LENR Reactions Using Clusters George H. Miley LENUCO LLC Champaign IL, ILNER 12 W&M VA
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1 LENR Ractions Using Clustrs Gorg H. Mily LENUCO LLC Champaign IL, ILNER 12 W&M VA
2 Abstract Our prvious xprimntal rsults hav dmonstratd th formation of ultra high-dnsity hydrogn/dutrium nanoclustrs with atom/cm 3 in mtal dfcts. Both xprimntal and thortical studis hav dmonstratd that du to th clos distanc btwn ions in th clustr, thy can asily b inducd to undrgo intns nuclar ractions among thmslvs and som nighboring lattic atoms. In viw of thir multi-body natur, such ractions ar trmd Low Enrgy Nuclar Ractions (LENRs) a trminology gnrally accptd by workrs in th cold fusion fild. Sinc th intracting ions hav littl momntum, th compound nuclus formd in ths ractions is nar th ground stat so fw nrgtic particls ar mittd from it s dcay. Triggring xcss hat gnration, thus nuclar ractions in LENR xprimnts has bn accomplishd in various ways, all involving th loading of protons or dutrons into a solid mtal or alloy matrial. ILNER 12 W&M VA
3 Outlin Prvious xprimnts using thin-film plat typ lctrods conditiond for D- or H-clustr formation. Evidnc for Clustrs and Nuclar Ractions Gas loadd nanoparticl xprimnts LENR Battry/ Powr Sourc Applications ILNER 12 W&M VA
4 Swimming Elctron Thory (SEL) Lad to th Dsign of Our Early Exprimnts and Evntually to Currnt Work Pd Ni Pd Ni Pd Substrat Substrat Swimming Elctron Layr (SEL) Thory Zoom-in Viw n + n + SEL - High dnsity lctron clouds xists btwn mtals of diffrnt Frmi nrgy, providing th ncssary scrning to allow ions to ovrcom th coulmbic rpulsiv forc and undrgo a nuclar raction ILNER 12 W&M VA
5 SEL Thory Lad to Multilayr Thin-film lctrods to obtain bttr control ovr manufacturing film & dfcts importanc of ion flux as wll as loading. Local hot spots obsrvd Pt Pd/Ni Multilayr thin-film lctrod dsign with altrnating layrs of Pd & Ni. Planar A-K structur usd to maximiz H2 concntration via lctro diffusion ILNER 12 W&M VA
6 Numbr of counts Numbr of Counts Calorimtry Shows Elctrolysis Thin-Film Elctrods Produc Excss Hat whn Ion Flux cratd by Voltag Jumps: MV Chargd Particls obsrvd but hat balanc corrlats with transmutation product masurmnt. Hat masurmnt for two layrs lctrod: 8000Å Pd and 1000Å Ni on Alumina. Low lvl of MV chargd-particls ar dtctd via CR- 39= Alpha-Particls and Protons Opn CR-39 dtctors 25 mcmcu/cr39 dtctors E,alpha [MV] ILNER 12 W&M VA E, proton [MV] Opn CR-39 Cu/CR-39
7 Pd thin foil 12 µm Loading and unloading dutrium/hydrogn don by cyclically cathodizing and anodizing Pd foil dislocation loop and clustr formation PdO Pd PdO ILNER 12 W&M VA
8 Momnt [mu] H:Pd = 10-4 Th magntic momnt of H 2 - cycld PdHx sampls in th tmpratur rang of 2 T < 70 K is significantly lowr than M(T) for th original Pd/PdO. Binding Enrgy calculation clos to th binding nrgy btwn hydrogn and dislocations TT H 2 1 kb ln( P2 / P1) 0.65V ( T2 T1) ILNER 12 W&M VA E-06 1.E-06 5.E-07 0.E+00-5.E-07-1.E-06-2.E-06-2.E-06-3.E-06 Pd/PdO:Hx Pd/PdO Pd/PdO:Hx - Pd/PdO Tmpratur [K]
9 Conclusion: High dnsity dutrium clustr formation (Psudo Bos-Einstin Condnsation) at room tmpratur occurs and is a way to crat nuclar ractiv sits for LENR Pd Ni Pd Ni Pd Substrat Substrat Swimming Elctron Layr (SEL) Thory n + n + ILNER 12 W&M VA Zoom-in Viw Zoom-in Viw Pd Ni Bos-Einstin Condnsation in a sub-nano scal D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D Substrat Anchord D Loops Yong E. Kim, Thory of Bos Einstin condnsation mchanism for dutron-inducd nuclar ractions in micro/nano-scal mtal grains and particls, Naturwissnschaftn, 96(7): (2009)
10 Largr surfac ara particls lowr input powr ndd = largr xcss powr. Avoids constraint of bing limitd by th boiling tmpratur of th fluid. Allows us of othr matrials,.g. H 2 and Ni. ILNER 12 W&M VA
11 Clustr Formation in Nano- Matrials Clustrs mainly form in pors clos to th surfac. Nano-Matrials hav mor surfac ara, thus hav good ability to form abundant clustrs Pd Almost no clustrs Clustrs zoom in Thin film Nanoparticls ILNER 12 W&M VA
12 Our Gas Loading Systm 2.2cm innr diamtr 25cm 3 total volum ILNER 12 W&M VA
13 Insid Viw Valv Valv To vacuum pump D 2 or H 2 gas Hating coil Sampl Chambr Outr Chambr To vacuum pump 13
14 Commnts about nano-particls W hav producd 4 diffrnt typs of alloys ( 4-5 componnts) which ar milld and annald to form nanoparticls for ths xprimnts. Dtails ar covrd in on of our patnts rcntly fild. Two Ni rich alloys (#3,#4)ar for hydrogn loading Two Pd rich alloys (#1,#2) ar for D 2 loading. #1 with D 2 discussd hr ILNER 12 W&M VA
15 Kintic Masurmnt Using Our Gas Loading Systm to Illustrat Ky Faturs.Not- dominat input powr du to chmical raction contributions whn loading, dloading. High purity (99.999%) D 2 gas at 4 Atm 23g nanoparticls #1 Room tmpratur. Adsorption: Exothrmic chmical raction Dsorption: Endothrmic chmical raction Chmical raction Enrgy = H M D2 H = -35,100J pr mol of D 2 Tmpratur ( o C) Sid No. 1 Sid No. 2 Bottom 60 psi D 2 loading starts D 2 unloading starts Tim (sconds) ILNER 12 W&M VA
16 Enrgy analysis of this 300 scond Kintic Masurmnt Shows Excss Enrgy production attributd to LENR. Adsorption Exothrmic nrgy from chmical raction J Actual masurd nrgy J roughly doubl th possibl chmical contribution. Addd nrgy is attributd to LENR ractions. LENR (Nuclar) Powr Dnsity -- ca. 1kW/kg at 4 Atm., ovr short run 300 sc. tim Dsorption Endothrmic chmical Raction should show rapid tmpratur drop, but instad an incras is obsrvd attributd to continuing LENRs producd by incrasd ion flow out of particl during dsorption = lif aftr dath ILNER 12 W&M VA
17 Tmp. (Clsius) Th Chmical contribution to nrgy production only occurs onc = during initial prssur loading. Thus longr Run = w/o us of control systm dmonstrats largr LENR nrgy vs. chmical: Hr about 7X Tmp. (Clsius) vs Tim for nanoparticl #1 Sid 2 Sid 1 Ovr run tim of svral hours 23 gram Nanoparticl #1 Maximum Exothrmic nrgy from chmical ractions J Actual masurd nrgy J Indicating ca. 4100J from LENR 20 0 Tim (min) ILNER 12 W&M VA
18 Illustration of nanoparticl run tim issu sintring can occur w/o carful tmpratur control. Figur 14. SEM imag of th nanoparticls #1 bfor (lft) and aftr (right) dutrium gas loading xprimnt ILNER 12 W&M VA
19 Our approach to tmpratur control for long ~ constant tmpratur runs rquirs control mthod.g. prssur variations to maintain ion flow in particls as shown in arlir kintic nrgy masurmnt. At th sam tim th control band will b st at th highst possibl tmpratur to achiv fficint nrgy convrsion to lctricity. This maximum tmprat will b limitd by th nd to avoid damag to th nano-particl (discussd nxt) ILNER 12 W&M VA
20 Mthods to prvnt sintring of nano-particls and allow highr control point tmpraturs now undr study Incras surfac oxid layr thicknss Changs in composition Embd particls in foam Control bd tmpratur profil to avoid hot spots. ILNER 12 W&M VA
21 ILNER 12 W&M VA
22 Th LENR powr cll is wll suitd for us as a Nw Typ RTG for us in NASA spac probs whr th LENR cll rplacs th PU 238 currntly usd. Drawing of an GPHS-RTG that ar usd for Galilo, Ulysss, Cassini-Huygns and Nw Horizons spac probs. (sourc: Advancd high tmpratur LENR hat sourcs might also b usd in nxt stp strling ngin hat to lctric powr systms undr study by NASA ILNER 12 W&M VA
23 LENR hat unit compars favorably with Pu 238 (usd by NASA for RTG units in all rmot prob missions in rcnt yars), but avoids th intns radioactivity and disposal problms of Pu 238 Pu 238 : 540 W/kg 3 kw = 5.6kg; 0.28L LENR: 1kW/kg at 4 Atm and room tmpratur (prsnt data) 3kW = 3kg; 2.3 L nanoparticls Thus on a wight basis LENR unit offrs approximatly sam powr, but uss somwhat largr volum. (Basd on xiting our data for LENR should b vry consrvativ compard to a nxt stag optimizd LENR systm) ILNER 12 W&M VA
24 A Hydrid Gas-Loadd Thin Film or Nanoparticl Elctrod Cll on concpt for 3 kw units for distributd powr. Could b scald to highr powr units with som thrmal powr handling modification. Altrnatly for som uss ths could b combind in paralll or sris for highr powrs and for voltagcurrnt matching. ILNER 12 W&M VA
25 Conclusion EXPERIMENTAL REULTS WITH CKUSTER LOADED MATERIALS VERY ENCOURAGING WORK CONCENTRATRATING ON RUN TIME AND CONTROL ISSUES ILNER 12 W&M VA
26 Thanks for your attntion Gorg H. Mily ILNER 12 W&M VA
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