Summary. 1 Introduction

Transcription

1 Exlaining th Vaiation o th Poton Radis in Exints with Monic Hydogn Policao Yōshin Ulianov Changing Rivs by Ocans olicaoy@gail.co Say n xints o oton adis asnt that s onic hydogn, th val obtaind was o cnt blow th xctd standad val, which is not xlaind by qant lctodynaics. This aticl thotically xlains this slts and snts an qation that calclats th oton adis, which coincids with th val obtaind in onic hydogn xints, with a dinc o only 0.07 cnt. Ths slts a basd on Ulianov Sting Thoy (UST), a nw Sting Thoy, which is abl to odl th ost iotant aticls in o nivs as hotons, otons, lctons, ntons, ons and ositons. Th atho blivs that th xint with Monic Hydogn snts a bakthogh in odn hysics, bcas it oints ot laws in th standad odl and ons sac o nw thois that odl th lcton and oton as stings. Th xinc with onic hydogn ay lad to a odl in which th lcton is no long a "sall ball" obiting th ncls and it tns into a twodinsional ban sonding th ncls. Ths, this xint has th otntial to b so iotant, sch as th histoical xinc o th Michlson intot, which akd th nd o th ondanc o th Nwtonian chanics. 1 ntodction This aticl was dvlod basd on slts obtaind in th contxt o Ulianov Sting Thoy [1] (UST), a nw ty o Sting Thoy, which is th otco o a solitay wok od by th atho o abot 0 yas. This wok was initially dvlod by th atho as a hobby, sking th constction o a "ictional nivs", in oth wods, a colt and athatically cohnt nivs (bt not connctd to o own nivs) that can b silatd on a digital cot. Th UST was catd o a w sil ls, sch as th ida o "qadl nivs" oosd by saac Asiov in a scintiic aticl blishd in 1966 []. n this aticl, Asiov snts an innovativ xlanation o th xcss o att in o nivs. n that sa ya o 1966, th Rssian hysicist Andi Sakhaov has also oosd an xlanation o th obl o antiatt "loss" in th cation o o nivs. Sakhaov oosd that a sall ibalanc in th oation and annihilation ocss o att / antiatt wold hav ld to th ondanc o att. Th Sakhaov soltion was widly blicizd and acctd, and it ss that no sios scintist has had lastways noticd th xlanation oosd by Asiov. This ay hav occd bcas saac Asiov had a gat oinnc as a scinc iction wit, and his scintiic aticls (blishd in books and agazins aid at an otsid adinc) had bn sohow "ixd" with his tals o scinc iction. Howv, Asiov's gniality in cating ictional stois was not an idint so that h cold hav gat idas in scinc aas, sch as th ola clov nivs[], which givs bas to th Ulianov Sting Thoy. Th UST odls s a vy sil athatics, bt that is basd on a owl st o idas that s sohow latd to th bass that o o nivs. This obsvation was ad by th atho who, ding th dvlont o th UST, noticd th gnc o a sis o stcts that coos att and ngy aticls that in so ascts a siila to aticls obsvd in o nivs. Moov, th UST gnats odls that allow calclating so vals that a considd hysical constants in standad odl, as th oton adis, hydogn ato adis, on ass, and th lctic chag o th lcton. Ths, by odling th oton at UST it was ossibl to gnat an qation o calclating th oton siz, bt th val obtaind is o cnt blow th standad val. Coincidntally, th obl o obtaining a oton with adis low than th xctd was also 1

2 occing in xints with onic hydogn. Ths xints s ons (aticls with ngativ chag and ass 00 tis gat than that o th lcton) that a lanchd against hydogn atos. n so cass, a on lacs an lcton, oing a onic hydogn ato. Sinc th on is havi, it shold, in incil, allow asing th oton adis with gat cision. Howv, in th slts obtaind with onic hydogn, th adis val asd o th oton was o cnt blow th xctd standad val. nitially, hysicists thoght that th inconsistnt slts coing o so xintal obl, bt at a long and ticlos wok, a ta o hysicists ld by D. Randol Pohl [], blishd in Jly 010 an aticl, in which th slts o th xints with onic hydogn w acctd as t, aising qstions on so oints o th thoy o th qant lctodynaics, on o th "jwls" o th standad odl o odn hysics. Whn th atho bca awa o th wok blishd by D. Pohl's ta, h viid that th val o th oton adis obtaind in th xint with onic hydogn was alost th sa to th thotical val obtaind o th basic odl o th oton dind in th UST. Th atho thn contactd th D. Pohl ta and sbittd th UST qation, which allows calclating th oton adis. D. Pohl conid that th thotical val obtaind in UST qation was alost qal to that obtaind xintally by his ta, bt hasizd that th actal obl wold b to xlain th ason why dint xints w gnating dint slts whn asing th adis o th oton. Th stdy o th xint with onic hydogn in th contxt o UST was a big dal, bcas it concldd so ascts o this thotical odl and also gnats a link with slts o an iotant xint, which is not cntly xlaind by standad odls o hysics. Ulianov Sting Thoy Ulianov Sting Thoy (UST) is a nw ty o sting thoy, in which all aticls o att and ngy a coosd o nctal aticls that ov in sac in nction o a colx ti, coosd o a al at (al ti) and an iaginay at (iaginay ti). Th collas o th iaginay ti tansos ths aticls into cods o stings, which can b viwd as sqncs o sall shs (with diat qal to th Planck distanc), which align in sqnc, lik bads on a ncklac, and wa thslvs in dint os, gnating cvd lins, aas (bans) and also vols. n UST, all stings hav th sa lngth, ths th sting that cooss on hoton is, in so ascts, vy siila to th stings that o a oton o an lcton. Colx Ti in UST On o th ost basic ascts o Ulianov Sting Thoy is th tatnt o ti as a colx vaiabl ( s ) that can b dind by: s t+ i q (1) Wh t snts al ti and q snts th iaginay ti. n UST, th colx ti can b dind on a cylindical sac, in which th dinsion o iaginay ti has a ixd lngth qal to th it o a cicla sction dind in this cylind. L q 1 i q - L Fig 1 Flattnd sntation o th colx ti. Fig 1 shows a lattnd sntation o colx ti, wh L snts th lngth o iaginay ti. Th al ti, in tn, has no liits in this odl, assing a val that xands continosly. 4 Fndantal aticls in th UST odl A oint aticl ( ϕ ) dind in a th-dinsional sac oving in a nction ( F ) o a colx ti, can b gnally odld by: t 1 s 1 t

3 ϕ ( x, y, z) F( t, q) () Considing that this aticl ovs in sac as a nction o iaginay ti, dscibing a non-nll tajctoy, th collas o th iaginay ti will tanso this aticl into a sting, bcas th ositions that th aticl occis in nction o th vaiation o th iaginay ti, will xist all at onc. All aticls odld in th UST ov (in colx ti) at sd o light ( c ). On this way, th sting gnatd by th collas o th iaginay ti will hav a lngth ( L ) givn by th ollowing qation: ig snts an hol with nll chag and ositiv ass, whil th whit cicl snts an hol with nll chag and ngativ ass. Fig - Basic sting odling hoton in UST. Th basic hoton sting shown in Fig was dnoinatd, in UST, as hotonic ing. t has a adis, that is associatd to th wavlngth o th hoton ( λ ), by th ollowing qation: L c L () λ (5) Considing that th aticls which align to o a sting hav non-nll siz, ach aticl can b sntd by a sall sh, o a sall cb that contains this sh. This cb can b dind by th siz o yo hand ( ) which is also qal to th diat o th considd sh. Assing that th od sting is coosd o th nb ( M ) o alignd shs, this val can b calclatd by: c L M (4) Not: Th sall shs oing stings in UST odl a connctd to nctal aticls, calld Ulianov Hols (hols). Ths, a UST sting is coosd o hols sqncs, which can b classiid into six ajo tys, ach containing dint vals o ass and lctic chag. A o colt dscition o hols can b obsvd in nc [1]. 5 Th hoton odld by UST n UST, th hoton is a basic ty o sting which was itsl in a cicla ing, as shown in Fig. n this ig, th d cicls snt hols with nll ass and ngativ lctical chag and th bl cicls snt hols with nll ass and ositiv lctical chags. Th black cicl shown in this Th lngth o th hotonic ing is sally ch sall than th lngth L, which is dind by qation (). This ans that th hoton basic sting is olld in ( N ) ovlad tns. Fo qations () and (5), th nb N o tns o th hotonic ing can b calclatd by th qation: c L (6) N λ n th hoton odl adotd in UST shown in Fig, o ach voltion o th hotonic ing th a only two aticls with ass. On o ths aticls has nitay ositiv ass (att aticl) and th oth has nitay ngativ ass (antiatt aticl). Ths, th total ass in hotons is zo bt, vn so, thos aticls with ass also hav kintic ngy associatd, which can b xssd by th basic qation that lats th ngy ( E) o a ass () oving at a vlocity (v): E v (7) Not: Th UST odl consids that th antiatt has ngativ ass, bt its kintic ngy is still ositiv. Ths, in UST it is ncssay to s a odl nction ov th ass

4 val in all qations that lat th ass (att and antiatt) to ngy. Sinc th a N tns in ach hoton, th ositiv ass o a hoton ( ) is givn by: E h c c L λ λ h L c 6 Poton odl in UST (1) c L N λ (8) Wh is th ass associatd to an hol, givn in kilogas, which can b calclatd basd on th val o L. Th ngativ ass o th hoton ( ) has th n sa val givn by qation (8), bt with oosit sign: n UST, th oton is odld by a sting siila to that which os th hoton, bt only containing aticls (hols) with ositiv ass and ositiv lctical chag, as shown in Fig. c L n λ (9) Ths, in th UST odl, th kintic ngy o th hoton is obtaind by considing that both sts o aticls with ass (att and antiatt) ov (obviosly) at th sd o light: Fig - Basic sting which os th oton. n th cas o th oton, th basic sting shown in Fig is olld in concntic tns, assing th sha o a cicla ban, as shown in Fig 4. E E c c + n c (10) Ths, by alying th qation (8) into qation (10), w obtain: c L E c λ E c L λ (11) n standad odl, th hoton ngy can b calclatd by th ollowing qation: Wh h is Planck's constant. h c E λ (1) Eqaling th ngy in qations (11) and (1), it is ossibl to obtain th ollowing lation: Fig 4 - Basic sting which os th oton in a o alistic sntation. Dsit th act that th basic sting that os th oton was coosing a lat aa, its ovall lngth is still ch sall than th lngth L dind in qation (). Fig 5 - Basic sting which os th oton with all tns sntd. 4

5 Ths, th basic oton sting will also anist itsl in sval tns, which can b god on ach oth, gnating a sntation in cylindical sha, as shown in Fig 5. Howv, th UST sntation o oton shown in Fig 5 is siliid, so that it dos not consid a alistic distibtion o th oton chag distibtion in sac. n a o alistic odl, th cicla aa oing th oton basic sting tnds to aintain th sa cntal axis in sac, assing dint otation angls and itting as th bds o an oang. Fig 6 shows a to viw o basic stings that o th oton, accoding to two distinct sntations. n th 6-a sntation, w hav a siliid sntation o th oton that has th sha o a assiv cylind (which was shown in Fig 5). n th 6-b sntation, th oton sting asss th sha o a solid sh, as shown in Fig 7. (a) (b) Fig 6 - To viw o th cicla aas that o th oton. a) Rsntd in a cylindical sha. b) Rsntd in a shical sha. n od to calclat th oton adis, it is o convnint to consid th siliid sntation shown in Fig 5, instad o sing a shical sntation sntd in Fig 7. Th sag o dint sntation o th aticls in UST, is bst discssd in it 7 o this aticl. Basd on Fig 5 oton sntation, w can ass that it consists o a lag nb o sall shs (hols) alignd in lina lays within th vol o th cylind shown in this ig. n this cas, it is ossibl to associat a cbic vol ( ) o th total sac occid by a sh, and ths th total nb (M) o shs can b dictly calclatd, considing th cylind vol as th ollowing qation: M (14) Sinc UST consids that all aticls a od by stings that hav th sa nb (M) o hols, w can qal th qations (4) and (14): c L c L (15) n addition, in Figs 4 and 5 w can obsv that th oton ass is od by two ovlaing lans. Ths, w can calclat th oton ass ( ) by sing th ollowing qation: Poton ass Fig 7 - Colt sting that os th oton in a o alistic satial sntation. n th odl shown in Fig 7, th oton can b obsvd as a ct sh, within which ositiv chags a distibtd accoding to a nio dnsity. n this odl, th oton ass asss th sha o a sicicl that is instd in th sh "qatoial" sction, sntd in black in Fig 7. Alying qation (16) into qation (15): c L c L c L (16) (17) 5

6 Ths, alying qation (1) into qation (17), w obtain: h c c h c h c (18) Considing th ollowing vals o th sd constants [4]: h x10-4 kg s -1 c s x10-7 kg By alying ths constants into qation (18), th oton adis can b calclatd as: x10-16 (sntd in Fig ), bt it is coosd by ngativ lctical chags, as shown in Fig 8. Fig 8 - Basic sting which os th lcton. n th cas o lcton, th basic sting is also wad in sval coils. n a o accat satial sntation, ths stings volv aond a coon axis and gnat a shical sac as shown in Fig 9. n this ig, only th tns o th lcton basic sting a sntd, ths in actic, th will b illions o tns, coosing a ban that taks th sha o a shical shll. W obsv that th oton adis asd in xints with onic hydogn ( x10-16 ) has a dinc o only 0.07% in lation to th oton adis val, which was calclatd by qation (18). 7 Th xintal obl Th UST odl lads to a oton adis val alost qal to th on that th D. Pohl ta obtaind in th xints with onic hydogn. Bt notnatly it is not ossibl basd only on this nical slt to ai that sohow th oton odl dind in th UST is coct. Th UST shold also b abl to xlain th ason why th aant siz o th oton (asd in both hydogn atos, as in sval xints o lctonic dission) dis so ch o th val obtaind with onic hydogn. Th atho blivs that th UST odl has an answ to this qstion, and it will b sntd in this wok. Bt ist w nd to bily snt th UST odls o th lcton and th on. Fig 9 - Two tys o sntation o th shical shll that os th lcton. Fig 9 snts two os o sin, in which th basic sting o th lcton (shown in Fig 8) can b oganizd in od to coos a shical shll. n th ist cas, th ngativ chags oing th lcton a distibtd on a shical sac, whil its ass is concntatd in a lin on th "qato" o th sh, as shown in Fig 10. Elcton ass 8 Th lcton in UST odl n UST, th lcton is odld by a basic sting, qit siila to th sting that os th oton Fig 10 - Satial sntation o th ban that os th lcton. 6

7 Fig 11, on th oth hand, snts th cas in which lcton chags a also vnly distibtd ov a shical shll, bt in this cas th ass is concntatd at a singl oint on on o th "ols" o th lcton. Poton ass Elcton ass Fig 11 - Anoth satial sntation o th ban that os th lcton. n UST, in addition to th two satial sntations sntd abov, th sting that os th lcton can also wa lik a shical calott, as sntd in Fig 1. This lcton odl is qit intsting bcas it xlains how two lctons that hav oosit sins can join in a sa "obital". n this cas, a hli ato, o xal, which will consist o two ovlaing shical calotts, nitd by its asss and occying a niq sh. Fig 1 - Rsntation o th oton with its ass occying a cylindical aangnt. A gat dtailing o ach satial sntation o lctons and otons considd by UST is byond th sco o this aticl. Howv, it is iotant to not that th conigations o stings that can b sd to xain so basic ascts o ach aticl do not dictly dnd on a alistic satial sntation. This UST asct can b obsvd on th analogy sntd in Fig 14. This ig contains a hotogah o a son in ont o th atwok "Halo" odcd by Anish Kao [5]. Considing siltanosly Figs 6 and 14, w can stablish so siilaitis, and obsv that th satial sntation o th oton is analogos to th agntd iag o an objct (a son) lctd on th ios o Halo. Elcton ass Fig 1 - Elcton ban coosing a shical calott with its ass distibtd in a cicla ing. t is iotant to obsv that at UST, th ost alistic satial oton odl, shown in Fig 7, also has altnativ sntations, as th on shown in Fig 1, in which th oton ass is odld by a cylind aangd in a adial diction, as shown in this ig. Fig 14 - Photo o Halo, an atwok by Anish Kaoo. 7

8 n this analogy, i w want to stdy basic ascts o th objct (o son), it is ch asi to look at it dictly than to dal with its agntd iag. Siilaly, in od to stdy th oton it is asi to consid th siliid sntation shown in Fig 5 than dal with o alistic satial sntations shown in Figs 7 and 1. Ths, a ky oint o th stdy o any aticl in th UST is to obtain its siliid sntation. Fo th cas o th lcton, Fig 15 shows a siliid sntation which is basically a cicla aa with adis qal to (lcton adis) illd by hols with ngativ chag. n this sntation, th lcton ass was god into a ch sall cicla aa with adis qal to (adis o th lcton ass) sntd in black in th ig. Fig 15 - Siliid sntation o th ban that os th lcton. Whn analyzing Fig 15, w can in that th nb (M) o hols oing th ban o th lcton can b calclatd by dividing th aa dind in th d cicl by th aa occid by an hol: M (19) n UST, th total nb o hols o th lcton is qal to th oton s, and ths th qation (14) can b qald to th qation (19): Considing now th aat ρ dind by th lation btwn th oton ass and th lcton ass: ρ Sinc th standad val o ρ is 186,165. (1) A siila lationshi, sntd by th aat σ, can b dind considing th adis o ths two aticls: σ () Noting that in UST, th adis o th lcton is qivalnt to th adis o a hydogn ato (1.06x10-10 ). Alying th standad val o th oton adis (8.768 x10-16 ) in qation () w obtain: σ 10894,16 Siilaly, i w aly th val o th oton adis asd in xints with onic hydogn ( x ) in qation () w hav: σ 15914,66 Accoding to UT th vals o ρ and σ dnd on th lngth o th iaginay ti ( L ). Ths, ths two constants can b latd by on qation, that in th contxt o UT can b dind as ollows: σ 8ρ () (0) And so w can calclat: σ (ρ) 15556,08 (4) 8

9 Not that th val obtaind by qation (4) is.7% abov th val obtaind sing th standad adis o th oton and 0.8% blow th val obtaind sing th oton adis obtaind in xints with onic hydogn. Alying th qation (4) in qation (0): Bing obtaind: 9/ (ρ) (ρ) 5,5619x10-6 Alying th qation (5) in qation (14): Bing obtaind: M ( M (ρ) ) 9 (ρ) M 1,07x10 1 (5) (6) Siilaly alying th qations (5) and (6) in qation (4), th lngth o iaginay ti can b calclatd as: M L c L 6 (ρ) c (ρ) (ρ) c 9 (7) Bing obtaind o th val o th standad oton adis: L 0,008 s Dining th lngth o iaginay ti in nits o Planck ti: L Planck L 5 c h G L x10 40 Planck Th abov val snts th nb o oint aticls that o th stings in th odl UST. Alying qation (7) in qation (1): Bing obtaind: h c L h c (ρ) c h c (ρ) 6,68x10-48 kg 6 (8) Fo Fig 15, w can also calclat th ass o th lcton ( ) thogh th qation: (9) Alying th qations (18) and (1) w can lat th adis containing th ass o th lcton ( ) with th lcton adis ( ), as ollows: ρ ρ (0) ρ Alying th qation (4) in qation (0): (ρ) ρ ρ ρ (1) Eqation (1) indicats that th adis containing th ass o th lcton, shown in Fig 15 as a 9

10 black cicl is actally 6.7 illion tis sall than th adis o th lcton. 9 Th odl o th on in UST obtaind by th nion o siliid UST sntations o th lcton (Fig 15) and oton (Fig 5), as shown in Fig 18. n UST, th on is basically odld as an lcton which shical shll is coosd o sval lays. Ths, th adis o th on tnds to b ch sall than th lcton s, and its ass tnds to b ch high. N w Th on can also b sntd by a basic sting sntd in Fig 16, coosd o ngativ chags and ositiv asss, chaactizd by th adis o th on ( ). ρ Fig 18 - Mban that os th siliid sntation o th on. Fig 16 - Sting that os th basic ing o th on. A o accat satial sntation o th on is shown in Fig 17. n this sntation, w obsv that th on is coosd o a shical shll with a wall thick than th lcton s, bcas it is od by sval lays (sval concntic shical shlls). Not: Th sntation o th ass o th on in a ctangla sha, shown in Fig 18, aas in nction o th ty o distibtion o th considd shs (hols). Fo a sa nb o hols, as shown in Fig 19, th a two basic tys o distibtion coosing a o coact aangnt (Fig 19-a) o o "sacd" (Fig 19-b). Abstacting o th individal shs, ths aangnts can b associatd to th cicla and ctangla aas, which a obsvd in Fig 19. Mon ass ρ (a) (b) Fig 19 - Two tys o aangd shs in a cicla and ctangla aa. Fig 17 - Mban oing th on in a satial sntation. n od to btt odling th on, w st initially obtain its siliid sntation. Th chag distibtion o th on is siila to th lcton s, and so, considing that th ass distibtion in th on is siila to th oton s, th siliid sntation o th on can b Whn analyzing th on siliid odl in Fig 18, w can calclat th nb (M) o hols that os th on, as dind by: M ρ Alying th qation (19) into qation (): () 10

11 5 ρ 4 ρ Alying th qation (5) into qation (): 10 8 ρ ρ 9 7 ρ (ρ) 9 () (4) Likwis, by th on sntation sntd on Fig 18, th on ass ( ) can b calclatd by: N w (5) Wh N is th nb o shical shlls that w o th walls o th on and is th adis o th on ass. n UST odl, th adis o th on ass ( ) can b dictly latd to th adis o th lcton ass ( ). This occs bcas th lcton ass snt on th shical shll is aintaind alost at th sa ootions in ach shical shll that os th on. Ths, th qation o o (5) can b wittn as: Dividing qation (6) by qation (9): N N w N w w (6) (7) Eqation (7) indicats that th lation o th on and lcton asss is ootional to th nb o "lays" o th on. This is qivalnt to say that th cicla aa containing ass that xists in th "ol" o an lcton will also occ at ach lay o th on, bt with a satial distibtion a littl lss coact, which gnats th ltilication acto /. n od to dtin th val o N w can w calclat th nb o tns (o a sa basic sting) that xists in th lcton ( N ) and th nb o tns that th is in th on ( N ): c L N c L N (8) (9) Considing thn that N ings o lctons gnat a ban o nitay thicknss, th total nb o lays in th ban o th on can b calclatd sing th ollowing qation: N w N N (40) Alying th qations (4) and (40) into qation (7): ρ 7 (41) Considing th dalt val o ρ, w can calclat o qation (41) th lation btwn th on ass and th lcton s: 04,09 Knowing that th dalt val o th abov lation is qal to , th dinc btwn ths two vals is only 1.%. 11

12 10 Exlaining th onic hydogn At obsving a sall at 1 o th UST qations that odl th hoton and so atial aticls (lcton, oton and on), it is ossibl to xlain why th otons in onic hydogn chang its adis in lation to th oth standad xints. Fistly, w nd to obsv that all analysis o aticls ad so a in this aticl only consid ach aticl saatly. Ths, o xal, th adis o th oton calclatd by qation (18) snts th val at st, in which this oton dos not intact with oth aticls. This condition is not valid, o xal, o a hydogn ato, bcas as shown in Fig 0, th oxiity o th oosit lctical chags o th oton and lcton gnats attaction ocs (yllow aows in th ig) so that th adis o th oton tnds to incas as th lcton adis tnds to dcas. 0 1 Fig 1 - Placing a on and a oton togth. This occs bcas althogh th odl sntd in Fig 1 is asibl, it dos not snt th hysical conigation obsvd in onic hydogn. Obsving th aticls shown in Figs 0 and 1 in a o alistic sntation, i th oton was th siz o a a, hnc th lcton wold b th siz o a ootball ild, whil th on wold b th siz o a izza Ths, in th UST odl, an lcton "cat" a oton in its intio is a lativly tivial vnt as asy as thowing a ootball in a ild and hit th gass. Now ty th sa "shot" at a tagt that has th siz o a izza. 1 1 t0 t1 Fig 0 - Placing an lcton and a oton togth. n th onic hydogn oation, th lcton will b lacd by a on, lading to th odl shown in Fig 1. Howv, by lacing a oton "insid" a on w obsv a contadiction with th xintal slts, bcas in this condition, in which th chags o th on a clos, th oton adis wold tnd to gow vn o. 1- Fo silicity so additional oints w not addssd, o xal, th qations o th aticls tajctois. t Fig - Foation o onic hydogn. What hans in th cas o onic hydogn is that th on dos not "cat" th oton (insid it), bt only gts in obit aond it, as shown in Fig. n this condition, th on 1

13 chag acts th oton as a whol withot gnating signiicant ocs to xand this adis. Ths, th siz o th oton in th onic hydogn is actically qal to th siz o th oton in a sting condition, whos adis is odld by th qation (18). This xlains th oton adis val obtaind in th xint with onic hydogn, bt it is still issing to xlain th siz o th oton obsvd in a hydogn ato, which will b sntd in sbsqnt sctions o this aticl. 11 Vaiation o th oton ass in atoic ncls A basic asct o th UST odl is that all att and ngy aticls a od by stings that always hav th sa lngth. Ths aticls will ass dint satial conigations, by bing wad in sccssiv tns. n addition, in UST odls th nb o tns is dictly latd to th aticl ass. This asct can b obsvd thogh th analogy sntd in Fig, wh a "al" sting (sntd in d in this ig) is sotd by a st o llys (sntd in bl), kt sttchd by a st o wights (sntd in black) attachd at its bas. n this analogy, th total lngth o th sting dos not chang, bt th lngth L (o ach tn o a basic sting) will tak only a w disct vals in nction o th nb o wights sd. Ths, i it is ncssay to incas th val o L, w st liinat so wights (discad ass) ntil obtain th dsid lngth. Moov, in od to dcas th val o L, w nd to s a lag nb o wights (and llys). lngth, this ilis that its ass st ncssaily dcas. Likwis, i th ocs gnat a dction in th basic sting lngth, th ass shall incas. Fo a oton ovd o an isolatd sitation and lacd into th ncls o a hydogn ato, as shown in Fig 0, th intaction o th oosit chags will cas th oton to incas its adis and, consqntly, will gnat a dction in its ass. This odl can b odd to taditional hysics, bt w obsv that th vaiation o th oton ass that occs as a nction o its adis vaiation ctly xlains th ason why th o colx atos ncls a havi. Dsit th ngativ chags o an lcton attacting all th otons insid th ncls, it is ossibl to wok with a siliid odl, by associating ach lcton to only on oton. Ths, i w cold bild atos by adding lctons and otons (and ntons) on by on, w wold obsv that o lag lctons (o xtnal to th ncls) th ct o attaction on th cosonding oton is sall (bcas th ngativ chags a th away), and hnc th oton xands itsl lss and bcos havi n 5 n 1 n 4 4 n n L Fig - Analogy o a al sting sotd by llys and hangd by th wights. n th analogy o Fig, i th sting is sbjctd to th ocs that gnat an incas in Fig 4 - Bylli ato in th UST odl. Th ith nton was aintd in d to acilitat th visalization. Fig 4, o xal, snts th UST odl o th bylli ato. This ato has o lctons, o otons and iv ntons. n this cas, two lctons a clos to th ncls (obital 1s in th standad odl) and th otons associatd to th will b lag and light. Th aining lctons will hav a adis slightly lag (obital s) and th associatd otons will 1

14 b sall and havi. Ths, th avag wight o otons in a bylli ato tnds to b high than in th hydogn o hli ato. 1 Th siz o th oton in th hydogn ato Considing a hydogn ato, w can calclat th nw adis o th oton insid aking a odiication in qation (18): 1 h c 1 h c ( 0 Wh: adis o a oton in a sting condition; 0 ) (4) adis o "sttchd" oton (d to 1 intaction with th lcton); oton ass vaiation that occs d to its adis vaiation. Accoding to th UST, th val can b stiatd basd on th Fi ngy o th atoic ncls, whos tyical val is 8 MV [6]. Ths, w can consid th val to b qal to this Fi ngy convtd into a ass val: , ,77 10 kg c Using this val in qation (4), w obtain: 8, W can obsv that th oton adis calclatd abov tnds cisly to th oton standad adis (8.768 x ) with an o o only 0.068%. Not: n th UST odl, th oton tns aond its ola axis, and ths it will hav a kintic ngy that dnds both on its ass and its adis and otation sd. Ths, th ass loss obsvd whn a oton cobins with an lcton to o a hydogn ato is consatd by th vaiation in th oton adis and th otation sd. Tho, th total ngy o th syst ains -16 alost constant, bcas th ass "lost" by th oton tns into kintic ngy. 1 Conclsion This aticl shows that th slts obtaind in th xint o onic hydogn a coct and that th oton actally changs siz whn intacting with ons instad o lctons. Th dinc in oton adis vals obtaind o th UST odl and in th xints od by D. Randol Pohl's ta is only 0.07%, a val that cold hadly b coincidntal. n addition, th UST odl is abl to calclat th standad oton adis with a dinc o only 0.068%. Histoically, th lcton was odld on th Boh ato [7] as an ininitsial "sall ball" that concntatd all its ngativ chag and ass, and volvd aond th atoic ncls. This odl gnats a aadig that w call "lcton-sall ball" and has aind valid vn in th ondations o qant chanics, in which th lcton ca to b odld as a wav nction. This occs bcas th lcton wav nctions a associatd to th obitals aond th atoic ncls and a inttd as obability nctions o th satial distibtion o this lcton-sall ball". n th lcton odl oosd in UST, what w s is a ban coosd o a lag nb o ngativ nctal chags (hols), which xist siltanosly, tho gnating a aadig known by th atho as "lcton-ban. Fo th hydogn ato, this ban taks th o o a shical shll coosd o ngativ chags with th lcton ass concntatd in on ol o this sh. Althogh th illstations sntd in this aticl show th lcton as an iobil shical shll, indd o UST, th ban that os th lcton is not static, bt it oscillats and otats aond th ncls. This ilis on a o advancd odl, th gion occid by th lcton aond th atoic ncls cannot b dscibd by a static ban, sch as an idal shical shll. n this cas, th lcton ban st also b dscibd in ts o obability distibtion, which o th lcton in hydogn ato gnats a satial distibtion 14

15 nction siila to th nction dind in qant chanics o th obital S. n actical ts, this ans that th "lctonban odl sd in UST and th wav nctions o qant chanics lad to inal slts qit siila, bt at sciic oints, sch as th xint with onic hydogn, th slts a qit distinct. This occs bcas vn o colt odls, sch as qant lctodynaics, do not os that an lcton will ndgo a oton to a adial oc ild that tnds to xand it. n oth hand, th "lcton-ban odl sd in UST allows not only xlaining th oton adis vaiation, bt also to calclat accatly th vals o th oton adis o th onic hydogn and o th convntional hydogn. Ths, th atho consids that th xint with onic hydogn snts a bonday in odn hysics. Th atho coas this xint to th invtd bidging shown in Fig 5, sinc it conncts th lcton- sall ball odl (which occs whn th on tns aond th oton in th onic hydogn) to th lcton-ban odl dind in UST contxt. Fig 5- vsd Bidg, which conncts China to Hong Kong, coatibilizing th taic on th lt that taks ct in Hong Kong, with th ight taic acticd in China. Th atho blivs that th coct inttation o what is haning with th oton in th onic hydogn xint shold lad to a viw o th aning o wav nctions sd in qant chanics, considing a lag nb o ngativ chags that ally xist siltanosly. This nw aadig o "lcton-ban, bsids xlaining th vaiation o th oton adis, has th otntial to lcidat so odd bhavios, sch as th act that a singl lcton can int "with itsl" in dobl slit xints. Th UST odls sntd in this aticl a voltionay as aning that not only snt th lcton and oton as bans, bt also calclat th nb o nctal aticls that o ach o th (abot 4x10 aticls). Moov, as sntd in this aticl, th UST is also abl to xlain that gavitational and lctoagntic ocs hav siila intnsitis, bt sinc th a ch o aticls with lctic chag (than aticls with ass) coosing th bans, th total ct o lctoagntic ild is ch gat than th total ct o gavitational ild. Th UST odl is also abl to calclat a sis o vals that a considd hysical constants in oth odls, sch as, th hydogn ato adis (adis o th shical ban that os th lcton) and th on ass. t is iotant to hasiz that th UST odls sntd in this aticl snt only a sall at o th wok odcd by th atho, which is st in a boad sco nad Ulyanov Thoy (UT), also inclding: A cosological odl calld Sall Bang Thoy [8], in which th nivs is catd in a "slow" way, bcas initially th is only th iaginay ti. A sntation o non-eclidan sacs, nad Ulyanov Sh Ntwok (USN) [9], which allows ddcing slts qivalnt to th Einstin's gnal lativity, as wll as Nwton's gavitation law. Ths, althogh th odls dind in UT a still incolt and ossibly containing any os and inconsistncis, thy hav so basic idas qit innovativ, sch as th s o iaginay ti, th aadig "lcton-ban and th saation o aticls with lctic chags and asss in th ban oation, which has th otntial to voltioniz any aas o odn hysics. Th atho wold lik to invit on-indd hysicists to wok togth in dvloing and 15

16 tsting UST odls sntd in this aticl, as wll as in nw odls dind within th Ulianov Thoy. Rncs: [1] Policao Y. Ulianov: Ulianov Sting Thoy - A nw sntation o ndantal aticls. Agst [] saac Asiov: ' Looking ov a Fo- La Clov. Fist Pblishd n: Th Magazin o Fantasy and Scinc Fiction, S Collctions: Scinc, Nbs, and, 1968; Asiov on Scinc Jly-1989, blish Doblday, ASN: [] Randol Pohl, Aldo Antognini, Fançois Nz, Fnando D. Aao, Fançois Biabn, João M. R. Cadoso, Danil S. Covita, Andas Dax, Satish Dhawan, Lis M. P. Fnands, Adol Gisn, Thoas Ga, Thodo W. Hänsch, Pal ndlicato, Lcil Jlin, Chng-Yang Kao, Pal Knowls, Eic-Olivi L Bigot, Yi-Wi Li, José A. M. Los, Livia Ldhova, Cistina M. B. Montio, Fançois Mlhas, Tobias Nbl, Pal Rabinowitz, Joaqi M. F. dos Santos, Lkas A. Schall, Kastn Schhann, Cathin Schwob, David Taqq, João F. C. A. Vloso & Fanz Kottann: Th siz o th oton. n: Nat; 466, 1-16; 8 Jly 010. [4] NST: CODATA ntnationally condd vals o th ndantal hysical constants. htt://hysics.nist.gov/c/constants/indx.htl [5] Anish Kaoo: Halo. 006; Lisson Gally. htt:// [6] Fi ngy, o Wikidia, th ncyclodia htt://n.wikidia.og/wiki/fi_ngy [7] Boh odl, o Wikidia, th ncyclodia htt://n.wikidia.og/wiki/boh_odl [8] Policao Y. Ulianov: Sall Bang Ciando nivso a ati do nada d [9] Policao Y. Ulianov: Ulianov Sh Ntwok - A Digital Modl o Rsntation o Non-Eclidan Sacs, Abot th Atho: Policao Yōshin Ulianov is an lctical ngin with Masts in lctonic sckl hologahy and Doctoat dg in atiicial intllignc aa. H stdis thotical hysics as a hobby and thoghot 0 yas o sach, h boght togth a sis o idas h considd intsting, and dvlod a odl calld Ulianov Thoy, which odls a ictitios hysical nivs o a w basic concts dind intitivly. Contacts with th atho can b ad by ail: olicaoy@gail.co Thanks and Congatlations Th atho wold lik to congatlat D. Randol Pohl and his sta o th igoos wok don in th onic hydogn xints. Ctainly, this is a histoical xinc that will nt into th annals o odn hysics. Th atho thanks Solção Snova Sta Ta ( o all sot and svics gading th tanslation o this a o Potgs to English. This aticl is availabl at: 16