METEOROLOGY A SCIENCE ACTIVITY BOOK

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1 METEOROLOGY A SCIENCE ACTIVITY BOOK BY PAT AND BARBARA WARD COPYRIGHT 1994 Mark Twain Media, Inc. ISBN Printing No EB Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers Distributed by Carson-Dellosa Publishing Company, Inc. The purchase of this book entitles the buyer to reproduce the student pages for classroom use only. Other permissions may be obtained by writing Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America.

2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Weather: What Is It?...1 The Atmosphere: What Is It?...3 The Atmosphere: A Diagram...5 A Simple Experiment: Does Air Have Mass?...6 Factors of Weather: Air Pressure...7 Measuring Air Pressure: A Barometer...9 A Simple Activity: Making a Barometer...11 Factors of Weather: Temperature...12 Temperature Continued: Factors of Heating...14 Measuring Temperature: A Thermometer...16 Factors of Weather: Air Movement Close to Earth...18 A Diagram: How Air Circulates...20 Factors of Weather: Air Movement In the Upper Troposphere...21 Factors of Weather: Air Movement Local Winds...23 A Diagram: Sea and Land Breezes...25 Measuring Wind: A Wind Vane...26 Measuring Wind: An Anemometer...27 A Simple Activity: Making An Anemometer...29 Factors of Weather: Moisture The Water Cycle...30 Factors of Weather: Moisture Basic Types of Clouds...32 A Diagram: Basic Types of Clouds...34 Factors of Weather: Moisture Types of Precipitation...35 A Diagram: Types of Precipitation...37 Factors of Weather: Moisture Relative Humidity...38 Measuring Moisture: A Rain Gauge...40 Measuring Moisture: A Hygrometer...42 A Simple Activity: Making A Hygrometer...44 Changes in Weather: Air Masses...45 Changes in Weather: Fronts...47 Diagrams: A Warm Front, A Cold Front, An Occluded Front...47 Weather Forecasting: Some History...50 Weather Forecasting: Who, What, Why?...51 Weather Forecasting: The Tools...53 Weather Forecasting: Weather Maps...55 A Diagram: Weather Map Symbols...57 A Worksheet: A Sample Weather Map (blank)...58 Answer Keys...59 Bibliography...62 ii

3 Weather: What Is It? Weather is something that we hear about every day. It is something that affects what we wear and many of the things we do. What exactly is weather, anyway? To begin with, weather can be defined as the condition of the air around the Earth. Let s try to understand what that means. The planet we live on, Earth, is surrounded by a layer of air that we call the atmosphere. This blanket has primarily nitrogen and oxygen in it, but there are small amounts of other gases there as well. Scientists have also found that water vapor and small particles of dust are mixed into the atmosphere. The atmosphere begins at the Earth s surface. It goes up, away from the Earth, for about 1,000 miles (1,600 kilometers). The atmosphere has been divided into four layers: the troposphere, the stratosphere, the mesosphere, and the thermosphere. Scientists are not sure where one layer of the atmosphere ends and the next begins. There are no clear dividing lines. Each layer blends into the layer above it and the layer below it. Scientists are sure that the atmosphere becomes thinner and thinner farther from the Earth s surface, until it finally fades off into space. So, let s go back to the definition: weather is the condition of the air around the Earth. That really means that weather is the condition of the atmosphere. Weather on the Earth s surface is determined by the atmosphere above the surface. Wow! We really are affected by what s going on above us! 1

4 Weather: What Is It? Name Date For the student: 1. Why should anyone be interested in learning about weather? 2. What is weather? 3. What are five things that make up the atmosphere? 4. Into how many layers has the atmosphere been divided? 5. Where does the Earth s atmosphere end? 2

5 The Atmosphere: What Is It? Now that we know that weather is the condition of the atmosphere that surrounds Earth, let s find out more about the four layers that make up the atmosphere. The layer of the atmosphere that is closest to the Earth is called the troposphere. This part of the atmosphere is where we live and what we breathe. This is also the part of the atmosphere where most of the Earth s weather occurs. Temperature in this part of the atmosphere decreases about 3.5 degrees Fahrenheit for every 1,000 feet that you go up. (That s 6.5 degrees Celsius for every 1,000 meters.) Finally, at a height of 6 to 10 miles above the Earth, or 10 to 16 kilometers, the temperature does not drop anymore. This area is known as the tropopause. (Think about that for a minute. What a neat name!) The second layer of the atmosphere is known as the stratosphere. This layer begins about 6 to 10 miles above the Earth s surface and ends about 30 miles, or 48 kilometers, away from the Earth. There isn t very much moisture in this layer, so there are usually not very many clouds. This is where airline pilots like to fly their jets so their passengers are not bounced around by the weather. In the stratosphere, temperatures increase with altitude until the top of the stratosphere is reached. Guess what? That s called the stratopause! This upper part of the stratosphere has most of the atmosphere s ozone, which traps ultraviolet rays from the sun. The third layer of the atmosphere is called the mesosphere. This layer goes to a height of about 50 miles above the Earth s surface. Like in the troposphere, temperature drops with increases in altitude in the mesosphere. There are very strong winds that blow in this section of the atmosphere. They blow from west to east during the winter months and from east to west during the summer months. Trails of the hot gases left by burning meteors may be seen in this layer of the atmosphere. The top part of the mesosphere is called you got it right the mesopause. The final layer is called the thermosphere. This layer is very thin and is exposed to radiation from the sun. It is very hot, with temperatures reaching as high as 1,100 degrees Fahrenheit or 600 degrees Celsius. The thermosphere may be divided into two parts: the ionosphere and the exosphere. The ionosphere is very important for radio communications because it is able to reflect radio waves back to Earth and stop them from continuing into space. This is also the part of the atmosphere that creates auroral displays (sometimes known as the Northern Lights). The exosphere has almost no air. Satellites and other spacecraft can travel in this part of the atmosphere with very little resistance. The molecules in this part of the atmosphere move very quickly. Sometimes they are moving so fast they are able to get away from the Earth s gravity. We are slowly losing these parts of our atmosphere. But don t worry too much it will take billions of years before all of the air around the Earth disappears. 3

6 The Atmosphere: What Is It? Name Date For the student: 1. What are the four layers of the atmosphere, beginning with the layer closest to Earth s surface? 2. Where does most of Earth s weather occur? 3. Why do airline pilots like to fly in the stratosphere? 4. If you see a falling star, in which part of the atmosphere do you think the meteor is traveling? 5. Why is the ionosphere important for communications? 4

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