Daily Skill Builders:

Transcription

1 Daily Skill Builders: Physical Science Grades 4 6 By Linda Armstrong COPYRIGHT 2008 Mark Twain Media, Inc. ISBN Printing No EB Visit us at Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers Distributed by Carson-Dellosa Publishing Company, Inc. The purchase of this book entitles the buyer to reproduce the student pages for classroom use only. Other permissions may be obtained by writing Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America.

2 About the Author As the oldest daughter of the late California plein-air watercolorist and art instructor Charles F. Keck, Linda Armstrong grew up immersed in drawing, painting, and crafts. She met her husband, Alden, in a painting class in college. Both of them went on to teach elementary school in Los Angeles. There was no formal art program for elementary students at that time, so Alden and Linda worked together to develop their own lessons. Their favorites used simple materials and incorporated elements of art history, math, social studies, and science, as well as color theory, textural exploration, rhythm, repetition, and expressive line. Linda and Alden now live in Grand Junction, Colorado. Linda has taught drawing and painting at the Western Colorado Center for the Arts. She has written, edited, or adapted more than forty book titles for children and teachers in various subjects. Other Mark Twain Media, Inc., titles by Linda Armstrong include Everyday Art for the Classroom Teacher, Jumpstarters for U.S. History, Jumpstarters for Writing, Jumpstarters for Science Vocabulary, and Daily Skill Builders: Word Problems. This product has been correlated to state, national, and Canadian provincial standards. Visit to search and view its correlations to your standards.

3 Table of Contents Table of Contents Introduction to the Teacher...iv NSES Standards Matrix for Grades Activity # Skill 1. Scientific Questions Questions and Scientific Investigations Using Evidence Using Evidence Physical Changes Physical and Chemical Changes Solids and Liquids Solids, Liquids, and Gases Common Gases Diffusion About Liquids Surface Tension Evaporation Solid, Liquid, or Gas? Heat Flows Heat Convection Heat Conduction Heat Radiation Vacuums The History of Heat Measurement Conservation of Energy Conservation of Energy Potential Energy & Kinetic Energy Kinetic Energy Energy Roundup Energy Roundup Mixtures Suspensions Emulsions Solutions Evaporation, Distillation, Filtration, Settling Mixture Roundup Compounds Organic Compounds Metals Common Metals Common Metals Common Metals Alloys Steel Nonmetals Nonmetals Nonmetals Crystals Crystals Chemical Reactions Chemical Reactions Acids Bases Acids and Bases: The Litmus Test Acids and Bases Sorting It All Out The Carbon Cycle Carbon Cycle: Energy in Storage Natural Fibers Synthetic Fibers Chemical Changes Roundup Chemical Changes Roundup Gravity Magnetism and Gravity Magnetism Magnetic Fields Electricity Electrostatics: The Branch of Science Behind the Zap Lightning Benjamin Franklin and His Famous Kite Flowing Current Galvanometer Electricity From Chemicals Conductors and Insulators Circuits Resistance Magnetism and Electricity Magnetism and Electricity Michael Faraday Tesla and the AC motor Home Uses of Electricity Communicating With Electricity Electricity Roundup Electricity Roundup Work Wedges Ramps The Wheel Wheels and Axles ii

4 Table of Contents Table of Contents (cont.) 86. Screws Levers Fulcrums Pivots Pulleys Complex Machines Gears Simple Machines Roundup Work and Machines Roundup Galileo s Motion Experiments Sir Isaac Newton: Gravity and Motion Newton s Laws of Motion Force Equals Mass Times Acceleration: F = ma Newton s Third Law of Motion Newton s Laws of Motion Roundup Speed, Velocity, Acceleration, and Momentum Friction Streamlining Friction: Good or Bad? Got Momentum? Pass It On Whoa! Terminal Velocity Centripetal Force Elasticity and Plastic Behavior Vibration Waves Einstein s Special Theory of Relativity Albert Einstein: Warped Space & Masses of Light Motion Roundup Matter and Motion Roundup What is Light? Light Waves Transparent, Translucent, or Opaque Lenses Lasers: Concentrated Light Refraction Lenses Near and Far Reflection Cameras and Projectors Prisms and Visible Light The Spectrum Human Eyes Can t Detect Ultraviolet Light Infrared Light A Short History of Artificial Lighting Movies and Animation Optical Illusions Light Roundup Light Roundup Sound Waves The Speed of Sound Loudness Pitch Resonance Amplification Echoes Sound Absorption Sound Reproduction Sound Roundup Flight Lift Displacement Buoyancy What Is an Atom? Structure of the Atom Structure of the Molecule Molecules History of the Periodic Table Structure of the Periodic Table Discovery of Radioactivity What Is Radioactivity? E = mc A Tale of Two Particles and Some Waves Uses of Radioactivity Fission, Fusion, and Nuclear Power Atomic Roundup Renewable and Nonrenewable Power Sources Recycling Utilizing Resources Thinkers Who Shaped Our View of the World In the Works: Developing Technologies What Makes It Work? Using Scientific Ideas Physical Sciences Vocabulary Roundup Periodic Table of Elements Answer Key iii

5 Questions & Evidence ACTIVITY 1 Scientific Questions A question can be answered by gathering information, or data. Its purpose is to develop a description, an explanation, a model, or a prediction. If a question calls for an opinion, it is not. Circle if the question could lead to a explanation or prediction. Circle if it calls for a personal opinion. 1. Which objects in my backpack can be attracted by a magnet? 2. Which objects in my backpack are the most interesting? 3. Which objects in my backpack can float? 4. Which objects in my backpack are the most boring? ACTIVITY 2 Questions and Scientific Investigations A question can be answered by gathering information, or data. Its purpose is to develop a description, an explanation, a model, or a prediction. A question must be focused. If the question is too general, a investigation will not be effective. Circle focused if the question could lead to a explanation or prediction. Circle non-focused if it is too general. 1. Which objects in this room are small? 2. Which objects in this room are larger than the teacher s desk? 3. Which objects are heavy? 4. Which items on the school campus are in liquid form at room temperature? 2

6 Questions & Evidence ACTIVITY 3 Using Evidence Good evidence is focused and fits the question. Circle the evidence that might be used to help answer each question. 1. What was the average noon temperature at our school weather station this November? a. daily measurements and records b. information about the causes of seasons from a textbook 2. Which items in my desk are not attracted by a magnet? a. experimentation with a magnet b. the weight of each item in my desk 3. Were this year s temperatures higher or lower than average in our town? a. daily measurements and records b. weather bureau records online 4. After it is dropped from a height of three feet, how many times will a new tennis ball bounce before it stops? a. experimentation with a ball b. information about tennis from a local pro ACTIVITY 4 Using Evidence Scientific evidence includes observation, experimentation, mathematical calculation, and research. Read each question. Write one kind of evidence that could be used to find an answer. 1. Is the Gulf of Mexico saltier in the summer than it is in the winter? 2. Does salt dissolve faster in hot water or cold water? 3. Which dissolves faster, coarse salt or fine salt? 4. Does salt dissolve faster in space than it does on Earth? 5. Does salty water hold heat longer than distilled water? 3

7 States of Matter ACTIVITY 5 Physical Changes There are two ways matter (stuff) can change. There are physical changes and chemical changes. Changes in shape, size, or state of matter (solid, liquid, or gas) are physical changes. Write one possible physical change for each item. Example: a balloon: the balloon changes shape and gets larger when it is filled with air. 1. a ball of clay 2. an ice cube 3. a sheet of paper 4. water in a puddle 5. a tire Challenge: Identify another physical change. ACTIVITY 6 Physical and Chemical Changes A chemical change is different from a physical change. A physical change can often be reversed. For example, if you shape a bar of iron into a horseshoe, you can heat it up and then form it back into a bar again. A chemical change is usually permanent. It changes a substance into something entirely different. For example, if iron combines with oxygen it forms rust. The rust is different from iron in many ways. Write each change in the correct column. shredding junk mail burning wood in a campfire boiling water in a kettle burning coal in a power plant cutting glass to fix a window an egg cooking Physical Change Chemical Change 4