HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX: ENCAPSULATION OF INDICATORS OF WELL- BEING OF JHARKHAND Shiv Kumar 1

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1 Jharkhand Journal of Development and Management Studies XISS, Ranchi, Vol. 16, No.3, September 2018, pp HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX: ENCAPSULATION OF INDICATORS OF WELL- BEING OF JHARKHAND Shiv Kumar 1 The main concern of this paper is to examine the transformation of development efforts into the well-being of the society, with special reference to Jharkhand State of India. Human development in different districts of Jharkhand has no parallel pace of development among each other. Human Development Index (HDI) has a wider meaning than only an index for a region for development. The study highlights the indicators of human development, the level of development in various districts in a comparative way and assesses the human development in different districts by allotting ranks through arithmetic calculation provided by the UNDP. This paper examines the major factors of Human Development Index like health index, education index and income index. An attempt has been made to find out the trend of the human development index of Jharkhand State of India and also to provide ranking on the basis of human development. The results will provide useful policy insights for a strategy seeking to promote human development through a distributive policy option for Jharkhand State. Keywords : Human Development Index; Health Index; Education Index; Income Index; Dimension Index Introduction Human development is all about human freedoms: freedom to realize the full potential of every human life, not just of a few, nor of most, but of all lives in every corner of the world now and in the future. Such universalism gives the human development approach its uniqueness (UNDP, 2016). The Human Development Index is a statistical tool used to measure countries overall achievements in its social and economic dimensions (Mishra & Chaudhary, 2014). The index emerged in the first Human Development Report (HDR), published in The HDR is an independent report commissioned and published by the United Nations Development Programme. Ever since its publication, efforts have been made to devise and further refine the measures of human development (McGillivray, 1991; McGillivray & White, 1994; Srinivasan, 1994; Streeten, 2000; Neumayer, 2001; Noorbakhsh, 1998a, 1998b, 2002; Malhotra, 2006). The HDI is a composite index aggregating three basic dimensions into a summary measure, which is published annually, using country 1 Assistant Professor, P.G. Department of Geography, St. Xavier's College, Ranchi, Jharkhand (INDIA), Phone Extn. 122 (O), (M), - shivkr77@gmail.com 7797

2 7798 Kumar level information, in the Human Development Report. The motivation behind the structure of the HDI was powerfully expressed in the 1990 HDR in the following terms: Human development is a process of enlarging people s choices. In principle, these choices can be infinite and change over time. But at all levels of development, the three essential ones are for people to lead a long and healthy life, to acquire knowledge and to have access to resources needed for a decent standard of living. If these essential choices are not available, many other opportunities remain inaccessible (UNDP, 1990). The human development approach is closely related to the idea of human capabilities proposed by Amartya Sen and developed further by Robeyns (2005). Ravallion (2014) concludes that inequality within a population can stall growth prospects in a country, backing up suggestion of equitable distribution of wealth and resources to promote human development. India has been characterized as a country with a low level of Human Development Index and there are basic variations in the levels and trends of HDI in major states of India (Singariya, 2014). HDI provides a useful yardstick by which one can gauge the human development of a country relative to others, even though within-country variability is not accounted for (e.g., intra-country inequity in income, living standards, health, etc.) (Adam, Kammas & Lapatinas, 2015; Blum, 2013). Various reports have been published at the National as well as State levels periodically to focus public and policy attention on contemporary development issues. In addition, there has also been individual research focused on disparities in economic and human development across states in India (Chaudhuri, Chevrou-Severac & Marimoutou, 2007). Ranis (2004) has contrasted human development, as the ultimate goal of the development process, with economic growth, as an imperfect proxy for more general welfare, or as a means towards enhanced human development. Majumder (2005) tries to explore the trends, patterns and regional dimensions of human development (HD) in India through construction of alternate HD indices for the districts of India. The UNDP scores corresponding to the three dimensions of human development are worked out with reference to international goalposts to facilitate ranking of countries across the world. Suryanarayana, Agrawal and Prabhu (2011) follow the same procedure to examine the relative ranking of different Indian states in the global context. Joshi and Mcgrath (2015) found Tamil Nadu s more inclusive Development ideology and higher quality of public administration have brought about greater human development gains than in Gujarat. Mujeeb

3 Human DevelopmentIndex 7799 and Bassam (2017) attempted in their research paper with focus on the level of human development in Malappuram district through constructing HDI for the district. These attempts have provided useful estimates of disparities in different dimensions of economic and human development. The human development measures the mean achievements in three basic indices as long and healthy life, access to knowledge and awareness, and decent standard of living and promotion in life expectancy. These three dimensional indices are computed on some basic parameters such as institutional delivery, facility of drinking water, utilization of sanitation and the total vaccination has been taken as the attributes of the health index, access to knowledge measured in terms of adult literacy rate and gross enrolment ratios and finally income dimension measured in terms of per capita income. Lack of enough attention to Human Development Index of Jharkhand motivated the author to conduct this research. Objectives of the study To study the level of development in various districts of Jharkhand. To examine the inter-district variation in multiple dimensions of human development index in Jharkhand. To allot the rank to different districts of Jharkhand according to the development To know the indicators of human development within State of Jharkhand which are more or less developed? Study area The total geographical area of the State is 79,714 Sq. Kms. with the spatial extent of approximately 21 o 59 to 25 o 18 North Latitude and 83 o 20 to 87 o 57 East Longitude. The state is land locked and shares its boundaries with Bihar in the north, Odisha in the south, West Bengal in the east and Chhatisgarh and Uttar Pradesh in the west (Kumar, 2015). It comprises of the Chotanagpur Plateau, which forms a part of Deccan bio-geographic province. It is a hilly undulating plateau characterized predominantly by tropical forests and tribal settlements. This State is endowed with natural resources that need to be conserved and utilized in a sustainable manner for all-round development of the State in general and the marginalized tribal population in particular. The State of Jharkhand consists of 24 districts (Fig 1), 33 subdivisions, 211 blocks and 3759 panchayats and villages.

4 7800 Kumar Fig 1. Districts of Jharkhand According to the Census of India 2011, total population of the state is 32,966,238 with a sex ratio of 947 and density of population is 414 persons per sq. km. It has an intermingling population from various ethnic, linguistic and religious backgrounds. The literacy rate, according to the 2011 Census, is per cent, where Male and Female Literacy are and per cent respectively. Database and methodology The research described in this paper is based solely on secondary data. To provide ranking according to the development of the districts, data of literacy, health and income have been used. The reference year for the secondary data is 2011, and the data have been obtained particularly from census publications and occasional papers published by the office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India, New Delhi. Adult literacy rate and enrollment rate are taken from 2011 Census of India. The data for per capita income is an estimated data of by Central Statistical Organization (CSO). The per capita income of the year was estimated by the method of base shifting for the year The source of safe drinking water, total vaccination, sanitation utilization and institutional delivery is Annual Health Survey,

5 Human DevelopmentIndex 7801 The calculation of Dimension index as per HDI formula: (DI)Dimension Index The Dimension index is a simple average. For calculating Education Index: X ; ( ) Y = ; ( ) DI = summation of DI The dimension index for the literacy rate and enrollment ratio is given using the formula of UNDP provided for the HDI calculation. The literacy rate is given more importance than enrollment ratio. The results of literacy rate and enrollment ratio are 2/3 and 1/3 respectively. The results of the districts are then added. The value of the second last column is dimension index for the literacy indicator for the districts. On the basis of descending values the ranks are allotted to the districts. The dimension index itself is the value of development. For calculating Health Index DI = summation of the dimension index DI (a) DI /4 Here, equal onus provided for the four indicators (institutional delivery, total vaccination, drinking water facilities and sanitation utilization). Dimension index is taken out by the formulae of HDI as mentioned above and the values in reference to HDI which is 0 1 is calculated. According to the dimension index, the ranks are allotted to the districts of higher value in top and districts with lower value at the bottom. Based on observations the cartographic work has been done. Result and discussion Human Development Index of Jharkhand has been computed on the following three dimension index : Education Index Income Index Health Index Education index Table 1 shows the literacy indicators of the different districts of Jharkhand of the year There are two indicators to show the attainment of the literacy in HDI i.e. adult literacy rate and enrollment ratio. Both the indicators show a varied picture of the regions. There

6 7802 Kumar is seen great variations in literacy rate and enrollment ratio indicators. The highest literacy rate is in the Ranchi district with 77.13, followed by E. Singhbhum and Dhanbad. On the other side the lowest literacy rate is found in Pakur district with literacy rate. Other two districts with literacy rate below 60 are Sahibganj (53.73) and Godda (57.68). Table 1. Literacy rate and enrollment ratio of Jharkhand S. No. District Literacy Rate Enrollment Ratio 1 E. Singhbhum Dhanbad Ranchi Bokaro Khunti Ramgarh Hazaribagh Koderma Lohardaga Saraikela-Kharsawan Garhwa Palamu W.Singhbhum Latehar Sahibganj Deoghar Simdega Gumla Jamtara Dumka Chatra Godda Pakur Giridih Source: Census of India, 2011 Table 1 also infers that the Koderma district has the highest enrollment ratio with The lowest enrollment ratio is in the Pakur district with Districts with enrollment ratio above 90 are E. Singhbhum, Ranchi, Bokaro, Khunti, Ramgarh, Hazaribagh, Koderma, Lohardaga, Garhwa, Palamu, Latehar, Simdega and Gumla. Table 2 shows dimension index and rank for the literacy indicators of the districts of Jharkhand. From Table 2 it is clear that, Ranchi has the highest level of development with dimension index for the literacy. E. Singhbhum and Ramgarh are in second and third position with dimension index and respectively. Bokaro, Dhanbad, Hazaribagh, Koderma, Lohardaga, Simdega and Gumla hold rank from fourth to tenth position respectively. The least developed districts are Pakur and Sahibganj.

7 Human DevelopmentIndex 7803 Table-2. Districtwise Dimension Index and Rank for the literacy indicators of Jharkhand Districts DI for X=ADI*2/3 DI for Y=GEI*1/3 DI =X+Y Rank Adult Gross Education Literacy Enrollment Index (ADI) Index (GEI) E. Singhbhum Dhanbad Ranchi Bokaro Khunti Ramgarh Hazaribagh Koderma Lohardaga Saraikela Kharsawan Garhwa Palamu W. Singhbhum Latehar Sahibganj Deoghar Simdega Gumla Jamtara Dumka Chatra Godda Pakur Giridih Source: Annual Health Survey, Income index From Table 3, it is clear that the per capita income is directly proportional to the dimension index. The highest value of the districts in dimension index has higher rank. Dhanbad with dimension index 1 stands at the top of the list in economic index of the HDI. The second rank is of E. Singhbhum with dimension index 0.954, Pakur ranks third with dimension index There is a yawning gap between second and third rank of Ranchi stands in the fourth place in the economic index of the HDI which is the capital of the state. Garhwa district is in the 24 th rank in the economic index.

8 7804 Kumar Table 3. Districtwise per capita income, Dimension Index and Rank for Per Capita Income of Jharkhand S. No. Districts Per Capita Income Income Index Rank (Rs.) 1 E. Singhbhum Dhanbad Ranchi Bokaro Khunti Ramgarh Hazaribagh Koderma Lohardaga Saraikela-Kharsawan Garhwa Palamu W. Singhbhum Latehar Sahibganj Deoghar Simdega Gumla Jamtara Dumka Chatra Godda Pakur Giridih Source: Central Statistical Organization Health Index The relationship between longevity and health were explained by the studies of Robine, Saito and Jagger (2009), where they opined that a healthy, robust people will live on average, longer than frail people, thus associating a positive relationship between longevity and health; and the research of Jaba, Balan and Robu (2014) who informed that the output of a healthy system is expressed either by longevity indicators such as life expectancy at birth, life expectancy at age 65 years, healthy life expectancy, for total population by gender or by mortality. Table 4 presents the data of attributes of social development of different districts of Jharkhand. The institutional delivery, facility of drinking water, utilization of sanitation and the total vaccination has been taken as the attributes of the health index.

9 Human DevelopmentIndex 7805 Table-4. Institutional delivery, total vaccination, drinking water facility and sanitation utilization of Jharkhand (in %) S. No. Districts Institutional Total Drinking Sanitation Delivery Vaccination Water Utilization Facility 1 E. Singhbhum Dhanbad Ranchi Bokaro Khunti Ramgarh Hazaribagh Koderma Lohardaga Saraikela Kharsawan 11 Garhwa Palamu W. Singhbhum Latehar Sahibganj Deoghar Simdega Gumla Jamtara Dumka Chatra Godda Pakur Giridih Source: Annual Health Survey, From Table 5 it is clear that the institutional delivery is very highly developed in the districts of East Singhbhum with dimension index 1. Ranchi and Khunti districts have the DI above 0.75, other districts with moderate level of development are Hazaribagh and Ramgarh. On the other side the districts with low level of development in the institutional delivery are Jamtara, Dumka, Pakur, Sahibganj, Godda, Chatra, Simdega and Gumla. The column of total vaccination reveals that E. Singhbhum, Lohardaga, Bokaro, Ranchi, Khunti, Ramgarh and Hazaribagh have high level of development while the districts with low level of development are Giridih, Deoghar, Godda, Pakur and Chatra. The data of sanitation utilization shows that the districts of E. Singhbhum, Dhanbad, Ranchi, Khunti, Bokaro and Ramgarh have high level of development. Districts like Dumka, Saraikela-Kharsawan, Pakur and Chatra have low level development in the field of sanitation utilization facility.

10 7806 Kumar Facility of drinking water is developed much in the districts of Pakur, E. Singhbhum, Dhanbad, Garhwa, W. Singhbhum, Saraikela- Kharsawan and Godda. Overall the best developed districts in the category of institutional delivery, total vaccination, sanitation utilization and drinking water are E. Singhbhum, Bokaro, Dhanbad and Ranchi in the first, second, third and fourth position respectively. The lowest development in these four categories is Giridih. Table 5. Institutional delivery, total vaccination, drinking water facilities and sanitation utilization of Jharkhand Districts Institutional Total Sanitation Drinking DI = DI(a)= Rank Delivery (D) Vaccination Utilization Water D+E+A+B DI /4 (E) (A) (B) E. Singhbhum Dhanbad Ranchi Bokaro Khunti Ramgarh Hazaribagh Koderma Lohardaga Saraikela Kharsawan Garhwa Palamu W.Singhbhum Latehar Sahibganj Deoghar Simdega Gumla Jamtara Dumka Chatra Godda Pakur Giridih Human development index Table 6 shows the dimension index of the three important indicators of the HDI i.e. Education Index, Income Index and Health Index. The fifth column shows the sum of the indicators. The sixth column provides equal onus and dimension index for the districts. Last column is the rank column which shows rank of different districts according to their values. Higher the value, upper is the rank; lower the value, lower is the rank (Fig 2).

11 Human DevelopmentIndex 7807 Fig 2. District wise ranking of Human Development Index of Jharkhand It is clear from the Table 6 that the E. Singhbhum is most developed districts according to the HDI with total value of Dhanbad (0.877) and Ranchi (0.792) are in the second and third position respectively. On the other hand Godda is the most backward district in Jharkhand. Pakur, Chatra and Giridih with values 0.342, 0.303, hold rank 21st, 22nd and 23rd respectively. From Table 6 and Fig 3 we come to know that three districts are highly developed (>0.79-1) according to the HDI values. Six districts are in medium developed ( ) category whereas fifteen districts are in lower category (<0.49) of development. (Fig 4) Fig 3. Human development index of Jharkhand

12 7808 Kumar Fig 4. Distribution of districts according to HDI The name of the districts belonging to different categories of HDI is mentioned below: a) High ( >0.79-1) i. East Singhbhum ii. Dhanbad iii. Ranchi b) Medium ( ) i. Bokaro ii. Khunti iii. Ramgarh iv. Hazaribagh v. Koderma vi. Saraikela- Kharsawan c) Low ( <0.49) i. Lohardaga ii. W. Singhbhum iii. Deoghar iv. Sahibganj v. Palamu vi. Simdega vii. Gumla viii.garhwa ix. Latehar x. Jamtara xi. Dumka xii. Pakur xiii.chatra xiv. Giridih xv. Godda Table 6. Human development index of Jharkhand Districts Income Health Education DI=p+l+s HDI= DI HDI Index (p) Index (l) Index (s) /3 Rank E. Singhbhum Dhanbad Ranchi Bokaro Khunti Ramgarh Hazaribagh Koderma

13 Human DevelopmentIndex 7809 Saraikela Kharsawan Lohardaga W. Singhbhum Deoghar Sahibganj Palamu Simdega Gumla Garhwa Latehar Jamtara Dumka Pakur Chatra Giridih Godda Suggestions Jharkhand is a state with immense opportunities. These opportunities can be unlocked with a comprehensive reform process with following elements: a) Have an inclusive agenda of development where the requirements of the masses are at the forefront of administrative action. This includes employment and selfemployment avenues, basic needs and requirements, and safety and security. b) Strengthen and make more efficient the ability of its administration to deliver a good environment for (i) living and (ii) earning. This requires creating an economic ecosystem that facilitates entrepreneurship for large, medium, small and micro enterprises; both in the organized and unorganized domains. c) Ensure a 360 degree monitoring of government actions; this requires monitoring within the government as also by outside entities. The government and its senior functionaries need to be answerable to the people of the state. Conclusion More recently, the wider issue of development has received renewed emphasis with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), many of which are directly human development related (Hak, Janouškova, & Moldan, 2016). The quality of human resource will always vary from one region to another. The only way to develop the human resource is through the qualitative education, training programs, employment opportunities, better medical facilities and knowledge which changes

14 7810 Kumar from time to time. The only way to develop the backward districts is to implement strong and flexible development programs with monitoring and modifications from time to time. The HDI may be very useful element to focus the developmental picture of indicators of the districts. Problems like corruption, naxalism, and failure of programs, regional imbalance and concentration of the development in limited pockets/ area are pulling the state back. Importance should be given to those areas which are backward, it should also be remembered that the pace of development of those districts which are doing better should not stop. Thus, the regular assessment of the districts on the basis of HDI at regular intervals of time could be of immense importance for human development in the state. REFERENCES Adam, A., Kammas, P., & Lapatinas, A. (2015). Income inequality and the tax structure: Evidence from developed and developing countries. Journal of Comparative Economics, 43(1), Blum, M. (2013). The influence of inequality on the standard of living: Worldwide anthropometric evidence from the 19th and 20th centuries, Economics and Human Biology, 11(4), Census of India. (2011). Primary Census Abstract, Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, New Delhi. Chaudhuri, B., Chevrou-Severac, H., & Marimoutou, V. (2007). Regional disparities. In K. Basu (Ed.), The Oxford Companion to Economics in India. New Delhi: Oxford University Press: Hak, T., Janouškova, S., & Moldan, B. (2016) Sustainable development goals: A need for relevant indicators. Ecological Indicators, 60, Jaba, E., Balan, C. B., & Robu, I. O. (2014). The relationship between life expectancy at birth and health expenditures estimated by a cross-country and time series analysis. Emerging Markets Queries in Finance and Business, 15, Joshi, D. K., & Mcgrath, K. (2015). Political ideology, public policy and human development in India: Explaining the gap between Gujarat and Tamil Nadu. Journal of Contemporary Asia, 45(3), Kumar, S. (2015). General geography of Jharkhand. Ranchi: S.S. Publishers. Majumder, R. (2005). Human development in India: Regional pattern and policy issues. Indian Journal of Applied Economics, 2(1). Malhotra, R. (2006). Towards implementing the right to development: A framework for indicators and monitoring methods. In A. B. Andreassen & S. P. Marks (Eds.), Development as a Human Right (pp ). Harvard University Press: Cambridge. Mcgillivray, M. (1991). The human development index: Yet another redundant composite development indicator? World Development, 19(10), Mcgillivray, M., & White, H. (1994). Measuring development? The UNDP s human development index. Journal of International Development, 5(2), Mishra, A. D., & Chaudhary, R.(2014). A comparative study of human development index of selected Indian states. Abhinav, 3(2). Mujeeb, R. A. P., & Bassam, K. (2017). Human development index (HDI): A study of Malappuram district, Kerala, India. International Journal of Applied Research, 3(1), Neumayer, E. (2001). The human development index and sustainability A constructive proposal. Ecological Economics, 39(2),

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