Preparing Oil & Gas PVT Data. Reservoir Simulation
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1 A-to-Z of Preparing Oil & Gas PVT Data for Reservoir Simulation Curtis H. Whitson NTNU / PERA
2 Tasks Collecting samples. Which PVT lab tests to use. Designing special PVT studies. Quality controlling PVT data. Heptanes-plus data and characterization. Initial EOS model. Tuning an EOS model. Viscosities. Fluid initialization. Minimizing number of EOS components. Black-oil PVT tables.
3 Tasks Collecting samples. Which PVT lab tests to use. Designing special PVT studies. Quality controlling PVT data. Heptanes-plus data and characterization. Initial EOS model. Tuning an EOS model. Viscosities. Fluid initialization. Minimizing number of EOS components. Black-oil PVT tables.
4 Tasks Collecting samples. Which PVT lab tests to use. Designing special PVT studies. Quality controlling PVT data. Heptanes-plus data and characterization. Initial EOS model. Tuning an EOS model. Viscosities. Fluid initialization. Minimizing number of EOS components. Black-oil PVT tables.
5 Tasks Collecting samples. Which PVT lab tests to use. Designing special PVT studies. Quality controlling PVT data. Heptanes-plus data and characterization. Initial EOS model. Tuning an EOS model. Viscosities. Fluid initialization. Minimizing number of EOS components. Black-oil PVT tables.
6 Tasks Collecting samples. Which PVT lab tests to use. Designing special PVT studies. Quality controlling PVT data. Heptanes-plus data and characterization. Initial EOS model. Tuning an EOS model. Viscosities. Fluid initialization. Minimizing number of EOS components. Black-oil PVT tables.
7 Tasks Collecting samples. Which PVT lab tests to use. Designing special PVT studies. Quality controlling PVT data. Heptanes-plus data and characterization. Initial EOS model. Tuning an EOS model. Viscosities. Fluid initialization. Minimizing number of EOS components. Black-oil PVT tables.
8 Tasks Collecting samples. Which PVT lab tests to use. Designing special PVT studies. Quality controlling PVT data. Heptanes-plus data and characterization. Initial EOS model. Tuning an EOS model. Viscosities. Fluid initialization. Minimizing number of EOS components. Black-oil PVT tables.
9 Tasks Collecting samples. Which PVT lab tests to use. Designing special PVT studies. Quality controlling PVT data. Heptanes-plus data and characterization. Initial EOS model. Tuning an EOS model. Viscosities. Fluid initialization. Minimizing number of EOS components. Black-oil PVT tables.
10 Tasks Collecting samples. Which PVT lab tests to use. Designing special PVT studies. Quality controlling PVT data. Heptanes-plus data and characterization. Initial EOS model. Tuning an EOS model. Viscosities. Fluid initialization. Minimizing number of EOS components. Black-oil PVT tables.
11 Tasks Collecting samples. Which PVT lab tests to use. Designing special PVT studies. Quality controlling PVT data. Heptanes-plus data and characterization. Initial EOS model. Tuning an EOS model. Viscosities. Fluid initialization. Minimizing number of EOS components. Black-oil PVT tables.
12 Tasks Collecting samples. Which PVT lab tests to use. Designing special PVT studies. Quality controlling PVT data. Heptanes-plus data and characterization. Initial EOS model. Tuning an EOS model. Viscosities. Fluid initialization. Minimizing number of EOS components. Black-oil PVT tables.
13 Collecting Samples Why? 1. PVT data to develop a model.
14 Collecting Samples Why? 1. PVT data to develop a model. 2. Compositions for fluid initialization.
15 Collecting Samples Why? 1. PVT data to develop a model. 2. Compositions for fluid initialization. 3. Crude assays for process design.
16 Collecting Samples Oils How? Bottomhole samples. Surface separator samples. MDT / RCI Gas Condensates Surface separator samples. MDT / RCI
17 Collecting Samples Oils How? Bottomhole samples. Surface separator samples. MDT / RCI Gas Condensates Surface separator samples. MDT / RCI Saturated Gas / Oil Systems Gas-cone an oil producer perfect!. ECM (equilibrium contact mixing)
18 Open-hole Samplers MDT / RCI Potential Problems Oil-based muds. Oils -- OK for composition. Gas condensates OK for composition. Surface cooling before removal. Bubblepoint suppression.
19 MDT Sampling with MPSR bottles PERA To pump and formation To pump and formation Fire-open valve operated to fill To pump and formation Fire-open valve open Fire-close valve closed Fire-open valve Fire-close valve Fire-close valve operated post filling Dead volume (<10cc) now gas filled and the gas will be lost Dead volume (<10cc) initially water filled Manual close valve Dead volume (<10cc) now oil filled Manual close valve Manual close valve now operated to extract MPSR from MDT tool MPSR Piston 450cc MPSR bottle MPSR 450cc of single phase oil at res temp and pressure Water from dead volume MPSR 450cc of 2 phase hydrocarbon at surface temp and some pressure Water from dead volume Prior to Sampling Post Sampling but downhole Piston Post Sampling Now at surface Piston
20 Which PVT Lab Tests to Use What are you simulating? Depletion. Water injection. Condensate blockage. Gas injection. Miscible. Immiscible.
21 Designing Special PVT Studies Condensate Blockage. Condensate viscosities. Miscible Gas Injection. Through-critical swelling test. V ro, compositions and K-values! Immiscible Gas Injection. Vaporization tests.
22 Quality Controlling PVT Data Compositions!!! Recombination. Extended GC. Mass-to-mole conversion. C 7+ properties. Molecular weight and specific gravity. Use trend plots. P s vs wt-% methane and/or C 7+.
23 J-476XDST4BHS PERA 100 Reported (GC) Expontential Model Molar Composition, mol-% Molecular Weight
24 J-482BHS Molar Composition, mol-% Reported (GC) Expontential Model Expon. (Reported (GC)) Reported GC extended distribution appears to be in serious error, being much too "light" with apparent M7+ = 130 DON'T USE GC DISTRIBUTION!!! Molecular Weight
25 C 7+ Data and Characterization Correlate MW and SG of C 7+. Define trends & identify outliers. Use TBP Data. Gamma distribution model fit. SCN MW-SG relationship. Downstream Assay data always available. Extended GC Data. Gamma distribution model fit. Ignore heaviest amount and MW.
26 Soreide Fc Correlation Specific Gravity Bottomhole Samples Separator Samples Best-Fit Fc=0.287 Fc=.28 Fc=.27 Becoming More Paraffinic Due to Wax Accumulation in Samp les??? Molecular Weight
27 C7+ Properties (Watson Correlation) 930 C7+ Density, kg/m Decreasing Aromaticity: Asphaltene Loss? 850 Reported / Determined Kw=11.2 Kw=11.5 Kw= C7+ Molecular Weight
28 Assay Data TBP Distillation (Well 15-2-RD-2X) Specific Gravity Discontinuity? Maybe associated with change in distillation pressure Molecular Weight Riazi Correlation Soreide (after fit Riazi)
29 Initial EOS Model Default Parameters don t mess with em. C 6- properties M, T c, p c, ω. C 6- properties volume shift s(=c/b). Non-HC / HC BIPs k ij. C7+ Characterization. Minimum 3 fractions (not C 7, C 8, C 9+!). Methane-C 7+ BIPs. SG-TB-MW relationship; T c, p c, ω(t b ). Volume shift treatment s(γ). Always keep fraction SGs fit by EOS.
30 Tuning an EOS Model Densities Don t Need Regressing! What s Left to Fit? Nothing but K-values... but how??? Check Consistency! Monotonic K-values of hydrocarbons. Three-phase existence (from EOS model). Serious problem for EOS models!
31 Viscosities LBC (Lorenz-Bray-Clark / Jossi-Thodos) Need accurate densities. Modify C 7+ V c values. Make sure fraction viscosities are monotonic. LBC polynomial coefficients. BE CAREFUL! Pedersen. Better predictions than LBC. Regression -?
32 Fluid Initialization Plot C 6+ versus Depth. Initial Oil in Place plot. Use error bars. Depth and composition. Uncertainty Analysis. Use isothermal gradient model. Defines maximum compositional variation. Use constant composition. Defines minimum compositional variation.
33 Reference Depth GOC Depth, ft SSL Field-Data Based Initialization Isothermal Model IOIP / HCPV, (Sm 3 / m 3 )
34 Reference Depth GOC Depth, ft SSL Field-Data Based Initialization Isothermal Model C7+ Mole Percent
35 3800 True Vertical Depth, mss Well B Well A DST 2 Well A DST 1 Well D Well E Well C C 7+ Mole Percent
36 3800 True Vertical Depth, mss Well B Well A DST 2 Well A DST 1 Well D Well E Well C C 7+ Mole Percent
37 3800 True Vertical Depth, mss Well B Well A DST 2 Well A DST 1 Well D Well E Well C C 7+ Mole Percent
38 Fluid Initialization Black-Oil vs Compositional. Use consistent EOS model. Use consistent surface process. Use solution GOR (R s and R v ) for black-oil model. Based on EOS model initialization.
39 Minimizing Number of EOS Components Basis of Comparison. Detailed & Tuned EOS model. Stepwise lumping procedure. Check entire relevant p-compositioni space. Depletion data. Gas injection data. Miscibility data. Delumping? Detailed & Tuned EOS model.
40 Black-Oil PVT Tables Select Depletion Test. Define Surface Separation. Consistency. Negative compressibilities. Saturated gas / oil systems. Compositional grading. Extrapolation. Undersaturated GOC (ECL100). Gas injection.
41 Black-Oil PVT Tables Delumping to Compositional Streams?
42 Split Factor BOz Conversion q g q o S ij z 1 z 2... z S i i1 = 2 j= 1 S (1+ rsc = k ij q j q 1 = q g q 2 = q o oo i i ( 1 r R ) k( 1 r R ) s og s ) y r s (C + R s s s ) x z n S i2 (C = k oo + R i i ( 1 r R ) k( 1 r R ) s s s ) x R s (1+ r s s C s og ) y
43 North Sea Full-Field Black-oil to Compositional conversion 2 Platforms / 2 Processes. ~ 50 wells. ~ 1000 well-grid connections. Gas injection. 2 Black-oil PVT regions. Huge (GB) summary files. > 100,000 stream conversions.
44 North Sea Full-Field Model E100-BO E300-EOS FFM B Platform A Process A ~ 30 Wells Platform B Process B ~ 15 Wells Gas Injection A Different Surface Processes (BO PVT) in Regions A & B
45 Objective Run black-oil full-field reservoir model. Convert surface rates to compositional streams. Connection level conversions. Summarize results. By well, platform, field. Annually, quarterly, cummulatives etc.
46 2.6E+06 Full-Field Rate Forecast (Following history match from 1987) E Gas Rate, Sm3/Day 2.2E E E E+06 e100-bo Gas Rate e100-bo Oil Rate Oil Rate, Sm3/Day 1.4E E+06 Changing Group Gas Rate due to reduced contribution from neighbouring fields Time, Year
47 30000 Full-Field Molar Rate Predictions (E100 - BOz conversion) C3C4 & C6+ Molar Rate, kmol/d C6+ C1 C3C4 C3C4 C6+ C1 C1 C6+ C3C C1 Molar rate, kmol/d Time, Year
48 30000 C6+ Full-Field Molar Rate Predictions (E300-BOZ/PSM vs E300 models) Validation of Conversion Accuracy C C3C4 & C6+ Molar Rate, kmol/d C1 C3C4 ECL300: Z ECL300: BO to Z C6+ C3C C1 Molar Rate, kmol/d Time, Year 0
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