Study of the effect of alkali-silica reaction on properties of concrete by means of conventional test methods and non-destructive test methods

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1 Fratur Mhani of Conrt and Conrt Strutur - Amnt, Durability, Monitoring and Rtrofitting of Conrt Strutur- B. H. Oh, t al. (d) 2010 Kora Conrt Intitut, Soul, ISBN Study of th fft of alkali-ilia ration on proprti of onrt by man of onvntional tt mthod and non-dtrutiv tt mthod M.Hoin Eftkhar & Saman R.Moghadam B.S Studnt, Rarh Aitant, Contrution Matrial Intitut of Univrity of Thran Mohammad Shkarhi Aitant Profor, Dirtor of Contrution Matrial Intitut of Univrity of Thran A.Mirdamadi M.S Studnt, Rarh Aitant, Contrution Matrial Intitut of Univrity of Thran ABSTRACT: Dvlopmnt of non-dtrutiv mthod, dvlopd pifially for aing th damag indud by alkali-ilia ration (ASR) in onrt trutur, i ndd in ordr to arry out a ytmati valuation of th onrt ondition. Th aim of thi tudy i to monitor th volution of th ASR damag in laboratory with onrt ampl with NDT mthod (Dynami modulu of latiity, Impat-Eho mthod and Eltrial ritivity). For thi tudy rult of Impat-Eho mthod wr ompard and orrlatd with xpanion, ma variation. Two rativ onrt mixtur wr mad with two kind of rativ aggrgat and on othr mixtur inorporating non-rativ aggrgat wa mad a a ontrol. Aftr 15 day, th xpanion of non-rativ aggrgat wa 0.1% ba on ASTM C 1260 and two kind of rativ aggrgat wr 0.59% and 0.44% rptivly. Conrt pimn, mad from aggrgat our in ARAS rgion, Iran, wr ubjtd to 1 N NaOH at 38 C. Thi work uggt that non-dtrutiv thniqu bad on Impat- Eho and dynami modulu of latiity hould b dvlopd in ordr to valuat th dvlopmnt of ASR in onrt trutur. Ptrographi xamination onfirmd th damag to onrt i aoiatd with ASR. 1 INTRODUCTION It ha long bn rognizd that th durability of onrt i dpndnt upon th minralogial and txtural proprti of th rok aggrgat. In addition to wll known rativ rok, durability i inflund by th dltriou proprti of rok. Expanion and raking lad to lo of trngth and durability of onrt [Thoma, M.D.A. Sadri, A. Tfamariam, S].Th alkali aggrgat ration i a hmial pro involving alkalin oxid gnrally driving from th alkali in th mnt and rtain form of rativ ilia prnt in th aggrgat. Damag du to alkali-aggrgat-ration in onrt ar obrvd worldwid. A varity of trutur uh a dam, bridg, wall and pavmnt ar afftd [Thoma, M.D.A. Sadri, A. Tfamariam, S]. Non dtrutiv tt (NDT) mthod hav bn widly ud to dtt imprftion, wakn and dtrioration and xamination of trutural ditr. In thi tudy a fild invtigation of ASR-afftd onrt wa arrid out uing thr diffrnt NDT thniqu, th wr impat-ho, dynami modulu of latiity and ltrial ritivity. Thi papr prnt a brif rviw of th thr mthod. A nw inption of impat-ho that i th firt non-dtrutiv thnology to b part of a rgulating tandard for quality ontrol in ivil nginring in Grmany. Impat-ho ha bn ud to a ASR on drilld or, on mall iz tion lik bridg pir, a wll a on laboratory pimn [Shkarhi, M. & Tajari, M. & Sadri, A]. Carino and Sanalon providd a brif xplanation of th impat-ho mthod and prntd rult that illutrat th apaity of th mthod to loat a varity of flaw in plain and rinford onrt. It i bad on monitoring th urfa motion rulting from hort-duration mhanial impat [Shkarhi, M. & Tajari, M. & Sadri, A]. Prinipal omponnt of impat-ho tt ytm ar a ylindrial handhld trandur unit, a t of phrial impotor, a portabl omputr, a high-pd analog to digital data aquiition ytm, and a oftwar program that ontrol and monitor th tt and diplay th rult and numrial and graphi form [Sanalon, Mary J. Strtt, William.B]. (In thi tudy th oftwar wa ud i PIES) Dtrmination of dynami modulu of latiity i bad on th alulation of ronan frquny in

2 onrt pimn. Str wav vloity an b ritria of ontinuity of onidrd lmnt. Str wav vloity in tim amplitud and amplitud of frquny a impat-ho mthod an b uabl in th dttion of poibl miro rak onqunt upon alkali ilia ration. In th othr word th prft and natural lmnt an tranmit tr wav vloity mor than th othr lmnt. Thrfor dra of tr wav vloity an b uitabl ritria in th valuation of irumtan in trutur and thi i a nw mthod for xprimnt of matrial in onrt. Thi will dra th tim of xprimnt of matrial and ot of tudy on damagd trutur. Eltrial ritivity i an important durability haratriti of onrt to rit th paag of ltrial urrnt. Eltrial ritivity i fundamntally rlatd to th prmability of fluid and diffuivity of ion through porou matrial uh a onrt [Shkarhizadh, Mohammad. & Tahrima, Mohammad. & Hajibaba, Amir. & Layi, Hamd]. Eltrial ritivity may b onidrd a a funtion of onrt quality and por trutur. W an monitor dvlopmnt of rak that ha bn mad by ASR by ltrial ritivity. 2 MATERIALS 2.1 Aggrgat Aggrgat that ud in thi invtigation ar rativ aggrgat and non-rativ aggrgat. Th aggrgat from ARAS rgion, IRAN ar rativ aggrgat. JL and ML ar two pimn that mad with rativ onrt. Th xitn of hrt in aggrgat how u that aggrgat from ARAS ar potntial rativ. W ud aggrgat from nonrativ min for ontrol pimn (CL). Th ritria of rativity of aggrgat i bad on ASTM C1260.Th our aggrgat in both rativ (JL, ML) and non-rativ (CL) pimn i non- rativ but fin aggrgat in JL,ML i rativ and in CL i non-rativ. 2.2 Conrt mixtur proportion Thr (JL, ML, CL) kind of mixtur wr dignd with th am proprti (Tabl 1).Th diffrn i only rlatd to th fin aggrgat typ (rativ and non-rativ).th mntitiou matrial ud in thi tudy wr Portland mnt (PC) quivalnt to ASTM Typ II, and a low-alkali mnt ud. 1% upr platiizr ud wa Foro Complat 430 (For uitabl workability). Tabl 1. Mixtur proportion. J ( ) D h, T h Mixtur Non-rativ Rativ Th proportionality offiint D(h,T) W/C moitur 0.42 prmability and 0.42 it i a nonlina Gravl(Kg/m3) of th 900 rlativ humidity 900 h and tmpratur & Najjar 1972). Th moitur ma balan Cmnt(Kg/m3) that th 420 variation in tim 420 of th watr ma Sand(Kg/m3) volum 900 of onrt (watr 900 ontnt w) b q divrgn of th moitur flux J 2.3 Cating and onditioning of tt pimn J A total 3 ylindr ( t mm) for ah CL, JL, and ML wr at. Th ylindr ud for impat-ho and dtrmination Th watr of ontnt dynami w modulu an b xprd of a latiity. A total of 3 th prim vaporabl ( watr wmm) (apillary for wa ah pimn vapor, ud for and dtrmination adorbd watr) of and ma th non- hang and lngth (hmially variation wr bound) at. W watr ud w3 n (Mil ub ( Pantazopoulo mm) for ah & Mill pimn 1995). for dtrmination of ltrial aum ritivity. that th vaporabl Aftr 24 h watr in a i a fu It i ra uring room, pimn rlativ wr humidity, takn h, out dgr of mould. of hydration Spimn wr ubjtd dgr of to ilia 1 N fum NaOH ration, at 38±2 C., i.. w w Th zro lngth of ag-dpndnt prim wa t jut orption/dorption bfor immrion in to th (Norling NaOH olution. Mjonll 1997). Undr thi aum by ubtituting Equation 1 into Equati obtain 3 TEST DETAILS 3.1 AMBT (Alratd Mortar + ( DBar htt) ) & + & + w h Thi xprimnt wa don for valuation of rativity in aggrgat. Thi tt wa don bad on whr ASTM C / i th lop of th orption/ iothrm (alo alld moitur apa govrning quation (Equation 3) mut b 3.2 CPT (Conrt by appropriat Prim Tt) boundary and initial onditi Th rlation btwn th amount of Thi tt i ud to valuat th potntial alkali rativity of individual or propod ombination of watr and rlativ humidity i alld iothrm if maurd with inraing our and fin aggrgat. humidity and dorption iothrm in th a. Nglting thir diffrn (Xi t al. 3.3 Str wav vloity th following, orption iothrm will b rfrn to both orption and dorption In a laial rigid-body dynami, if a tranint By th way, if th hytri of th for i uddnly applid to an lati body in th iothrm would b takn into aount, two form of tranint tr, th orrponding diplamnt ar propagatd outward a lati wav. Th rlation, vaporabl watr v rlativ humi b ud aording to th ign of th varia thr main typ of lati wav ar p wav (ompriv wav), S wav (Shar Wav), and R rlativity humidity. Th hap of th iothrm for HPC i inflund by many p wav (Rayligh wav). pially tho that influn xtnt and Th vloity of P wav and S wav ar givn a hmial ration and, in turn, dtrm following: trutur and por iz ditribution (watrratio, mnt hmial ompoition, SF E(1 υuring ) tim and mthod, tmpratur, mix C P ρ(1 + υ)(1 t.). 2υ ) In th litratur variou formulatio found to drib th orption iothrm onrt (Xi t al. 1994). Howvr, in th E C S papr th mi-mpirial xprion pro 2ρ (1 + υ) Norling Mjornll (1997) i adoptd b Proding of FraMCoS-7, May 23-28, 2010

3 J Bad D ( h, T ) on hformula th vloity of P-wav rlat (1) to th modulu of latiity, Poion ratio and dnity Th of proportionality onrt. A offiint ASR our D(h,T) in onrt, i alld modulu moitur of prmability latiity and it thu i a vloity nonlinar of funtion P-wav dra. of th rlativ By th humidity fat, ASR h and an tmpratur b valuatd T (Bažant a a funtion & Najjar of 1972). P-wav Th vloity moitur [Saint-Pir, ma balan Franoi. rquir & Rivard, that th Patri. variation & in Ballivy, tim of Grard], th watr [Shkarhi, ma pr unit M. & volum Tajari, of M. onrt & Sadri, (watr A]. ontnt w) b qual to th divrgn In thi tt of for th alulation moitur flux of J tr wav vloity (P-wav vloity) w ud PIES a oftwar program that ontrol and monitor th tt and diplay th rult and J numrial and graphial form. (2) Th hap of th ltrial pul ignal nt to th tranmittr Th watr trandur ontnt w i an a on b priod xprd inuoid a th a um 200 khz of th ntral vaporabl frquny. watr w (apillary watr, watr vapor, and adorbd watr) and th non-vaporabl 3.4 (hmially Eltrial bound) ritivity watr w n (Mill 1966, Pantazopoulo & Mill 1995). It i raonabl to Suddn aum that tmpratur th vaporabl variation watr may i lad a funtion to miro of rak rlativ in humidity, onrt. h, To dgr prvnt of hydration, ignition of miro, and rak, dgr of tmpratur ilia fum of ration, pimn hould b lightly, i.. w w (h,, ) dlind ag-dpndnt a fw hour bfor orption/dorption tting. Spimn iothrm wr ttd (Norling a aturatd Mjonll urfa 1997). dry Undr ondition. thi aumption and by It ubtituting important Equation to dry th 1 urfa into bfor Equation tting 2 on a th obtain moit urfa may au ritivity dlining and inaurat maurmnt. Aftr drying th urfa, ltrial ritivity of onrt ha bn dtrmind by two uprou plat. Suffiint frh - + ( D h) & + & + w& n (3) mnt pat ha bn h injtd btwn uprou plat and pimn urfa for omplt onntion. whr / i th lop of th orption/dorption 3.5 iothrm Dynami (alo modulu alld of latiity moitur apaity). Th govrning quation (Equation 3) mut b ompltd In thi tudy for dtrmination of dynami modulu by appropriat boundary and initial ondition. of latiity th longitudinal frquny of pimn Th rlation btwn th amount of vaporabl in th fr-fr mod will b alulatd. In thi mod watr and rlativ humidity i alld adorption tr in both top and bottom of pimn will b iothrm if maurd with inraing rlativity zro. Bad on th ASTM C 215, Ed i givn a following: humidity and dorption iothrm in th oppoit a. Nglting thir diffrn (Xi t al. 1994), in th following, orption E d D M f 2 iothrm will b ud with rfrn to both orption and dorption ondition. By th way, if th hytri of th moitur whr iothrm D i would hap b fator, takn M into i ma, aount, f i two longitudinal diffrnt frquny. rlation, vaporabl For ylindr watr D v i: rlativ humidity, mut b ud aording 2 to th ign of th variation of th rlativity D5.093 l/ humidity. d Th hap of th orption iothrm for HPC i inflund by many paramtr, whr pially l i lngth tho that and d influn i diamtr xtnt of pimn. and rat of th hmial ration and, in turn, dtrmin por trutur and por iz ditribution (watr-to-mnt 4 ratio, RESULTS mnt AND hmial DICUSSIONS ompoition, SF ontnt, uring tim and mthod, tmpratur, mix additiv, 4.1 t.). AMBT In th litratur variou formulation an b Figur found to 1 how drib xpanion th orption of pimn iothrm of bad normal on alratd onrt (Xi mortar t al. bar 1994). tt Howvr, (ASTM C in 1260). th prnt Thi figur papr how th mi-mpirial avrag of valu. xprion Th ASTM propod limit by i 0.1 Norling % xpanion Mjornll a (1997) 14 day i ag. adoptd Thrfor bau CL i it non-rativ xpliitly aount and JL, for ML th ar volution too high of hydration rativ. Crak ration on and th urfa SF ontnt. of JL, Thi ML onfirm orption thi iothrm fft. W rad an th rak on th urfa of JL and ML obviouly. 1 w ( h,, ) G (, ) ( g ) h 1 10( g ) h K (, ) (4) whr th firt trm (gl iothrm) rprnt th phyially bound (adorbd) watr and th ond trm (apillary iothrm) rprnt th apillary watr. Thi xprion i valid only for low ontnt Figur 1. Expanion of prim of mortar bad on ASTM C of SF. Th offiint G 1 rprnt th amount of watr pr unit volum hld in th gl por at 100% rlativ humidity, and it an b xprd (Norling 4.2 Mjornll CPT 1997) a Th priod of thi tt i on yar but th priod of thi valuation i 90 day o w plottd th rult of G (, ) k + k (5) xpanion 1 in vgth priod vg of valuation. Figur 2 how that aftr 90 day w an th onidrabl xpanion whr k vg aftr and k thi vg ar priod. matrial Th paramtr. xpanion From of JL th i mor maximum than amount th ritrion of watr of pr ASTM unit C volum 1293(0.04%) that an and fill all th por xpanion (both apillary of ML i por mor and than gl th por), CL. on In thi an alulat priod rak K 1 a ar on not obtain obrvabl on th urfa of pimn. K (, ) 1 g 1 w G g 1 1 (6) Th matrial paramtr k vg and k vg and g 1 an b alibratd by fitting xprimntal data rlvant to fr (vaporabl) watr ontnt in onrt at variou ag (Di Luzio & Cuati 2009b). Figur 2.2 Tmpratur 2. Expanion of volution prim of mortar bad on ASTM C Not that, at arly ag, in th hmial ration aoiatd with mnt hydration and SF ration 4.3 ar xothrmi, Str wav th vloity tmpratur fild i not uniform Figur for non-adiabati 3 how th ytm volution vn if of th th nvironmntal tr wav vloity tmpratur of thr i ontant. mixtur. Hat Rult ondution how inra an b of tr dribd wav in vloity onrt, in at all lat pimn. for tmpratur Str wav not vloity xding of JL 100 C i mor (Bažant than th & othr. Kaplan It 1996), i bau by Fourir law, whih rad of diffrn btwn ompriv trngth of pimn. Thrfor ompriv trngth of JL i q λ T mor than othr probably. (Tabl 2 indiat thi (7) ubjt) whr Th onidrabl q i th hat not flux, i inra T i of th tr abolut wav vloity tmpratur, of all and pimn λ i th hat i ondutivity; approximatly in thi unhangabl aftr 28 day ag. Thi mattr how that Proding of FraMCoS-7, May 23-28, 2010

4 nitivity of tr wav vloity to hanging of miro-trutur i too low. Thi tudy how that to hanging tr wav vloity, miro-trutur hould b hangd onidrably. Tabl 2. Compriv Strngth at ag 84 day. Spimn CL 41 JL 44 ML 30 Compriv Strngth(Mpa) Figur 3. Str wav vloity of pimn. 4.4 Dynami modulu of latiity Figur 4 how that th dynami modulu of latiity i mor nitiv to ASR than th tr wav vloity. Th non-rativ mixtur (CL) how a vry light inra aftr 60 day whr a th valu dra aftr 60 day for th rativ mixtur (JL, ML).thi dra indiat that th tiffn of th onrt i rdud, and thi ha an influn on th phyial proprti maurd with othr non dtrutiv thniqu uh a ltrial ritivity. Figur 4. Dynami modulu of latiity of pimn. 4.5 Eltrial ritivity Figur 5 how that hanging of ltrial ritivity of pimn during th tudy. Inra of ltrial ritivity in all pimn J D ( h, T ) i hbau of hydration and improvmnt of trutur of onrt. That i dra of poroity Th and proportionality ioni tranmiion offiint but w D(h,T) hav th ASR fft moitur in thi prmability priod too, and howvr it i a fft of hydration of i mor th rlativ than th humidity ASR fft h and in tmpratur thi nonlina priod. & Najjar 1972). Th moitur ma balan On th othr hand, that th for variation JL and ML, in tim during of th th lat watr ma priod of tt th volum fft of of onrt ASR bau (watr of ontnt miro w) b q rak progr i divrgn mor than of th th fft moitur of hydration flux J o w dra of ltrial ritivity. Aggrgat in CL ar non-rativ thrfor ltrial ritivity will b inra. It Jman ASR ha not hap- pnd in CL. Th watr ontnt w an b xprd a of th vaporabl watr w (apillary wa vapor, and adorbd watr) and th non- (hmially bound) watr w n (Mil Pantazopoulo & Mill 1995). It i ra aum that th vaporabl watr i a fu rlativ humidity, h, dgr of hydration dgr of ilia fum ration,, i.. w w ag-dpndnt orption/dorption (Norling Mjonll 1997). Undr thi aum by ubtituting Equation 1 into Equati obtain Figur 5. Eltrial ritivity of pimn. 4.6 Comparion btwn tr + ( Dwav h) vloity & and + & + w h onvntional tt Figur 6 how that vloity with xpanion hang whr rapidly at firt but at lat / i th lop of th orption/ thi hanging bom iothrm (alo alld moitur apa lowly. CL will b flat approximatly aftr thi duration but aftr that xpanion will inra lowly and govrning quation (Equation 3) mut b by appropriat boundary and initial onditi vloity will b unhangabl. On important not Th rlation btwn th amount of in figur an b undrtood, it i th variation of xpanion and vloity i qual approximatly. It watr and rlativ humidity i alld iothrm if maurd with inraing man orrlation btwn variation of vloity and humidity and dorption iothrm in th xpanion i narly on. a. Nglting thir diffrn (Xi t al. th following, orption iothrm will b 4500 rfrn to both orption and dorption 4450 By th way, if th hytri of th iothrm would b takn into aount, two 4300 rlation, vaporabl watr v rlativ humi CL 4250 b ud aording to th ign of JLth varia 4200 ML rlativity humidity. Th hap of th iothrm for HPC i inflund by many p 4050 pially tho that influn xtnt and 4000 hmial ration and, in turn, dtrm 3950 trutur and por iz ditribution (watrratio, mnt hmial ompoition, SF Expanion(%) uring tim and mthod, tmpratur, mix Figur 6.Comparion btwn tr wav vloity and xpanion. t.). In th litratur variou formulatio found to drib th orption iothrm Figur 7 how onrt that ma (Xi hang t al. with 1994). tr Howvr, wav in th vloity an b uitabl papr th paramtr mi-mpirial for invtigation xprion pro on ASR. Norling Mjornll (1997) i adoptd b Str wav vloity(m/) Proding of FraMCoS-7, May 23-28, 2010

5 J moitur 4350 prmability and it i a nonlinar funtion 4300 of th rlativ humidity h and tmpratur T (Bažant CL 4250 & Najjar 1972). Th moitur ma balan rquir JL 4200 ML that 4150 th variation in tim of th watr ma pr unit Str wav vloity(m/ ) D ( h, T h 4100 divrgn 4050 of th moitur flux J J Ma hang(%) (1) Th proportionality offiint D(h,T) i alld volum of onrt (watr ontnt w) b qual to th (2) Figur 7. Comparion btwn tr wav vloity and ma Th watr ontnt w an b xprd a th um hang. of th vaporabl watr w (apillary watr, watr vapor, and adorbd watr) and th non-vaporabl 5 (hmially CONCLUSION bound) watr w n (Mill 1966, Pantazopoulo & Mill 1995). It i raonabl to It aum wa hown that th that vaporabl th nitivity watr of i tr a funtion wav vloity of rlativ mthod humidity, i too h, low dgr to tablih of hydration, damag ritria, and aoiatd dgr of ilia with fum ASR ration, pially in, i.. arly w w ag. (h, Virtually, ) ag-dpndnt no variation wa orption/dorption obrvd aftr 84 iothrm day in NaOH (Norling on Mjonll both rativ 1997). Undr and non-rativ thi aumption mixtur and by ubtituting Equation 1 into Equation 2 on whra th dynami modulu of latiity and ltrial ritivity ar mor uitabl paramtr for obtain valuation of ASR. Rult of impat-ho and dynami modulu of + ( D h) latiity tt on pimn & + that ontrutd & + w& n from (3) h am matrial ar imilar. Thi mattr how th auray of th tt in dtrmination of onrt proprti. whr / i th lop of th orption/dorption iothrm Mthod (alo bad alld on dynami moitur modulu apaity). of latiity Th and govrning ltrial quation ritivity (Equation rathr 3) mut than b tr ompltd wav vloiti by appropriat hould boundary b ud and to initial a ondition. in-itu ASR afftd Th onrt rlation trutur. btwn th amount of vaporabl watr Th and rult rlativ from humidity NDT mthod i alld will adorption b mor rliabl iothrm whn if ombin maurd with with onvntional inraing tt rlativity uh a humidity ma hang and dorption and xpanion. iothrm in th oppoit a. Nglting thir diffrn (Xi t al. 1994), in th following, orption iothrm will b ud with rfrn to both orption and dorption ondition. By th way, if th hytri of th moitur iothrm would b takn into aount, two diffrnt rlation, vaporabl watr v rlativ humidity, mut b ud aording to th ign of th variation of th rlativity humidity. Th hap of th orption iothrm for HPC i inflund by many paramtr, pially tho that influn xtnt and rat of th hmial ration and, in turn, dtrmin por trutur and por iz ditribution (watr-to-mnt ratio, mnt hmial ompoition, SF ontnt, uring tim and mthod, tmpratur, mix additiv, t.). In th litratur variou formulation an b found to drib th orption iothrm of normal onrt (Xi t al. 1994). Howvr, in th prnt papr th mi-mpirial xprion propod by Norling Mjornll (1997) i adoptd bau it REFERENCES xpliitly aount for th volution of hydration ration and SF ontnt. Thi orption iothrm Lu, rad Duyou. & Fournir, B. & Grattn-Bllw, P.E Evaluation of alratd tt mthod for dtrmining alkali-ilia rativity of onrt aggrgat. Cmnt & Conrt Compoit. Doi: /j.monr w ( h,, ) G (, ) 1 + Sadri, Afhin. Haani, 1 Frri.p. Salh, Kavh. Dtrmination of 10( g ) h onrt dynami lati ontant uing a miniatur 1 imi rfltion (MSR) ytm. Journal of Matrial Evalua- (4) tion. Vol. 55, No. 7, pp ( g ) h Saint-Pir, Franoi. K ( &, Rivard, ) Patri. 1 & Ballivy, 1 Grard Maurmnt 1 of alkali-ilia ration progrion by ultraoni wav attnuation. Cmnt and Conrt Rarh. Doi: /j.monr Sanalon, whr th Mary firt J. Strtt, trm (gl William.B. iothrm) Th rprnt Impat-Eho th phyially Mthod. NDTnt bound 1998 (adorbd) Fbruary. watr Vol.3, No.2. and th ond Shkarhi, trm (apillary M. & Tajari, iothrm) M. & Sadri, rprnt A. Submittd th 2009 apillary U of Impat Eho for Dttion of Ditributd Damag in Conrt watr. Thi du to xprion ASR. Matrial i valid Evaluation only for low ontnt Shkarhizadh, of SF. Th offiint Mohammad. G 1 & rprnt Tahrima, th Mohammad. amount of & watr Hajibaba, pr unit Amir. volum & Layi, hld Hamd. in th gl por Conrt at 100% Mix rlativ Proportion humidity, with and Ultra-high it an b Eltrial xprd Ritivity. (Norling Mjornll 11DMBC 1997) Intrnational a Confrn on Durability of Building Matrial and omponnt. Itanbul, turky, May Tfamariam, S. & Thoma, G M.D.A Th u of tr- to valuat vg onrt vg afftd by-alkali-ilia ra- (, ) k + k (5) 1wav tion. Proding of 8 th Intrnational Confrn and Exhibition on trutural fault & Rpair, July whr k vg and k vg ar matrial paramtr. From th Commonwalth Intitut, London, England. Thoma, maximum M.D.A. amount Sadri, of A. watr Tfamariam, pr unit S. volum Th that u an of fill tr all por wav (both for valuating apillary AAR por afftd and gl onrt. por), Crating alulat with Conrt K 1 a on (Ed.R.K. obtain Dhir). Dund, Sptmbr on an K (, ) 1 g 1 w G g 1 1 (6) Th matrial paramtr k vg and k vg and g 1 an b alibratd by fitting xprimntal data rlvant to fr (vaporabl) watr ontnt in onrt at variou ag (Di Luzio & Cuati 2009b). 2.2 Tmpratur volution Not that, at arly ag, in th hmial ration aoiatd with mnt hydration and SF ration ar xothrmi, th tmpratur fild i not uniform for non-adiabati ytm vn if th nvironmntal tmpratur i ontant. Hat ondution an b dribd in onrt, at lat for tmpratur not xding 100 C (Bažant & Kaplan 1996), by Fourir law, whih rad q λ T (7) whr q i th hat flux, T i th abolut tmpratur, and λ i th hat ondutivity; in thi Proding of FraMCoS-7, May 23-28, 2010