those directly affected by proposals and other initiatives, are widely and extensively consulted at all stages so as to facilitate the most effective choices and to ensure better a satisfactory result for the environment in regard to the measures to be proposed. 2. Continuing financial support to environmental NGOs to facilitate participation in the dialogue process. 3. Ensuring that environment remains a major priority for Community research programmes. Ensuring better co-ordination of research related to the environment conducted in Member States. 4. Ensuring regular information to the public on the environment and related issues by the production of annual headline environmental indicator reports and integration indicators, which show the value of environmental damage where possible. 5. Reviewing information and reporting systems with a view to the introduction of a more coherent and effective system to ensure reporting of high quality, comparable environmental data and information. 6. Reinforcing the development of geographical information systems and the use of space monitoring applications in support of policymaking and implementation. 6

7 The needs of tools (GIS) Better understanding of the complex interactions between policies & themes only possible if the appropriate information base and tools are available. GIS, in combination with adequate information and models, are able to provide the means to take into account the territorial dimension of environmental policy-making. GI-GIS needed to ssess needs Formulate the policy Monitor its implementation Evaluate its effectiveness, 7

8 Relevance to EU policies Consequences on GI: increasing demand of better GI Quality, Certification, uthority, Consistency, Updating, Time stamp, Harmonisation, ccessibility, Interoperability, Economic value of public sector information in the EU, 1999 (Euro Billion) - source Pira, ,4 11,7 7,4 3,9 ccess to Public Sector Information 35,8 Underpinning EU policies with a spatial impact European Spatial Data Infrastructure Geographical Cultural Business services Economic and social data Other 8

9 The 3 major obstacles 1. there are major gaps in coverage of spatial information. 2. information, even if it exists, is not always accessible obstacles to access of existing information can f.i. be the lack of documentation of this information, procedural and contractual barriers to access of information and the price of the information. 3. even if information exists and is accessible, it can often not be sufficiently exploited because the information is fragmented and cannot be combined due to lack of harmonisation. 9

10 European Spatial Data Infrastructure Joint UNECE/Eurostat Work Session on Methodological Issues Involving the 5 cm/year Different Policies and standards Technical Technical Support Support to to GI GI policy policy development development ITRF93 NNR-NUVEL1 Europe is moving 3cm/ year Technical Technical Support Support To To data data set set creation creation Meteo data GI Institutional framework Fundamental GI data sets Spatial Data Infrastructure GI technical standards Spatial Information Services Standards Standards implementation implementation Different sea level in Europe GIS GIS for for Natura Natura Catchments Needs to create european spatial data sets Land Cover eeurope : egovernement on line GIS to manage Natura2000 sites 10

11 11 Joint UNECE/Eurostat Work Session on Methodological Issues Involving the Policy development Policy development D T S T N D R D S D T P O L I C Y S O I L N O I S E I R W T E R N T U R E Environment S O I L N O I S E I R W T E R N T U R E griculture S O I L N O I S E I R W T E R N T U R E Transport COMMON THEMTIC DT REFERENCE DT Environmental European Spatial Environmental European Spatial Data Infrastructure (EESDI) Data Infrastructure (EESDI) gricultural ESDI gricultural ESDI Transport ESDI Transport ESDI

12 12 Joint UNECE/Eurostat Work Session on Methodological Issues Involving the Policy development: the vision Policy development: the vision D T S T N D R D S D T P O L I C Y S O I L N O I S E I R W T E R N T U R E Environment S O I L N O I S E I R W T E R N T U R E griculture S O I L N O I S E I R W T E R N T U R E Transport COMMON THEMTIC DT REFERENCE DT European Spatial Data Infrastructure (ESDI) European Spatial Data Infrastructure (ESDI)

13 Standardisation key action to solve interoperability and harmonisation problems Reference systems Projection systems Metadata Geo-processing (OpenGIS) 13

14 Rationale Europe is a patchwork of several countries with different traditions in terms of their GI choice Europe has very extensive and comprehensive collections of national spatial information but it is often difficult to find and access. There is very little seamless, harmonised pan-european data available. Such information is scarce and difficult to obtain because national data was created in accordance with 15 different traditions and standards that do not fit easily together. The combination of the national data into European data is a highly complex and non-trivial task. aspects to be addressed: common reference system, set of projection systems, minimum set of reference data, metadata,.. 14

15 Co-ordinate ordinate reference system definition "Location or position on or near the Earth's surface may be described using co-ordinates. Co-ordinates are unambiguous only when the co-ordinate reference system to which those co-ordinates refer has been fully defined. Each position shall be described by a set of co-ordinates that shall be related to a co-ordinate reference system. co-ordinate reference system consists of one datum and one co-ordinate system" (ISO 19111) 15

16 geo-referencing by co-ordinates ordinates position coordinate reference system indirect reference system datum (physical) coordinate system (mathematical) 16

17 ? egg or grapefruit? do we live on the same planet??.why different spatial reference systems? 17

18 geodetic datum Z Definition includes: dimension of an ellipsoid, its position and orientation relative to 'the Earth'. X Y at least one main datum per country or more. different map projection chosen by country to minimise the distortions on the national territory. 18

19 three main types of co-ordinates. ordinates. Elevation, or height : the 'vertical distance' between a location and a 'horizontal' surface defined as the reference... Geographical co-ordinates :... the position of a location on a sphere or an ellipsoid in terms of longitude and latitude Cartesian co-ordinates, or map projection: the position of a location on a plane on which the Earth's surface has been projected... 19

20 ellipsoid to plan h N? E? 20

21 Conversion from map projections Conversion, within the same datum, from one type of map projection to the other, is a simple matter of applying the predefined mathematical formulas, and can be as accurate as one desires. However, transformation from one datum to another is always an approximation, and is based on empirical formulas and algorithms, deducted from measurements. Typical accuracies vary from 10cm. to 100m. 21

22 change of system Datum 1 N, E, (h) conversion?,? (h) Datum 2 N, E, (h)?,? (h) conversion X, Y, Z X, Y, Z transformation 22

23 why different systems? geoid earth surface ellipsoid 23

24 issues Conversion mathematical exact (exception : N) Transformation empirical precision depending on measurements ll changes time-consuming risks of errors, discrepancies 24

25 problems... Limitless and ever expanding list of systems (national, regional, local) Increasing needs for large amount of data to be processed on-the-fly What specification to include in the EC call for tenders? Etc... 25

26 Which reference system for Europe? ITRS : the global reference but.. European Continental Plate moves uniformly ~3cm per year 26

27 5 cm/year ITRF93 NNR-NUVEL1 27

28 ETRS89 Ellipsoidal Coordinate Reference System The European Terrestrial Reference System 1989 (ETRS89) is the geodetic datum for pan-european spatial data collection, storage and analysis. This is based on the GRS80 ellipsoid and is the basis for a coordinate reference system using ellipsoidal coordinates.table 1 contains the fully described ETRS89 Ellipsoidal Coordinate Reference System (ETRS89) following ISO Spatial referencing by coordinates. Table 1 ETRS89 Ellipsoidal Coordinate Reference System Description Entitiy CRS ID ETRS89 CRS alias ETRS89 Ellipsoidal CRS CRS valid area Europe CRS scope Datum ID ETRS89 Datum alias European Terrestrial Reference System 1989 Datum type geodetic Datum realization epoch 1989 Datum valid area Europe / EUREF Datum scope European datum consistent with ITRS at the epoch and fixed to the stable part of the Eurasian continental plate for georeferencing of GIS and geokinematic tasks Datum remarks see Boucher, C., ltamimi, Z. (1992): The EUREF Terrestrial Reference System and its First Realizations. Veröffentlichungen der Bayerischen Kommission für die Internationale Erdmessung, Heft 52, München 1992, pages or - ftp://lareg.ensg.ign.fr/pub/euref/info/guidelines/ Prime meridian ID Greenwich Prime meridian Greenwich longitude 0 Ellipsoid ID GRS 80 Ellipsoid alias New International Ellipsoid semi-major axis m Ellipsoid shape true Ellipsoid inverse flattening Ellipsoid remarks see Moritz, H. (1988): Geodetic Reference System Bulletin Geodesique, The Geodesists Handbook, 1988, Internat. Union of Geodesy and Geophysics Coordinate system ID Ellipsoidal Coordinate System Coordinate system type geodetic Coordinate system dimension 3 Coordinate system axis name latitude Coordinate system axis direction North Coordinate system axis unit identifier degree Coordinate system axis name longitude Coordinate system axis direction East Coordinate system axis unit identifier degree Coordinate system axis name ellipsoidal height Coordinate system axis direction up Coordinate system axis unit identifier metre Value 28

29 recommendations Spatial data must be expressed in ellipsoidal coordinates (???? ) related to ETRS89, with the underlying GRS80 ellipsoid. NMs to place 1~2 m. accuracy transformation algorithms in public domain EUREF/EuroGeographics to collect and manage high accuracy transformations 29

30 Transformation 27 out of 37 countries have delivered data which have been checked and are OK. 22 of the files are available under The remaining 5 are still being prepared and will be included by the end of June 30

31 Vertical datum definition of a vertical datum is more delicate. there is generally at least one vertical datum per country, and two main families of height. Ellipsoidal height is the third dimension of the location related to an ellipsoid, and is a length. Geoidal height is related to a physical model of the Earth's surface (the geoid), and is a physical component of a location, related to gravity. 31

32 heights geoid h earth surface H ellipsoid N 32

33 ? Heights? nationally defined heights may differ by several dm. (2.3 m. for Belgium) 33

34 vertical heights s result of the UELN and EUVN project the IG Subcommission EUREF defines the European Vertical Reference System 2000 (EVRS) including a European Vertical Datum and related parameters as realization and for practical use as a static system. The next step to an European kinematic height network the European Vertical System 2000 (EVS 2000) is in preparation. Recommendation: the CEC should adopt the EUVN results when made available 34

35 EVRS Further information available under 35

36 Needs for projected EU data European Spatial Reference System is not enough; we need a set of projection systems for the cartographic representation and grid storage of pan-european geographic data at different levels of precision. Projected data are in fact used in different contexts and for different uses: Storage (in a centralised or in distributed dbs), Measurement (eg computing distance, area, etc), Display (on screen, paper maps, atlases etc), Location (projected data are used to localise object on the ground). 36

37 Other conditions... Different types of projects working with National dbs (LPIS) requiring integration (Natura2000, I&CLC2000), ranging of accuracy and scale LUCS 1-2,5 m / 1:10,000; FISIS 1:20,000,000 some data already available in GISCO other should be created tech.specs needed for data collection/creation and conversion tech.specs should foresee a stepwise approach (current solutions and long term strategy for quality improvement) in this sense the limitations of current GIS sw (and their future evolution - OGC specifications) should be taken into account. 37

38 ? Projection systems in Europe? 5 different types of reference ellipsoids and 8 different types of cartographic projections used in the 37 different CERCO member or observer countries. How could they agree on one single projection system and which one should be selected? Which member countries would be able to afford the costs for changing their system? Can a unique map projection be proposed? 38

39 Map projections used in Europe (conformal, not equal distance, not true direction, not equal area) Cylindrical and conic Projections become important in landsurveying. They are all conformal. Conformal means similary in small pieces or when the scale of a map at any point on the map is the same in any direction. Transverse Mercator lbania Universal Transverse Mercator Cyprus (transversal, cylindrical, conformal) ustria Bulgaria Finland Greece Great Britain Ireland Italy Lithuania Luxembourg Northern Ireland Norway Poland special United States specification of Transverse Mercator Projection - parameter world wide valid - used by NTO - de facto Standard Gauss-Krüger-System special German specification of Transverse Mercator Projection Oblique Conformal Cylindric Denmark Gibraltar Iceland Italy Portugal Spain Turkey Bulgaria Croatia Germany Slovenia Hungary Switzerland Portugal Romania Lambert Conformal Conic Belgium Estonia Russia France Sweden Turkey Ukraine Oblique Conformal Conic Oblique Stereographic Czech Republic Slovak Republic Netherlands Poland Romania 39

40 rea of interest The centre of the area of interest was taken to be 53 N, 10 E 40

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43 Recommendations for statistical analysis and display ETRS89 Lambert zimuthal Equal rea coordinate reference system of 2001 [ETRS -LE] (specified by ETRS89 datum and the Lambert zimuthal Equal rea map projection). for conformal pan-european mapping at scales? 1:500,000 ETRS89 Lambert Conic Conformal coordinate reference system of 2001 [ETRS LCC] (specified by ETRS89 datum and the Lambert Conic Conformal (2SP) map projection). for conformal pan-european mapping at scales >1:500,000 ETRS89 Transverse Mercator coordinate reference systems [ETRS- TMzn] (specified by ETRS89 datum and the Transverse Mercator map projection). Maintains the ETRS-TMzn, ETRS-LE and ETRS-LCC as its conventional standards for an extended period, Stimulates the use, by preference, of one of the above. 43

44 What is metadata? Metadata is the information and documentation, which makes data understandable and shareable for users over time (ISO nnex B) Types of metadata, according to level of detail Metadata for Inventory i.e. internal to an organisation Metadata for Discovery i.e. necessary for external users to know who has what data, where to find it, and how to access it Metadata for Use i.e. a fuller description of an information resource that enables users to make a judgement about the relevance and fitness-forpurpose of the resource before access it 44

45 Standards in geospatial metadata International Standardisation Organisation (ISO) Technical Committee 211: family of standards related to geo-spatial information, including one for metadata (DIS 19115) CEN TC287 Input IS Input Future versions of FGDC metadata standards will become profile of IS CEN IS endorsed by CEN FGDC 45

46 Recommendations on metadata Metadata management should be integrated into the "workflow" of all future projects. Metadata management is a priority. Information resource not geographic? Use the Dublin Core (DC) for the discovery of data. If the information resource contains spatial component, ensure that Dublin Core is also supported (CW 13874) for cross-it searching so as to increase the visibility of the resource. If the information resource contains spatial component, use Core elements of the current draft for ISO standard IS IS adopted by the EC as soon as it is issued as an IS. 46

47 Reference data - definitions " those components that are most frequently used in identifying location. (ETEMII v1.0d) "The set of GI which should exist, and be readily accessible (at a justifiable cost), in order for the widest possible range of applications to be effected on a local, national and regional basis." (GI-BSE) " components most frequently used in identifying location using indirect referencing systems. (CNIG-P),.. 47

48 greed definition of ref.data reference data is the data necessary to link thematic information to location on the earth - at a local, national or European level. in this context, it is the data sets that allow the integration of other data. the definition must be stable through any changes in the applications using them we should be looking to model ideas using "objects instead to define layers (that does not convey the ideas associated with reference data) in this way names and identifiers (and boundaries) will become part of the object rather than a component in its own right. 48

49 Reference data - components Geodetic reference system For both horizontal and vertical measurements. Units for administration dministrative boundaries, catchment districts, protected areas,, census units? ddresses Parcel identifiers (cadastral) Orthoimagery Networks road, rail and water - including coastlines Elevation 49

50 Reference data Key issues Understanding user needs Interoperability Object modelling Scale independency Language and culture National border issues Certification uthority Maintenance (including Updating) Organisational issues Financial issues New trend from data creation to data access and data maintenance from layers and scales to objects and quality issues from data exchange to data access & geospatial standards (including OpenGIS) 50

51 conclusions Standardisation may be useful to increase data flow from local to European in all the policy domains. this may also require new legislation (EESDI). to develop new datasets and indicators for new policy domains. to share knowledge of who has what data, and how it can be accessed increasingly crucial as there is a real danger of multiple duplication of data collection to respond to different policies, to implement a framework for GI in Europe, including common reference system, projections, homogeneous territorial and stat. units. to increase data comparability and interoperability, including web-based visualization and data exploration, and integration from different sources to agree methodologies to characterize and analyse territorial units to develop methods for data fusion-aggregation to different flexible geographies 51

52 More information 52

53 PEC2001 The Pan-European Conformal Coordinate Reference System of 2001 (PEC2001) is a single projected coordinate reference system for all of the pan-european area. It is based on ETRS89 geodetic datum and the GRS1980 ellipsoid. Because of the greater extent in longitude than in latitude, a Lambert Conic Conformal projection with two standard parallels is utilised. Defining parameters are given in tables B1 through B3. Table B1 PEC2001 Coordinate Reference System Details Entity Value CRS identifier PEC2001 Datum identifier ETRS89 Datum type Geodetic Ellipsoid identifier GRS80 Ellipsoid semi-major axis metres Ellipsoid inverse flattening Prime meridian identifier Greenwich Coordinate system type Projected Coordinate operation details See table B2 Coordinate system details See table B3 Table B2 - PEC2001 Coordinate Operation Details Coordinate operation method: Lambert Conic Conformal (2SP) Operation Parameter Latitude of 1 st standard parallel Latitude of 2 nd standard parallel Latitude of False Origin Longitude of False Origin Northing at False Origin Easting at False Origin Operation Parameter Value 61º north 38º north 53º north 9º east 2,530,000.0 metres 7,800,000.0 metres Table B3 - PEC2001 Coordinate System Details xis order xis name bbreviation xis direction xis Unit 1 Northing N north metre 2 Easting E east metre With these defining parameters, over the European mainland westwards of 32º east longitude PEC2001 grid northing values are under 5,000,000 metres whilst easting values are between 5,000,000 and 9,999,999 metres. Note that the axes abbreviations for PEC2001 are N and E whilst for the PEE2001 they are Y and X. 53

54 PEE2001 The Pan-European Equal rea Coordinate Reference System of 2001 (PEE2001) is a single projected coordinate reference system for all of the pan-european area. It is based on the ETRS89 geodetic datum and the GRS1980 ellipsoid. Its defining parameters are given in tables C1 through C3 below. Table C1 PEE2001 Coordinate Reference System Details Entity Value CRS identifier PEE2001 Datum identifier ETRS89 Datum type Geodetic Ellipsoid identifier GRS80 Ellipsoid semi-major axis metres Ellipsoid inverse flattening Prime meridian identifier Greenwich Coordinate system type Projected Coordinate operation details See table C2 Coordinate system details See table C3 Table C2 - PEE2001 Coordinate Operation Parameters Coordinate operation method: Lambert zimuthal Equal rea Operation Parameter Latitude of Origin Longitude of Origin False Northing False Easting Operation Parameter Value 53º north 10º east 3,210,000.0 metres 4,321,000.0 metres Table C3 - PEE2001 Coordinate System Details xis order xis name bbreviation xis direction xis Unit 1 Northing Y north metre 2 Easting X east metre 54