Recent advances on self healing of concrete

Transcription

1 Fratur Mhani Conrt Conrt Strutur - Rnt Advan Fratur Mhani Conrt - B. H. Oh, t al.(d) 21 Kora Conrt Intitut, Soul, ISBN Rnt advan on lf onrt E. Shlangn, H. Jonkr, S. Qian & A. Garia Dlft Univrity Thnology, Mirolab, Dlft, Nrl ABSTRACT: In th papr an ovrvi givn n dvlopmnt obtad rarh on lf rak mnt d matrial phalt onrt. At Dlft Univrity variou projt ar runng tudy lf mhanm. firt projt that dud Batrial Conrt, hih batria ar mixd onrt, that pripitat alit a rak ith that mak onrt trutur tight nhan durability. In a ond projt hybrid fir rford mntitiou matrial ar tudid that mhanially rpair rak hn y our. lt projt drid th papr on ravlg porou phalt onrt ho hal th damag orporatg mddd miroapul or tl fir. tat art rult all projt ho that lf not jut a miral, but matrial dignd for it. 1 INTRODUCTION In pt, quit om vtigation on pi lf onrt hav n ondutd. Nvill (22) giv a uful ovrvi h litratur arh th fild. H put pratial ignifi augnou rdution tranport through rak, for xampl onrt pip. Nvill alo onlud from h litratur rarh that r no agrmnt tn diffrnt tudi about hat happn id rak hn lf our rfor furr rarh ould uful. arly rarh on lf onrt maly foud on rtag trutur or rrvoir hr lakag through rak ma u (Edvardn 1999, Rhardt & Joo 23). In rarh Tr Hid t al (25) Grangr t al (26) ma fou rgag mhanial proprti rak arly ag onrt ongog hydration mnt partil. Tr Hid (25) giv a ni ovrvi diffrnt au augni (Fig. 1), hih a matrial h alrady natur ability hal itlf. Figur 1. Poibl au lf : (a) formation alium arbonat or alium hydroxid, (b) dimntation partil, () ontud hydration, (d) llg mntmatrix, (Tr Hid, 25). On or h, matrial alo dignd hav a lf apaity (Shlangn & Joph 28). n lify m aunomi matrial, hih aga ubdividd piv ativ mod. A piv mod mart matrial h ability rat an xtrnal timulu ithout nd for human trvntion, hr an ativ mod mart matrial or trutur rquir trvntion ordr omplt pro. Van Brugl (27) du prforman trutur ith lap tim. Gradual dgradation our until momnt that firt rpair urgntly ndd. durability onrt rpair tn a pot onrn. Vry tn a ond rpair nary only tn fiftn yar latr. Spndg mor mony itially ordr nur a highr quality tn pay f. matnan-fr priod ill longr firt major rpair ork tn potpond for many yar. xtrm ould that no ot for matnan rpair hav onidrd at all au matrial abl rpair itlf. In lt 5 yar dign matrial ith ability omg mor mor popular a id rang matrial appliation (Van dr Zaag 27 Goh 28). For mnt d matrial diffrnt mthod found litratur. In firt typ approah napulatd alant or adhiv ar ud (Dry 2). adhiv rd hort fibr (Li t al. 1998, Qian t al. 29) or longr tu (Nhiaki t al 26, Joph 28, Joph t al. 28). Anor approah orporatg an xpaniv omponnt onrt hih tart xp fill void rak hn triggrd arbonation or motur gr

2 (Hooda J = D ( h, t T ) al. h 27, Somphon t al. 29). Ug (1) batria timulat lf mhanm an altrnativ proportionality but promg offit thniqu D(h,T) tudid at alld diffrnt motur group prmability (Bang t al. 21, it a Jonkr nonlar & funtion Shlangn 27, rlativ D Muynk humidity 28). h tmpratur T (Bažant & Najjar In th 1972). papr om motur rnt advan m balan thr rquir ongog that projt variation at Dlft tim Univrity ar dud. m pr Firt unit volum Batrial onrt Conrt ( ontnt drid ) qual hih ma divrgn fou alg motur rak flux J thu blokg path rformnt ordr improv durability. Sond pi on promotg damag = J fibr rford matrial addg (2) t diffrnt ompnnt mixtur. third projt on ontnt phalt onrt, xprd hr mart um mthod ar tudid. In on porou (apillary, partil vapor, ontag adord a ) rjuvnar ar non- ud tart (hmially piv aunomi bound) pro. In or n (Mill 1966, Pantazopoulo tl ool & fibr Mill ar 1995). mixd through It ronabl bitumn hih um that hatd ith an dution a funtion mah. Th rlativ trnal humidity, hatg h, rpair damag hydration, αmat- rial., Th ilia n fum an ativ ration, aunomi α mthod,, i.. = (h,α,α ) au = ag-dpndnt an xtrnal timulu orption/dorption ndd orm tart pro. (Norlg Mjonll 1997). Undr th umption ubtitutg Equation 1 Equation 2 on obta 2 SELF HEALING PROJECTS 2.1 Bio-onrt h + D h h t h ( ) = α& + α& + & n (3) In th tudy potntial batria at a lf agnt onrt vtigatd. Although hr ida / h u batria lop tgrat orption/dorption m onrt orm matrix (alo may alld m motur odd at firt, apaity). not from a govrng mirobiologial quation vipot. (Equation Batria 3) mut naturally ompltd our appropriat virtually vryhr boundary on itial arth, ondition. not only on it urfa rlation but alo tn dp ith, amount.g. dimnt rok at a dpth rlativ mor humidity than 1 km. alld Variou adorption pi orm o-alld if xtrmophili murd ith batria, rg i.. batria rlativity that lov humidity xtrm, dorption ar found orm highly diatd oppoit nvironmnt. Ngltg uh ir drt, diffrn but alo (Xi id t al. rok 1994), vn follog, ultra-bi orption nvironmnt orm hih ill ud onidrd rfrn homologou both orption trnal dorption onrt ondition. nvi- ith ronmnt. By ay, Typial if for many hytr diation- /or motur alkali-rtant orm ould batrial takn pi aount, ir ability diffrnt form ndopor. rlation, pializd v rlativ ll hih humidity, ar haratrizd ud aordg an xtrmly ign lo mtaboli variation ativity, ar mut knon rlativity humidity. abl rt hap high mhanially- orption hmially orm for dud HPC tr flund ar many viabl paramtr, for priod pially up tho 2 yar. that flun In om xtnt prviouly rat publhd tudi hmial ration appliation, batria turn, for dtrm lang por onrt trutur urfa por iz (D dtribution Muynk t (--mnt al. 28) trngth ratio, mnt improvmnt hmial mnt- ompoition, mortar SF ontnt, (Bang t urg al. 21) tim mthod, rportd. tmpratur, Although promg mix additiv, rult t.). r In rportd, litratur variou major drabak formulation lattr tudi found dri that batria orption orm ompound ndd normal for onrt mral (Xi pripitation t al. 1994). ould Hovr, only applid prnt xtrnally papr on mi-mpirial urfa xprion trutur propod aftr rakformation Norlg Mjornll had ourrd. (1997) Th mthodologial adoptd au n- it ity xpliitly maly aount du for limitd volution lif-tim hydration (hour a ration f day) SF (ur-d) ontnt. Th nzymati orption orm ativity /or rad viability applid batrial pi. In prnt tudy appliation alkali-rtant ndopor-formg batria nhan lf apaity onrt vtigatd. 1 Tnil- ( h, α, α ) = G ( α, α ) 1 + ompriv 1trngth haratrti rfrn 1( g α α ) h (no batria addd) batrial onrt ar 1 quantifid (Jonkr & Shlangn 29a). Furrmor, (4) viability batria immobilization 1( g α α ) h onrt K ( α, α ) 1 1 quantifid, 1 fally, alit pripitation potntial batrial onrt dmontratd ESEM analy. An xampl givn Figur 2 hr alit hr rytal firt formd trm (gl batrial orm) pripitation rprnt ar hon. phyially bound (adord) ond trm (apillary orm) rprnt apillary. Th xprion valid only for lo ontnt SF. offit G 1 rprnt amount pr unit volum hld gl por at 1% rlativ humidity, it xprd (Norlg Mjornll 1997) G ( α, α ) = k α + k α 1 vg vg (5) hr k vg k vg ar matrial paramtr. From maximum amount pr unit volum that fill all por (both apillary por gl por), on alulat K 1 on obta α α K (, ) = 1 g α α 1.188α +.22α G 1 1 g α α 1 1 (6) matrial paramtr k vg k vg g 1 alibratd fittg xprimntal data rlvant fr () ontnt onrt at variou ag (Di Luzio & Cuat 29b). 2.2 Tmpratur volution Figur Not that, 2. Biomral at arly obrvd ag, ESEM. hmial ration oiatd ith mnt hydration SF ration ar Extniv xormi, rult tmpratur th tudy fild ar publhd not uniform lhr for non-adiabati (Jonkr t ytm al. 29b). vn To if dat nvironmntal ma onluion tmpratur th ontant. ongog rarh Hat ondution ar that xprimnt drid don onrt, th tudy at lt ho for that tmpratur alkaliphili not ndopor-formg xdg 1 C (Bažant batria tgratd & Kaplan 1996), on- Fourir la, hih rad rt matrix ativly pripitat alium arbonat mral. Watr, ndd for ativation ndopor, q = λ T ntr onrt trutur through (7) frhly formd rak. Furrmor, for mral pripitation, hr q ativ ll hat nd flux, an organi T ubtrat abolut that tmpratur, mtabolially λ onvrtd hat ondutivity; organi arbon th that ubquntly pripitat ith fr alium Prodg FraMCoS-7, May 23-28, 21

3 alium arbonat. Fr alium uually prnt onrt matrix, but organi arbon not. In firt xprimnt organi arbon applid xtrnally a part ubation mdium, hil idally it hould alo part onrt matrix. In that only xtrnal ndd ativat onrt-immobilizd batria hih n onvrt organi arbon prnt onrt matrix alium arbonat dog o al frhly formd rak. rfor it did dign a n tratgy hih a omponnt biohmial agnt ompod batrial por a uitabl organi bio-mnt pruror ompound ud. Both por food ar immobilizd rrvoir porou xpd lay partil. In th ay por batria ar alo prottd durg prodution hardng onrt ill urviv longr until momnt that lf ndd. Figur 3. Crakd onrt pimn ontag porou aggrgat ith food only (A) (p) food plu batria (B) (botm). lft figur ar for right figur ar aftr. Conrt dk ar prpard ontag porou aggrgat filld ith food (latat) only ith food batria. pimn ar urd for 56 day n ttd a dformation ontrolld tnil plittg loadg rak m partially. Aftr th rakg pimn ar plad a prmability tt tup hih applid at on id pimn for 24 hour. Aftr rak ar xamd undr miroop rult ar hon figur 3. Alo prmability hald pimn dtrmd. rult ar dud Jonkr t al. (29b). outom th tudy ho that rak batrial onrt muh mor ffit than onrt am ompoition but ithout addd biohmial agnt. ron for th xplad tritly hmial pro ontrol additional biologial pro batrial onrt. On rak urfa ontrol onrt om alium J = D ( arbonat h, T ) h ill formd du ration CO 2 prnt rak gr ith Portlit (alium proportionality hydroxid) offit prnt D(h,T) onrt matrix motur aordg prmability follog it a ration: rlativ humidity h tmpratur nonla & Najjar 1972). motur m balan CO 2 + Ca(OH) 2 that CaCO variation 3 + H2O tim m volum onrt ( ontnt ) q amount divrgn alium arbonat motur prodution flux J th only mor du limitd amount CO 2 prnt. A Portlit a rar olubl mral fat mot t it prnt on rak urfa = J ill dolv diffu out rak ovrlyg m. Subquntly, ontnt mor COxprd 2 a prnt ovrlyg, dolvd Portlit (apillary a ill yt pripitat vapor, form adord alium ) arbonat but omhat (hmially aay from bound) rak itlf, n (Mil non- n Figur Pantazopoulo 3A. lf & Mill 1995). pro It r batrial onrt um muh that mor ffit du a fu ativ mtaboli rlativ onvrion humidity, alium h, latat hydration prnt batria: ilia fum ration, α, i.. = = ag-dpndnt orption/dorption Ca(C 3 H 5 O 2 ) 2 + 7O(Norlg 2 CaCO Mjonll 3 + 5CO 1997) H2O Undr th um ubtitutg Equation 1 Equati Th pro do obta not only produ alium arbonat dirtly but alo dirtly via ration on it produd CO 2 ith Portlit prnt on h rak urfa. In lattr +, ( DPortlit h) = do α& + not α& + h t h dolv diffu aay from rak urfa, but tad rat dirtly on pot ith loal batrially produd hr CO 2 additional / h alium lop arbonat. Th pro orm rult ffit (alo alld rak alg motur apa orption/ n Figur govrng 3B. quation (Equation 3) mut onluion appropriat th ork boundary that propod itial onditi omponnt biohmial rlation tn agnt ompod amount batrial por a uitabl rlativ organi humidity bio-mnt alld pruror ompound, orm both immobilizd if murd ith rrvoir rg porou xpd humidity lay partil, dorption rprnt a orm promg bio-d. thu Ngltg utaabl ir altrnativ diffrn (Xi t al. th tritly hmial or mnt follog, d orption agnt. orm ill rfrn both orption dorption By ay, if hytr 2.2 Slf Halg fibr onrt orm ould takn aount, Bid prmability rlation, nhanmnt, many rarhr alo lookd ud mhanial aordg proprty ign rov- varia v rlativ humi ry a rult rlativity lf- humidity. onrt matrial. hap A uggtd orm many prviou for HPC tudi flund (Edvardn many p 1999, Tr Hid pially 25, Rhardt tho that & Joo flun 23), xtnt rak idth hmial onrt ration matrial, found turn, dtrm ritial for lf- trutur tak por pla. iz dtribution rquir-(mnt rak idth ratio, mnt promot hmial lf- ompoition, fall SF roughly lo 2 urg µm tim prfrably mthod, lor tmpratur, than 5 mix µm (Edvardn t.). 1999), In pially litratur for variou lf- formulatio d on ongog found hydration dri mnt. Yt orption prati, uh mall onrt rak idth (Xi t al. vry 1994). diffiult Hovr, th orm ahiv ontntly papr normal mi-mpirial onrt trutur, xprion if pro not poibl at all. Norlg Mjornll (1997) adoptd b Prodg FraMCoS-7, May 23-28, 21

4 J = To D ( ahiv h, T ) h ontrolld tight rak idth, a n (1) l fir rford tra hardng mntitiou ompoit, proportionality trmd offit Engrd D(h,T) Cmntitiou motur Compoit prmability (ECC) h it n a nonlar dvlopd funtion Li alld t al. rlativ (1998) humidity ontuouly h tmpratur volvd T ovr (Bažant lt & Najjar 15 yar. 1972). ECC h motur n dliratly m balan ngrd rquir ug that miromhani variation tim ory po m pr lfontrolld volum rak onrt idth ( that ontnt do not ) dpnd qual on tl unit rformnt divrgn or trutural motur flux dimnion. J Intad, fir ud ECC ar tailord ork ith a mortar matrix ordr uppr loalizd brittl fratur = favor J dtributd mirorak damag, vn (2) t hn ompoit tniond vral prnt tra. ECC ontnt ith rak idth xprd lo 3 miron um hav n mad. Givn ll ontrolld rak (apillary, idth, vapor, Li t adord al (1998) ) hav vtigatd non- lf (hmially havior bound) ECC undr a numr xpour n (Mill 1966, Pantazopoulo ondition. & In Mill ir 1995). xprimnt, It ronabl dliratly pr-rakd um that ECC pimn r xpod a funtion variou rlativ ommonly humidity, nountrd h, nvironmnt, hydration, ludg α, prmation ilia fum ration, ubmrion, α ttg dryg, i.. = (h,α,α ) = yl, ag-dpndnt hlorid orption/dorption pondg. mhanial orm (Norlg tranport Mjonll proprti 1997). Undr th largly umption rovrd, pially ubtitutg for ECC Equation pimn 1 prloadd Equation 2 lo on 1% obta tnil tra. Bid mall rak idth, lo /bdr ratio addition larg amount fly h ir mixtur alo hlp promot lf h via ontud hydration poz- + ( D h) = α& + α& + & n (3) zolani h ativiti. t h Slf- havior pr-rakd SHCC (tra hardng mntitiou ompoit) alo a ma hr / h lop orption/dorption rarh pi Mirolab at Dlft Univrity. orm (alo alld motur apaity). SHCC mad ith loal t matrial (blt furna govrng quation (Equation 3) mut ompltd appropriat lag boundary limn podr itial ondition. vtigatd (Qian t rlation al. 29). tn Four-pot amount ndg tt ar ud prrak rlativ SHCC am humidity pimn alld dfltd adorption up 2.4 orm mm ith if ubqunt murd urg ith rg rlativity air for 28 humidity day. dorption ampl ubmrgd orm oppoit ho gratly. Ngltg nh ir dfltion diffrn apaity (Xi t ll al. 1994), tiffn follog, rovry du orption orm produt ill prntd ud ith rfrn mirorak, both orption hil th dorption not ondition. for pimn By ay, urd if air. hytr ESEM XEDS motur obrvation orm ould furr onfirmd takn aount, fdg mhanial diffrnt rlation, tt. mhanial v proprti rlativ humidity, ar rovrd mut aftr ud aordg an nvironmnt ign hr variation prnt rlativity humidity. rak ar filld hap ith ration produt, orption orm Figur for 4. HPC flund many paramtr, pially follog tho that onluion flun xtnt dran rat d on th hmial vtigation ration (Qian, t al. 29): turn, dtrm por trutur 1. For pimn por iz ubmrgd dtribution, (--mnt dfltion ratio, apaity mnt aftr hmial lf- ompoition, rovr SF ontnt, about 65% urg tim 15% ompard mthod, tmpratur, ith tho mix virg additiv, pimn, t.). In hil th litratur ratio variou about formulation 4% 6% for air urd found pimn. dri Furrmor, orption orm tiffn normal itial lar onrt tag (Xi t lf-hald al. 1994). pimn Hovr, muh prnt largr ompard papr ith mi-mpirial that air xprion urd pimn propod du Norlg prn Mjornll (1997) produt adoptd formd au id it rak trngnd bridgg fir. xpliitly aount for volution hydration ration SF ontnt. Th orption orm rad Avrag rak idth: ~15 µm 1 ( h, α, α ) = G ( α, α ) ( g α α ) h 1 1( g α α ) h K ( α, α ) (4) hr firt trm (gl orm) rprnt phyially bound (adord) ond trm (apillary orm) rprnt apillary. Th xprion valid only for lo Crak ontnt Crak idth: ~25 SF. offit G idth: ~6 1 rprnt amount µm pr unit volum µm hld gl por at 1% rlativ humidity, it xprd (Norlg Mjornll 1997) G ( α, α ) = k α + k α 1 vg vg (5) hr k vg k vg ar matrial paramtr. From maximum amount pr unit volum that Figur fill all 4. por ESEM (both imag apillary rakd por SHCC ampl gl por), urd on. alulat K 1 on obta 2. obrvation undr ESEM XEDS onfirm that mirorak ubmrgd 1 g α α.188α +.22α G r 1 1 hald maly ith alium arbonat. ESEM alo (6) uggt K ( α, α ) = that produt gro from both 1 1 fa rak ard g α α middl 1 rak. 1 Th may xplad rlativly high onntration matrial alium paramtr hydroxid k nar rak urfa vg k vg g 1 alibratd via diffuion fittg pro xprimntal from data bulk rlvant mntitiou fr () matrial fratal ontnt urfa onrt hih may at rv variou ag alit (Di Luzio nulation & Cuat it. 29b). 3. Slf- havior SHCC havily dpnd on availability unhydratd mnt or 2.2 Tmpratur upplmntary volution mntitiou matrial. Lo /mntitiou Not that, at arly ag, matrial ratio hmial high ration prntag oiatd mntitiou ith mnt matrial hydration appar promot SF ration lf ar xormi, havior. tmpratur fild not uniform for 4. non-adiabati Mirorak ith ytm mallr vn rak if idth nvironmntal SHCC tmpratur mixtur ontant. prfrabl Hat ondution far ontuou hydration-d drid onrt, lf- at lt onrnd, for tmpratur it not rquir xdg muh 1 C l (Bažant produt & Kaplan fill 1996), rak Fourir it la, muh hih ir rad for produt gro from both fa rak gt onntd. To ma pot that till nd improvd q = λ T ar largr rak urg (7) pimn air. In figur 4 it n that mall rak hr ith q a idth hat l than flux, 15 T µm ar no problm abolut tmpratur, hal. Hovr rak λ around hat ondutivity; 6 µm idth th only partially filld ith produt. To r- Prodg FraMCoS-7, May 23-28, 21

5 du rak idth furr fft addg mirir PVA-fibr rford mntitiou ompoit vtigatd (Annopoulou 29, Tziviloglou 29). mirir ud ar tl ool or rokool fibr ith a lngth 2 mm an avrag diamtr 8 miron. mall fibr hlp dtribut rak mnt matrix vn mor thu rult mallr rak, hih improv lf apaity. ond ngativ pot that lf mhanm ongog hydration only ork if prnt. To promot lf alo a dry nvironmnt approah ar undr vtigation. Hollo plant fibr, du larg rag volum for liquid, potntially ud for a n lf onrt ytm. ida u plant fibr a rrvoir for agnt, hih gt ongog hydration or hih alo a glu. On a rak our, agnt ill follo or diffu ard rak vntually hal rak. From vtigation, it dovrd that lf onrt rak ould potntially fibl ug oatd ood fibr (or atually fibr bundl) that ar filld ith agnt. fibr bundl hav a diamtr around 2µm a lngth about 1 mm ( alo Sirra Bltran & Shlangn, 21). For propod lf- ytm ork, it ruial that fibr mut brokn dlivr agnt. In th vtigation, ood fibr bundl r firt oatd ith polyiloxan oatg, n filld ith a fluornt dy olution fally ald proprly. tratd fibr bundl r n fraturd. oatd ood bundl tnd fail a dlamation mod ( figur 5) along ir lngth ngativ prur for aud ald nd not an u, it might ith ontuou or hort fibr that fail a brittl ay ith a gl rak plan (Joph 28). A a rult, agnt ould rld from pltrd fibr bundl damagd ar hr it ubquntly rpair. Figur 5. ESEM pitur a fibr-bundl brokn a dlamation mod. J = Dpromot ( h, T ) h lf a dry A ond option nvironmnt hih undr vtigation u Supr Abornt Polymr (SAP) offit mix. D(h,T) proportionality SAP ar filld ith durg mixg motur prmability it proa nonla form uh a ay humidity pokth tmpratur on rlativ rt that &ud for1972). hydration mnt Najjar motur m balan thu lf a latr tag. that variation timsap ar m knon additivvolum mitigat augnou onrt (hrkag ontnt ) q onrt (Jnn & Hann lf divrgn 21). motur fluxhalj g apaity SHCC alrady improvd addg SAP pimn that ar rakd = J (Annopoulou ubquntly rd 29, Tziviloglou 29). Hovr SAP alo ork for pimn rd air. ontnt xprd a pokt probablyar mptid durg or hortly aftr a (apillary firt hydration. Whn matrial) rakat a non- vapor, adord latr tag no lft anymor. aftr om (hmially bound)but n (Mil ra on trutur SAP loatd Pantazopoulo & Mill 1995). It r rakd zon ar um aga filld loly rl that n a fu for lf mhanm. Th m rlativ humidity, h, hydration a ralti pratial nario hih αur ilia fum ration,, i.. = rntly undr vtigation. = ag-dpndnt orption/dorption To optimiz (Norlg lf mhanm SHCC Mjonll 1997). Undr th um matrial a modl dvlopd (Shlangn t al. 29) ubtitutg Equation 1 Equati that u drtobta fir imulat dtributd rakg dutil haviour hon figur 6. t h + ( D h) = h h t α& + α& + hr / h lop orption/ orm (alo alld motur apa govrng quation (Equation 3) mut appropriat boundary itial onditi rlation tn amount rlativ humidity alld orm if murd ith rg humidity dorption orm th Figur 6. Simulation. SHCC matrial ith ontag Ngltg irfibr diffrn (Xi t al. agnt. follog, orption orm ill rfrn both orption In figur 6 an xampl imulation adorption tn- By ay, if hytr il tt a four-pot ndg tttakn ar hon. In orm ould halaount, modl figur 6a 6b only fibr ith vpattrn rlativ humi g agnt ar ud.rlation, Figur 6a ho rak ud aordg ign varia figur 6b ho fibr from hih rlativity humidity. hap agnt rld.orm In figurfor 6 HPC 6d a hybrid matflund many p rial ontag mhanial fibrthat rdu rak pially tho flun xtnt idth dtribut rak ration ll, fibr hmial turn, dtrm ontag a agnt ar por ud.iz It dtribution hon that (trutur dtributd rakg obtad muh ratio, mntarhmial ompoition, SF mor fibr matrial ativatd mix urg tim mthod, tmpratur, liquid ud Ina muh mor ffit ay. t.). litratur variou formulatio Figur 6 ho found a ndg tt apimn on dri orption orm tag fibr ith mhanial fibr onrtar(xiud t al. Hovr, agnt. imulation 1994). vtigat proth papr mi-mpirial xprion amount fibrnorlg Mjornll amount (1997) agnt adoptd b that optimal. a) b) ) d) ) Prodg FraMCoS-7, May 23-28, 21

6 2.3 J = D ( Halg h, T ) hporou Aphalt Conrt (1) Aftr om yar, phalt bdr dgradd nvironmntal proportionality far, pially offit du D(h,T) UV-radiation alld from motur un, prmability until it lo it ability a nonlar bd funtion urfa partil rlativ gr. humidity Th h rult tmpratur rak T (Bažant hih allo & Najjar damagg 1972). motur motur m lor balan pavmnt rquir lvl, that ratg variation urfa tim roughn, pot m hol, pr dgradation volum onrt vntual ( trutural ontnt failur. ) At qual prnt, unit r divrgn ar no olution motur lo flux J rak pavmnt. Oionally, hn ign agg ar vibl, a alant that prott phalt urfa from nvironmntal t dgradation motur pntration = J (2) applid urfa. Or tim, phalt rjuvnar, ith ontnt apability hangg xprd hmial um ompoition bitumn, ar (apillary applid, urfa. All vapor, produr adord ) r non- liftim phalt (hmially for vral bound) yar for rhabilitation n (Mill or rontrution Pantazopoulo rquird, & Mill but 1995). y hav It ronabl dadvantag 1966, that um y that only ork firt ntimtr a funtion from urfa rlativ humidity, rdu h, lidg rtan. hydration, α, It gnrally ilia fum knon ration, that phalt α, i.. road = (h,αhal ) = mlv, ag-dpndnt but it orption/dorption a lo pro at orm ambt tmpratur, (Norlg Mjonll it 1997). only ork Undr if th r umption no traffi irulation ubtitutg on Equation road. It 1 alo ll Equation knon that 2 on amount obta r hn matrial ubjtd a highr tmpratur durg rt priod (Bonnaur t al. 1982). rfor a projt h tartd + vtigatd ( D h) = α& r + α& + & n lf rat road, hih a good mthod (3) h t h r liftim pavmnt. A a implifiation, hr bitumn / h ould lop onidrd orption/dorption a vry dn orm oil; hn (alo a rak alld appar motur it, apaity). ill lo itlf, govrng but it quation ill do muh (Equation ftr 3) if mut liquid ompltd havior appropriat bitumn boundary rd. That itial ondition. don rg rlation it tmpratur tn or amount mixg ith a l dn oil. rlativ humidity alld adorption orm In th papr, if murd fairly ith n rg id ar prntd: rlativity Indution humidity hatg dorption phalt orm onrt miroapul. filld Ngltg ith a ir diffrn agnt (Garia (Xi t t al. al. 1994), 29a). oppoit Both follog, m orption r orm lf- ill rat ud ith phalt rfrn onrt both orption hr, liftim dorption ondition. road. By ay, if hytr motur orm Capul-mthod ould takn aount, diffrnt Bitumn rlation, onidrd v rlativ a humidity, ph matrial mut ith ud a liquid aordg ph, alld maltn, ign variation a olid ph, alld rlativity phaltn. humidity. With tim, hap liquid ph orption oxidizd, orm for dapparg HPC flund aug many phalt paramtr, om pially dry tho brittl. that flun To avoid xtnt th, maltn rat hav n hmial traditionally ration applid, on turn, road dtrm urfa on por ign trutur agg por tart iz apparg. dtribution (--mnt problm that th ratio, typ mnt tratmnt hmial uprfiial, ompoition, ith SF hat ontnt, only urg firt tim ntimtr mthod, from tmpratur, urfa mix ar additiv, afftd. To t.). olv In th, litratur thought variou that formulation optimum ay found addg dri maltn orption road ould orm mixg normal apul onrt filld (Xi t ith al. 1994). maltn Hovr, ith phalt prnt onrt. papr With mi-mpirial th, agg fft xprion ould avoidd propod ovr Norlg omplt Mjornll dpth (1997) pavmnt. adoptd In au Figur 7 it a hm xpliitly hon aount ith for fft volution apul hydration ration phalt onrt. SF ontnt. Whn a Th rak orption lo a orm apul our rad matrial road, apul ill brak maltn ill ontat ith bitumn around. n, diffuion both, maltn damagd bitumn ill mixd. 1 bitumn ill ( h, α, α ) = G ( α, α ) 1 + rjuvnatd 1 rak ill ily lod. 1( g α α ) h With th aunomi mthod ug apul 1 (4) lf rat rd a lot ompard augni lf apaity 1( g α αphalt. ) h K ( α, α ) 1 1 Figur G ( α 7., αshmati ) = k α rprntation + k α hog orkg (5) napulatd 1 oil vg hal rak vg phalt onrt. hr Many k vg rarh k vg ar xpla matrial ho paramtr. mak apul, From but maximum phalt amount onrt a ral pr harh unit nvironmnt volum that for fill all apul por (both urviv. apillary por apul gl hould por), on napulat alulat vry Kvou 1 on hydroarbur obta d oil, y hould not rat ith bitumn, y hould rt mixg pro ith aggrgat bitumn ompation on g α α 1 road at about 18 o.188α +.22α G 1 1 C. Bid, y hould not o rtant that (6) K ( ) y α nvr, α = 1 brak. To olv th, maltn hav n g α α napulatd vry porou 1 ovrd ith a 1 ompoit mad a rmortant r vry f. matrial Rarh paramtr prov k lf apaity alibratd th n matrial fittg xprimntal orporatg data rlvant apul vg k vg g 1 fr ongog. () ontnt onrt at variou ag (Di Luzio & Cuat 29b) Indution Hatg 1 hr firt trm (gl orm) rprnt phyially bound (adord) ond trm (apillary orm) rprnt apillary. Th xprion valid only for lo ontnt SF. offit G 1 rprnt amount pr unit volum hld gl por at 1% rlativ humidity, it xprd (Norlg Mjornll 1997) b for ond approah that follod hatg 2.2 Tmpratur phalt volution ith dution nrgy r it Not that, at rat. arly ag, firt prrquit hmial dution ration hatg oiatd that ith mnt hatd hydration matrial mut SF ondutiv. ar xormi, In many prviou tmpratur tudi it fild h n not uniform dmon- ration tratd for non-adiabati ho it poibl ytm vn mak if phalt nvironmntal or onrt ondutiv tmpratur addg ontant. ltrially Hat ondution ondutiv fillr drid fir (Garia onrt, al. at 29b). lt for tmpratur ond prrquit xdg that 1 C fillr (Bažant & fir Kaplan ar onntd 1996), not lod-loop Fourir la, iruit. hih In rad Figur 8 a hmati rprntation givn ytm hih dutiv nrgy q = λ T ud for phalt onrt. Firt a mirorak appar bitumn. If nough (7) volum ondutiv fir or fillr addd y ill hr form q lod-loop hat iruit flux, all T around abolut mirorak. tmpratur, n, if th λ magntially hat ondutivity; uptibl th ltrially ondutiv matrial plad vi- Prodg FraMCoS-7, May 23-28, 21

7 ity a oil, ddy urrnt ar dud lod-loop iruit, ith am frquny magnti fild. Hat gnratd through nrgy lot hn ddy urrnt mt ith rtan matrial, fally, bitumn mltd rak lod. Figur 8. Shmati rprntation hog ytm ug fibr hatd ith dution nrgy hal rak phalt onrt. Th rarh g ondutd thr tp. Firt, optimum ombation ondutiv fir fillr hon; n, tmpratur rahd dpndg on ltrial ondutivity found. Fally prov, ampl ill rpatdly brokn thr pot ndg hatd hald aga. It h n found that ltrially ondutiv fir ar muh mor ffit that fillr hn rg ondutivity that r an optimum ltrial ondutivity, rlatd a rta volum fir, abov hih it diffiult r ondutivity. It h n dovrd alo that although it not nary that ampl ondutiv hat it, optimum volum fir for hatg oid ith optimum volum fir hav maximum ondutivity.,16,14,12,1 ) N ( K,8 r o F,6,4,2 1 % 7 % Figur 9. For-dformation diagram bitumn pimn ith tl-ool fibr loadd 3 pot ndg, 6 yl loadg-hatg rloadg. Figur 9 giv an diation apaity bitumn. figur ho load-dformation urv four ampl tr-tra urv ampl aftr J = 6 D ( hatg, h, T ) h rloadg yl. ampl r frozn at -2 ºC durg tt avoid rp; o proportionality tt pimn offit had brittl D(h,T) fratur ( lti motur modulu prmability larly appriatd it a nonla urv). Durg rlativ humidity pro h (dution tmpratur hatg) it ould & Najjar n that 1972). rak motur dappard. m balan In Figur 9, that rtan variation ampl tim aftr m fifth about volum 7 % onrt origal ( ontnt on. B-id, lti modulu divrgn vry imilar, motur but flux lop J q aftr ultimat trngth tpr hald ampl. Th logi au hald zon a ak zon hr all = fir J ar brokn, o t ampl mor brittl that tion. ontnt xprd a (apillary a 3 DISCUSSION vapor, AND CONCLUSIONS adord ) non- (hmially bound) n (Mil In th papr lf Pantazopoulo thniqu & Mill thr 1995). diffrnt matrial ar It r um dud. that firt appliation a fu ug Batria rlativ pripitat humidity, alit h, rak onrt. With th mthod hydration rlativly ilia fum larg ration, rak α rford onrt, i.. = = ag-dpndnt filld. mthod orption/dorption do not lad trngth improvmnt (Norlg Mjonll 1997). trutur, Undr but th um fillg rak, ubtitutg path Equation rformnt 1 Equati blokd. Hrith obta gr liquid ion that tart rformnt orroion ppd thu durability trutur nh. Furrmor th mthod h uful for rtag + ( D h) = α& + α& + trutur. Crak h t filld hth ay lakag ppd. Epially undrground tru- tur r rpair diffiult or impoibl Batrial hr / h lop orption/ onrt h a big futur. orm (alo alld motur apa In ond appliation SHCC matrial ar govrng quation (Equation 3) mut tudid, hih hav alrady a high potntial for lf appropriat boundary itial onditi au ir mall rak idth. N rlation tn amount addition, lik mirir SAP vn promot rlativ humidity alld th lf apaity orm furr. if murd ith rg third appliation humidity for dorption phalt onrt orm th hih lf. Ngltg apaity ir nlargd diffrn ug (Xi t al. napulatd oil follog, miro-tl orption fibr. orm lattr ill approah h n rfrn provn both ork orption laborary dorption ill applid By a ral ay, road if Nrl hytr 21. orm ould takn aount, rlation, v rlativ humi ud aordg ign varia ACKNOWLEDGEMENT rlativity humidity. hap orm for HPC flund many p Fanial upport pially from Dlft tho Cntr that flun for Matrial xtnt (DCMat:.dmat.tudlft.nl) hmial ration Sntr, Novm turn, dtrm IOP (.ntrnovm.nl/ioplfmatrial) trutur por iz dtribution (ratio, mnt for th ork gratfully aknoldgd. hmial ompoition, SF urg tim mthod, tmpratur, mix t.). In litratur variou formulatio REFERENCES found dri orption orm onrt (Xi t al. 1994). Hovr, th Annopoulou, S. Slf ECC matrial ith high ontnt diffrnt mirir papr mi-mpirial miro partil, MS xprion - pro Norlg Mjornll (1997) adoptd b, Dlft Univrity Thnology, 29. Prodg FraMCoS-7, May 23-28, 21

8 Bang, J = D S.S., ( h, TGalat, ) h J.K., Ramakrhnan, V., 21. Calit pripitation dud polyurthan-immobilizd Baillu (1) pturii. Enzym Mirob. Thnol. 28, Bonnaur, proportionality F.P., Huir, A.H., offit Boondr, A., D(h,T) A laborary alld vtigation prmability flun it rt a priod nonlar funtion fatigu motur haratrti rlativ humidity bitumou h mix, tmpratur Journal T (Bažant Aoiation Aphalt 1972). Pavg motur Thnologt, m 51, balan (1982), rquir & Najjar D Muynk, W., Dbrour, D., D Bli, N., Vrtrat, W., that variation tim m pr unit 28. Batrial arbonat pripitation improv durability mntitiou onrt ( matrial. ontnt Cmnt ) & Conrt qual R. volum divrgn 38, motur flux J Dry, C. M. 2. Thr dign for trnal rl alant, adhiv, prog hmial onrt = rdu J prmability. Cmnt Conrt Rarh (2) 3(12), t pp Edvardn C. (1999). Watr prmability augnou rak ontnt onrt. ACI Matrial xprd Journal, 96(4), um (apillary, Garia, vapor, A, Shlangn, adord E & ) Vn, M. van d (29a). non- To ay log rak on phalt onrt pavmnt: miroapul dution hatg. Ky ngrg n (Mill 1966, (hmially bound) matrial, Pantazopoulo , & Mill 1995). It ronabl Garia, um A, that Shlangn, E., Vn, M van d & Liu, a funtion Q (29b). rlativ Eltrial humidity, ondutivity h, phalt mortar hydration, ontag α, ondutiv fir ilia fum fillr. ration, Contrution α, i.. buildg = (h,α matri-,α ) al, 23, = ag-dpndnt orption/dorption orm Grangr S., Loukili A., Pijaudir-Cabot G., Bhloul M. (26). (Norlg Slf Mjonll rak 1997). onrt: Undr from th a umption modl matrial uual ubtitutg onrt. Prodg Equation 1 2nd Equation trnational 2 ympoium on advan onrt through ngi- on obta nrg. Qu ity, Canada, Sptmr 26. Goh, S.K. (d), Slf- matrial; fundamntal, dign tratgi h appliation, Wily, ( D h) = α& + α& + & n Hooda, A, Khi,, T. Arita, H. Takakua, Y., Slf rak prmability xpaniv onrt. (3) h t h 1t trnational onfrn on lf- matrial. hr Noordijk, / h Holl, (27). lop orption/dorption Jnn, orm O.M. (alo & Hann, alld P.F. motur Watr-ntrad apaity). mnt-d matrial: I. Pripl ortial bakground, Cm. govrng Conr. R. quation 31 (4) (21) (Equation ) mut ompltd Jonkr, appropriat H & Shlangn boundary E. Shmt itial ondition. A.J.M. & van dr Zaag, rlation S. (d) Prodg tn amount Firt Intrnational Confrn on rlativ Slf Halg humidity Matrial, alld 18-2 adorption April 27, orm Noordijk if aan murd Z, Nrl, ith rg Sprgr 27. rlativity Jonkr, HM & Shlangn, E. (29a). Batria-d lf onrt. Intrnational journal rration humidity dorption orm oppoit. buildg Ngltg monumnt, ir diffrn 15(4), (Xi t al. 1994), Jonkr, follog, HM, Thijn, orption A, orm Muijzr, G, ill Copuroglu, ud O ith & rfrn Shlangn, both E. (29b). orption Appliation dorption batria ondition. lf ay, agnt for if dvlopmnt hytr utaabl motur onrt. By orm Eologial ould ngrg, takn 1-6. aount, diffrnt Joph, C. Exprimntal numrial tudy fratur rlation, lf mntitiou matrial. v rlativ PhD humidity,, Cardiff mut Univrity, ud aordg (28). ign variation rlativity humidity. hap orption orm for HPC flund many paramtr, pially tho that flun xtnt rat hmial ration, turn, dtrm por trutur por iz dtribution (--mnt ratio, mnt hmial ompoition, SF ontnt, urg tim mthod, tmpratur, mix additiv, t.). In litratur variou formulation found dri orption orm normal onrt (Xi t al. 1994). Hovr, prnt papr mi-mpirial xprion propod Norlg Mjornll (1997) adoptd au it Joph,, xpliitly C., Jffron, aount A.D. for Lark, volution R.J., Latti hydration modllg ration aunomi SF ontnt. pro Th mntitiou orption matrial. orm rad WCCM8 / ECCOMAS 28, Vni, Italy, (28). Li, V.C., Lim, Y.M. Chan, Y.W., Fibility tudy a piv mart lf- mntitiou ompoit. Compoit Part B: Engrg, vol. 29(B), pp , (1998). 1 ( h Nhiaki,, α, α ) = G ( T., Mihhi, α, H., α ) Jang, B-K. & Miura, K. Dvlopmnt lf- ytm for 1( gonrt α αith ) h ltiv 1 hatg around rak. Journal Adv Conrt Thnology, Vol. 4, No. 2 (26) (4) 1( g Nvill A. (22). Augnou α A α ) h onrt miral? K ( α, α ) 1 1 Conrt Intrnational, 1 Novmr 22. Rhardt H.W., Joo M. (23). Prmability lf- rakd onrt a funtion tmpratur rak hr idth. Cmnt firt trm Conrt (gl Rarh, orm) 33(7), rprnt Qian, S., Zhou, J., d Rooij, M.R., Shlangn,, E., Y, G. phyially van Brugl, bound K. 29, (adord) Slf-Halg Bhavior ond Stra trm Hardng (apillary Cmntitiou orm) Compoit rprnt Inorporatg apillary Loal. Wt Th Matrial. xprion Cmnt valid Conrt only for Compoit, lo ontnt 31 (29) SF offit G 1 rprnt amount Shlangn, pr E.,Qian, unit volum S. & hld Liu, H. 29, gl Simulation por at 1% Slf Halg Capaity Hybrid Fibr Matrial. 2nd Intrnational Confrn on Slf Halg Matrial, Chiago, rlativ humidity, it xprd (Norlg Mjornll ) Shlangn, E. & Joph, C (28). Slf- pro onrt. In SK Ghoh (Ed.), Slf- matrial: fundamntal, α, α ) = dign G ( k α tratgi + k α appliation (pp ). (5) 1 vg vg Whim: Wily-vh. Sirra Bltran M.G. & Shlangn, E. Fibr-matrix trfa hr proprti k vg a kood vg ar fibr matrial rford paramtr. mnt matrix. From Th maximum onfrn, amount 21. pr unit volum that Somphon, fill all por K., (both Çopuroğlu, apillary O. por Fraaij, A.L.A., gl por), Durability on Blt-Furna Slag Mortar Subjtd Sodium Monluorophophat 1 on obta alulat K Solution Curg, Pro. 4th Intrnational Confrn on Contrution Matrial: Prforman, Innovation Strutural Impliation, Nagoya, Japan, 29. g α α Tr Hid, N. Crak hydratg onrt. 1 MS-,.188α +.22α G 1 1 Dlft Univrity Thnology, Nrl, 25. (6) Tr K ( αhid,, α ) = N., Shlangn, E. & van Brugl, K. Exprimntal 1 Study Crak Halg Early Ag g α α Crak, In Prodg Knud Højgaard onfrn 1 on Adv 1 Cmnt- Bd Matrial, Thnial Univrity Dnmark, Jun 25. matrial paramtr k vg k vg g 1 Tziviloglou, E. Slf- ECC matrial ith lo ontnt alibratd fittg xprimntal data rlvant diffrnt miribr miro-partil, MS, fr TU () Dlft, 29 ontnt onrt at Van variou Brugl, ag K., (Di I Luzio r & a markt Cuat for 29b). lf- mntd matrial?, 1t trnational onfrn on lf matrial. Noordijk, Holl, 27. Van 2.2 dr Tmpratur Zaag, S. (d), volution Slf matrial : an altrnativ approah 2 nturi matrial, Dordrht, Not Nrl, that, at arly Sprgr, ag, 27. hmial ration oiatd ith mnt hydration SF ration ar xormi, tmpratur fild not uniform for non-adiabati ytm vn if nvironmntal tmpratur ontant. Hat ondution drid onrt, at lt for tmpratur not xdg 1 C (Bažant & Kaplan 1996), Fourir la, hih rad q = λ T (7) hr q hat flux, T abolut tmpratur, λ hat ondutivity; th Prodg FraMCoS-7, May 23-28, 21