Bioresource Technology
|
|
- Mercy Lambert
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Bioresource Technology 133 (2013) 9 15 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Bioresource Technology journal homepage: Optimal conditions of different flocculation methods for harvesting Scenedesmus sp. cultivated in an open-pond system Lu Chen a, Cunwen Wang a,, Weiguo Wang a, Jiang Wei b, a Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Xiongchu Road 693, Wuhan , China b Alfa Laval Nakskov A/S, Stavangervej 10, DK-4900 Nakskov, Denmark highlights " The Scenedesmus sp. discussed in this study was cultivated in an open-pond system. " Optimal conditions of six flocculants for harvesting Scenedesmus sp. were discussed. " Optimal ph to each flocculant was found for achieving high flocculation efficiency. " Increasing algal biomass concentration will increase the flocculant dosage needed. article info abstract Article history: Received 13 October 2012 Received in revised form 11 January 2013 Accepted 13 January 2013 Available online 24 January 2013 Keywords: Flocculation Scenedesmus sp. Open-pond cultivation Inorganic flocculants Organic flocculants The effects of culture medium ph, flocculant type (FeCl 3,Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3, Alum, Ca(OH) 2, chitosan, polyacrylamide), dosage and sedimental time on flocculation efficiency of harvesting Scenedesmus sp. cultivated in an open-pond system were investigated. Meanwhile, the relation between initial biomass concentration and the flocculant dosage needed was also investigated. The results from this work indicated that the flocculation efficiency achieved 97.4% after 10 min of sedimentation when the ph was adjusted to be 11.5, without adding flocculants. FeCl 3 and chitosan showed a good flocculation efficiency at dosage of 0.15 and 0.08 g/l, respectively without ph adjustment. The flocculation efficiency increased from 49.74% to 90.63% when the final medium ph was adjusted to 6 after adding 0.1 g/l Alum. An increment from 68.18% to 92.84% was observed after adding 0.1 g/l Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 followed by ph adjustment. Finally, the most suitable flocculation method was discussed in this paper. Ó 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction Corresponding authors. Tel./fax: (C. Wang), tel./fax: (J. Wei). addresses: wangcw118@hotmail.com (C. Wang), jiang.wei@alfalaval.com (J. Wei). As the depletion of fossil fuels, governments and research institutions all over the world are making a great effort to search for new fuels. Biodiesel is a non-toxic, biodegradable and renewable fuel that makes no net carbon dioxide or sulfur contribution to the atmosphere and emits less gaseous pollutants than conventional diesel fuels (Hu et al., 2006, 2008; Kim et al., 2011). Now biodiesel production from vegetable oils is a proven technology and is widely available in the world. However, plantation oil crops, waste vegetable oil and animal fat are only available in limited amounts (Ahmann and Dorgan, 2007; Lee et al., 2009; Wu et al., 2012). Moreover, using common food crops such as maize, sugarcane, soybean or oilseed rape for biodiesel production will lead to a decrease in food production (Schlesinger et al., 2012). Microalgae, as a potential source of biodiesel, has attracted worldwide attention as it has a high areal productivity and a relatively high lipid oil and protein content compared with traditional crops (Chisti, 2007; Halim et al., 2011; Mata et al., 2010). It has been reported that the average biodiesel yield produced by microalgae is nearly times higher than that from oleaginous seeds and/ or vegetable oils (Chisti, 2007; Tickell and Tickell, 2000). Nonetheless, due to the small size (3 30 lm) and low concentration (0.5 5 g/l) of microalgae, and the stable suspended state in the culture medium caused by their negative surface charge, the separation and recovery of microalgae from culture medium have been seen as a critical step in the microalgae biomass production process, which accounts for about 20 30% of the total production cost (Gudin and Thepenier, 1986; Wu et al., 2012). Thus, it is necessary for developing an efficient and low cost downstream process to harvest the microalgae cells from culture medium as well as to preserve their viability and bioactivity prior to use in the appropriate fields (Harith et al., 2009). Until now, several methods have been applied to harvest microalgae (Chen et al., 2011): centrifugation (Heasman et al., /$ - see front matter Ó 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
2 10 L. Chen et al. / Bioresource Technology 133 (2013) ; Price et al., 1978), foam fractionation (Csordas and Wang, 2004; Lockwood et al., 1997), filtration (Turker et al., 2003), flocculation (Avinmelech et al., 1982) and gravity sedimentation. Most existing commercial systems choose centrifugation for harvesting microalgae, but there exists a non-negligible problem that it consumes a great deal of electric power (Divakaran and Sivasankara Pillai, 2002). Normally, rpm were used to separate the microalgae from culture medium by centrifugation, but sometimes the high-speed ( rpm) centrifugation will rupture the cells which lead to the contents inside cells flow into the medium (Das et al., 2012; González et al., 2003; Liu et al., 2012). Some microalgae can be harvested using filtration, but membranes will be rapidly fouled by the extracellular organic matter if the medium was filtered directly (Babel and Takizawa, 2010). Therefore, considering the economic and technological feasibility, flocculation can be an effective and convenient method to harvest microalgae from large quantities of microalgae cultures (Wu et al., 2012). Flocculation is the coalescence of separating suspended microalgal cells into large but loose particles. Through the interaction between the flocculant and the surface charge of microalgal cell, cells aggregate into large flocs and then settle out from the suspension subsequently (Knuckey et al., 2006). Lots of chemicals have been investigated as the flocculants for many types of microalgae. As it is reported, Scenedesmus sp. was considered as one of the most promising microalgae for biodiesel production because it has relatively high lipid content and productivity and it is relatively easy to be cultivated (Jena et al., 2012). The lipid content and productivity of Scenedesmus sp. were % dry weight biomass and mg/l/day, respectively (Mata et al., 2010). Many researchers have discussed the method for harvesting Scenedesmus sp. Different methods were investigated to reduce the membrane fouling for harvesting Scenedesmus sp. with polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) microfiltration membrane (Chen et al., 2012). It shows a potential of industrial micro-organisms harvesting by membrane. Consecutive treatment with CaCl 2 and FeCl 3, and a bioflocculant were used to be the flocculants to harvest Scenedesmus sp. with a high-density culture (Kim et al., 2011). However, the production process of bioflocculant is complex and the cost is relatively high. The ph increase of culture medium could induce the flocculation of microalgae. The flocculation efficiencies of several freshwater microalgae (Chlorella vulgaris, Scenedesmus sp., Chlorococcum sp.) and marine microalgae (Nannochloropsis oculata, Phaeodactylum tricomutum) have been discussed by increasing the ph value of culture medium (Halim et al., 2011). The flocculation potential of different microalgae depends on their properties, such as the cell wall compositions, the extent and type of excretions, physiological conditions, age and other factors (Avinmelech et al., 1982). Therefore, the suitable flocculation method for microalgae harvesting should be determined based on the properties of microalgae. In this study, the flocculation efficiency of different types of flocculants on harvesting Scenedesmus sp. cultivated in an openpond cultivation system was investigated. The effects of ph, sedimental time and flocculant dosage and ph adjustment after adding flocculants on flocculation efficiency were also discussed. 2. Methods 2.1. Microalgae and culture condition The microalgae used in this study were Scenedesmus sp. cultivated in an open-pond system, which was provided by Green Center Algae Innovation Center Lolland, Denmark. It was cultivated by using Bold s medium (BBM) in some big basins with volume around 2.5 m 3. Cells were harvested in the late logarithmic growth phase, which usually takes days to reach that phase, and stored under darkness at 4 C for the subsequent use in the flocculation experiments Flocculation experiments Effect of ph The effect of ph on flocculation efficiency was carried out by using 5 M sodium hydroxide and 1 N hydrochloric acid for adjusting the culture medium (1 L) ph ranging from 7.5 to The ph was measured by a ph meter (ph M83 Autocal ph meter, TTT 80 titrator, ABU80 autoburette, Radiometer Copenhagen Co., Copenhagen, Denmark). The medium was mixed rapidly (800 rpm) until the required ph was achieved and then slowly (250 rpm) for 1 min using a magnetic bar stirrer. After sedimentation under gravity for different sedimentation times (10, 30, 60, 120 min), an aliquot of medium was withdrawn for measuring the optical density (OD) at the height of two-thirds from the bottom. The OD of the aliquot was measured by a UV-spectrophotometer (Hach Lange DR5000) at a wavelength of 665 nm to evaluate the flocculation efficiency, which was calculated using the following equation (Kim et al., 2011; Wu et al., 2012): Flocculationefficiencyð%Þ ¼ð1 B=AÞ100 where A is the OD of the initial culture medium at 665 nm and B is the OD of the sample at 665 nm Effect of flocculants with different dosages Six flocculants (chitosan, polyacrylamide (PAM), Alum, Al 2 (- SO 4 ) 3, Ca(OH) 2 and FeCl 3 ), which were purchased from Sigma (Denmark), were used for harvesting Scenedesmus sp. from the culture medium. All of them were common chemicals that have been proved to be efficient flocculants to many types of microalgae and widely used in many flocculation processes (Bajza and Hitrec, 2004; Harith et al., 2009; Schlesinger et al., 2012). Several dosages of these flocculants were added into the culture medium (1 L). The medium was mixed rapidly (800 rpm) for 1 min and then slowly (250 rpm) for 1 min using a magnetic bar stirrer. The dosages for each flocculant were: FeCl 3 (0.06, 0.08, 0.1, 0.15 and 0.2 g/l), Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 and Alum (0.02, 0.03, 0.05, 0.1 and 0.3 g/l), Chitosan (0.03, 0.06, 0.08, 0.1 and 0.12 g/l), PAM (0.02, 0.04, 0.05, 0.06 and 0.08 g/l) and Ca(OH) 2 (0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5 and 0.6 g/l). Thereafter, an aliquot of medium was taken for measuring the flocculation efficiency at the height of two-thirds from the bottom after sedimentation under gravity for different sedimentation times (2, 5, 10, 30, 60 and 120 min) Effect of flocculation with ph adjustment The effect of medium ph after adding flocculants on flocculation efficiency was carried out by adjusting the ph using 1 M sodium hydroxide and 1 N hydrochloric acid. The base or acid were added into the medium with vigorous magnetic stirring (800 rpm) for 1 min to achieve homogeneity in ph of the whole medium solution. After the required ph value was reached, the medium was agitated at 250 rpm for 1 min. After 10 min of sedimentation, an aliquot of medium was taken for measuring the flocculation efficiency at the height of two-thirds from the bottom Effect of flocculant dosage with different algal concentrations Four initial algal biomass concentrations (0.23, 0.41, 0.53 and 0.66 g/l) were investigated to test the effect of flocculant dosage with different algal concentrations. The experimental method was the same as previously mentioned in Section The sedimentation time was 10 min.
3 L. Chen et al. / Bioresource Technology 133 (2013) Determination of cell growth A calibration curve of known OD values and corresponding algal biomass was obtained by measuring the dry cell weight (DCW) of microalgal culture. The dry weight was determined gravimetrically after centrifugation at 4000 rpm for 15 min and then drying the algal cells at 60 C in the oven until constant weight was reached. There was a direct correlation between OD 665 and dry weight expressed by a function: Drycellweightðg=LÞ ¼0:7323 OD 665 ðr 2 ¼ 0:9983Þ The relationship between DCW and OD 665 was described by a power regression with a R 2 close to 1 with an OD ranging from 0.15 to 1.8. Based on this relation, all the OD values were converted to concentration of biomass (g/l). The results presented in this paper are based on the average of the three replicates. 3. Results and discussion 3.1. Autoflocculation by ph adjustment Fig. 1 shows the effect of ph ranging from 7.5 to 12.5 on the flocculation efficiency for harvesting Scenedesmus sp. at an algal biomass concentration of 0.54 g/l. The original ph of culture medium was Around this ph, 50% of algae cells were settled down after 120 min. The efficiency increased to 97.4% after only 10 min of sedimentation when the ph was adjusted up to After sedimentation, some algal cells may resuspend. The stability of the flocs was monitored with time. After 120 min of sedimentation, the flocculation efficiencies could still keep higher than 96% when the ph was adjusted to 11.5 or The pictures of flocculation at different ph after 10 min of sedimentation were shown in Fig. 2. The changes of flocculation efficiency with ph could be seen clearly in the figure. Therefore, the results demonstrated that effective flocculation for harvesting Scenedesmus sp. could be attained by increasing ph value of the medium. Various groups have realized that microalgae could be flocculated at high ph. They proposed that the reason for autoflocculation could be due to the metal cations in the medium such as calcium and magnesium ions that could form hydroxide precipitates with a positive superficial charge as ph increased. These positively charged precipitates would absorb the negatively charged algal cells, causing the Fig. 1. Effect of the ph adjustment on the flocculation efficiency of Scenedesmus sp. at 0.54 g/l. compression of the electrical double-layer and then the cells become destabilized and hence to flocculate (Lavoie and de la Noüe, 1987; Schlesinger et al., 2012; Semerjian and Ayoub, 2003). However, some algae cells in the medium at ph 12.5 died after 24 h. Hence, the medium with ph 11.5 was more suitable for effective flocculation. Wu et al. also determined the effects of the ph increase on the flocculation efficiency for harvesting Scenedesmus sp. (Wu et al., 2012). They found the efficiency was greatly raised when the ph was increased to The result was similar to the conclusion in this work. Nevertheless, the microalgae were cultivated under different conditions so that the suitable ph for flocculation in the two cases (this case versus Wu s case) was not the same Effect of different types and dosages of flocculants on flocculation efficiency As the flocculant dosage will influence both the extent and the rate of flocculation reaction, it has been recognized as a critical parameter in flocculation processes. Therefore, preliminary experiments were undertaken to determine the optimal flocculant dosage and sedimental time for flocculating the algal cells. Six flocculants were evaluated for algal cell flocculation in this study. Among them, FeCl 3, Alum, Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 and Ca(OH) 2 belong to inorganic flocculants, Chitosan is an organic cationic polymer that could only be dissolved in dilute acid, and PAM is a polymer flocculant with a high molecular weight. The reason for adding cationic flocculants is that the positive charge carried by them could neutralize the negatively charged microalgal cells. All of them have been used as efficient flocculants for many algae, such as Chlorella and Thalassiosira pseudonana (Divakaran and Sivasankara Pillai, 2002; Knuckey et al., 2006). Fig. 3 shows the flocculation efficiencies of harvesting Scenedesmus sp. from the culture medium by different types of flocculants. As Fig. 3 shows, FeCl 3,Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3, Alum and Chitosan exhibited a high flocculation efficiency over 95% at a relatively short time while the other two, especially PAM, showed a low flocculation efficiency. The flocculation efficiency of FeCl 3 sharply increased from 53.31% to 97.32% when its dosage increased from 0.1 to 0.15 g/l after 2 min of sedimentation. Fig. 3e shows that it has no significant change of flocculation efficiency with different dosages of PAM. The mechanism of flocculation by PAM is bridging. The flocculation efficiency will be affected strongly by the solution properties of the polymer. The PAM used in this study was a common one whose chain is not expanded enough for bridging the cells. Modified PAM has better flocculation efficiency than the common one because of the influence of chain end group (Qian et al., 2004). For Ca(OH) 2, the flocculation efficiency reached 90% after 120 min of sedimentation when the dosage of Ca(OH) 2 was 0.4 g/ L and did not further increase with the increment of flocculant dosage. Almost similar results were observed for flocculation using Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 and Alum. High flocculation efficiency, 97.88% and 94.93%, respectively, was obtained after 10 min of sedimentation when the dosage of them was 0.3 g/l. However, the flocs produced from this dosage were not very dense and showed a tendency to float and the high dosage of flocculants was also harmful to the algal cells. After adding high dosage of flocculants, the color of the culture medium changed. It turned to be light white when the Al 2 (- SO 4 ) 3 and Alum dosage reached 0.3 g/l and turned to be orange when the FeCl 3 dosage reached 0.2 g/l. This phenomenon might be caused by the excess flocculants. Part of flocculants reacted with the algal cells, the excess flocculants stayed in the medium as ionic compounds. The color of ferric chloride solution was orange and the Al(OH) 3 precipitate was white. After 24 h, most of cells were dead and floated on the surface with adding high dosages of
4 12 L. Chen et al. / Bioresource Technology 133 (2013) 9 15 Fig. 2. Pictures of flocculation at different ph, (a) 7.5, (b) 8.5, (c) 9.5, (d) 10.5, (e) 11.5, (f) 12.5, after 10 minutes of sedimentation. Fig. 3. Effect of the different dosages of six flocculants, (a) FeCl 3, (b) Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3, (c) alum, (d) chitosan, (e) PAM and (f) Ca(OH) 2, at different sedimental time on the flocculation efficiency. The biomass concentration of the Scenedesmus sp. culture medium was 0.54 g/l. Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3, Alum and FeCl 3. Based on these results, the optimal flocculant dosage producing stable flocs and high flocculation efficiency at a shorter time should be chosen to flocculate the algae according to the conditions of the original algae culture medium. If the supernatant after flocculation is reused for cultivating the algae, organic cationic polymer like chitosan will be a suitable choice because it has no toxic effects and does not contaminate growth medium (Wu et al., 2012). Otherwise, if the purpose of flocculation process focuses on harvesting the algae economically and conveniently, the inorganic flocculants such as FeCl 3,Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 and Alum can be chosen as they are cheaper and easier to get Effect of flocculation efficiency with ph adjustment after adding flocculant The changes in flocculation efficiency at different ph adjusted with 1 M sodium hydroxide and 1 N hydrochloric acid followed by addition of several flocculants are given in Fig. 4. The importance of ph on flocculation process has been reported by many researchers (Harith et al., 2009; Bajza and Hitrec, 2004). As ph affects the zeta potential of charged particles, it may interfere with flocculation after adding flocculants. A slight change in flocculation efficiency was shown in Fig. 4a for chitosan at different ph be-
5 L. Chen et al. / Bioresource Technology 133 (2013) Fig. 4. Changes in flocculation efficiency at different ph adjustment followed by the addition of different flocculants (a) 0.08 g/l chitosan, (b) 0.1 g/l alum, (c) 0.1 g/l Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 and (d) 0.05 g/l PAM. The biomass concentration of Scenedesmus sp. culture medium was 0.54 g/l. Fig. 5. Relation between the initial algal biomass concentration and the flocculant dosage required (line) to achieve the high flocculation efficiency (column) (a) FeCl 3, (b) Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3, (c) alum, (d) chitosan. tween 5 and 10. Due to the acidic characteristic of chitosan solution, the ph of the culture medium reduced from10 to 7 after the addition of the flocculant. The highest flocculation efficiency over 95% was observed at ph 9 when the dosage of chitosan was 0.08 g/l. Chitosan s molecular structure can be influenced by ph. The positive charge gradually disappeared and chitosan tended to form coli structure and precipitate when the ph was alkaline (Chen and Hwa, 1996). The algal cells had the highest negative charge
6 14 L. Chen et al. / Bioresource Technology 133 (2013) 9 15 when the ph reached the neutralization point. Thus the flocculation efficiency was enhanced when the ph increased to that point, because of the electrostatic interaction between the algal cells and chitosan. Bridges were formed more than once as the polymer chain had the sufficient length to bind the cells (Harith et al., 2009). As shown in Fig. 4b and c, the flocculation efficiency was higher than 90% after the ph was adjusted to 6 and 5, respectively, when the dosage of Alum and Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 in the medium were 0.1 g/ L. The addition of aluminum salts could lower the medium ph due to the release of hydrogen ions from them. The existing form of Al 3+ was affected by ph. Al(OH) 3 was the predominant aluminum species around ph 5 and 6. Around this ph, the initially formed colloidal precipitate was colloidally stable and positively charged. The flocs stability decreased when the ph increased further because the soluble anionic form MeðOHÞ 4 becomes dominant in the solution (Bajza and Hitrec, 2004). As shown in Fig. 4d, the flocculation efficiency has no substantial change from ph 7 to 11 with dosage of PAM at 0.05 g/l. A sharp increment can be seen when the ph value increased to 12. However, this increment at the high ph was probably caused by the autoflocculation, which occurs at ph 11.5 or higher Effect of flocculant dosages with different algal biomass concentrations on flocculation efficiency Initial algal biomass concentrations might influence the efficiency during the flocculation process. Therefore, the relation between algal biomass concentration and flocculant dosage was investigated and the results are shown in Fig. 5. For each initial algal biomass concentration, different flocculant dosages were compared to get the optimal one which could result in the highest flocculation efficiency for harvesting algal cells. A linear relation between the dosage needed and the initial algal biomass concentration was shown in Fig. 5. The dosage needed increased with the increment of the initial algal biomass concentration. This phenomenon could be explained by the mechanism of flocculation. The amount of suspended algal cells increased with the increase of the biomass concentration. Thus higher flocculant dosages were needed to interact with the surface charges of algal cells. In the work by Kim et al., they tested three concentrations of FeCl 3 and Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 with four different Scenedesmus sp. culture densities. The flocculation efficiencies decreased with the increment of culture densities when the concentrations of flocculants were the same (Kim et al., 2011). Their result shows the same tendency with this work. Higher dosage of flocculant was needed for high algal biomass. As Fig. 5 show, when the initial biomass concentration was 0.66 g/l, the optimal dosage of these four flocculants (FeCl 3, Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3, Alum and Chitosan) was 0.2, 0.4, 0.4 and 0.1 g/l, respectively. Compared to Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 and Alum, the consumption of FeCl 3 and chitosan was smaller. It is known that the higher the flocculant dosage is, the higher the residual ions concentration may be. The residual ions may contaminate the medium and may be harmful to the cell vitality. Therefore, it is better to choose the suitable flocculants according to the biomass concentration. Furthermore, reducing the amount of flocculants will lower the cost of the flocculation process. 4. Conclusions Six flocculants were investigated for harvesting the Scenedesmus sp. cultivated in an open-pond cultivation system. The flocculant needed to obtain the high flocculation efficiency depends on the conditions of algae and the downstream process. The ph adjustment and nontoxic flocculants like chitosan can be chosen when the supernatant needs to be reused after the flocculation. Inorganic flocculants could be a good choice if there is no strict demand for the rest supernatant or the flocculation coupled with filtration. A liner relation between the dosage needed and the initial algal biomass concentration was observed for each flocculant. Acknowledgements This work was financed by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No ). The authors wish to acknowledge Alfa Laval Nakskov A/S for the support of the work and would like to thank Jørgen Enggaard Boelsmand at Green Center Algae Innovation Center Lolland, Denmark for providing algae suspensions and helpful discussions. References Ahmann, D., Dorgan, J.R., Bioengineering for pollution prevention through development of biobased energy and materials state of the science report. Ind. Biotechnol. 3, Avinmelech, Yoram, Troeger, B.W., Reed, L.W., Mutual flocculation of algae and clay: evidence and implications. Science 216, Babel, S., Takizawa, S., Microfiltration membrane fouling and cake behavior during algal filtration. Desalination 261, Bajza, Z., Hitrec, P., Influence of different concentrations of Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 and anionic polyelectrolytes on tannery wastewater flocculation. Desalination 171, Chen, C.-Y., Yeh, K.-L., Aisyah, R., Lee, D.-J., Chang, J.-S., Cultivation, photobioreactor design and harvesting of microalgae for biodiesel production: a critical review. Bioresour. Technol. 102, Chen, R.H., Hwa, H.-D., Effect of molecular weight of chitosan with the same degree of deacetylation on the thermal, mechanical, and permeability properties of the prepared membrane. Carbohydr. Polym. 29, Chen, X., Huang, C., Liu, T., Harvesting of microalgae Scenedesmus sp. using polyvinylidene fluoride microfiltration membrane. Desalin. Water Treat. 45, Chisti, Y., Biodiesel from microalgae. Biotechnol. Adv. 25, Csordas, A., Wang, J.-K., An integrated photobioreactor and foam fractionation unit for the growth and harvest of Chaetoceros spp. in open systems. Aquac. Eng. 30, Das, S.K., Khan, M.M.R., Guha, A.K., Das, A.R., Mandal, A.B., Silver-nano biohybride material: synthesis, characterization and application in water purification. Bioresour. Technol. 124, Divakaran, R., Sivasankara Pillai, V.N., Flocculation of algae using chitosan. J. Appl. Phycol. 14, González, J.M., Covert, J.S., Whitman, W.B., Henriksen, J.R., Mayer, F., Scharf, B., Schmitt, R., Buchan, A., Fuhrman, J.A., Kiene, R.P., Moran, M.A., Silicibacter pomeroyi sp. nov. and Roseovarius nubinhibens sp. nov., dimethylsulfoniopropionate demethylating bacteria from marine environments. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 53, Gudin, C., Thepenier, C., Bioconversion of solar energy into organic chemicals by microalgae. Adv. Biotechnol. Process. 6, Halim, R., Gladman, B., Danquah, M.K., Webley, P.A., Oil extraction from microalgae for biodiesel production. Bioresour. Technol. 102, Harith, Z.T., Yusoff, F.M., Mohamed, M.S., Shariff, M., Ariff, A., Effect of different flocculants on the flocculation performance of microalgae, Chaetoceros calcitrans, cells. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 8, Heasman, M., Diemar, J., O Connor, W., Sushames, T., Foulkes, L., Development of extended shelf-life microalgae concentrate diets harvested by centrifugation for bivalve molluscs a summary. Aquac. Res. 31, Hu, Q., Sommerfeld, M., Jarvis, E., Ghirardi, M., Posewitz, M., Seibert, M., Darzins, A., Microalgal triacylglycerols as feedstocks for biofuel production: perspectives and advances. Plant J. 54, Hu, Q., Zhang, C., Sommerfeld, M., Biodiesel from algae: lessons learned over the past 60 years and future perspectives. J. Phycol., 37. Jena, J., Nayak, M., Panda, H.S., Pradhan, N., Sarika, C., Panda, P.K., Rao, B.V.S.K., Prasad, R.B.N., Sukla, L.B., Microalgae of Odisha Coast as a potential source for biodiesel production. World Environ. 2, Kim, D.-G., La, H.-J., Ahn, C.-Y., Park, Y.-H., Oh, H.-M., Harvest of Scenedesmus sp. with bioflocculant and reuse of culture medium for subsequent high-density cultures. Bioresour. Technol. 102, Knuckey, R.M., Brown, M.R., Robert, R., Frampton, D.M.F., Production of microalgal concentrates by flocculation and their assessment as aquaculture feeds. Aquac. Eng. 35, Lavoie, A., de la Noüe, J., Harvesting of Scenedesmus obliquus in wastewaters: auto- or bioflocculation? Biotechnol. Bioeng. 30, Lee, A., Lewis, D., Ashman, P., Microbial flocculation, a potentially low-cost harvesting technique for marine microalgae for the production of biodiesel. J. Appl. Phycol. 21, Liu, J., Yuan, C., Hu, G., Li, F., Effects of light intensity on the growth and lipid accumulation of microalga Scenedesmus sp under nitrogen limitation. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 166,
7 L. Chen et al. / Bioresource Technology 133 (2013) Lockwood, C.E., Bummer, P.M., Jay, M., Purification of proteins using foam fractionation. Pharm. Res. 14, Mata, T.M., Martins, A.A., Caetano, N.S., Microalgae for biodiesel production and other applications: a review. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 14, Price, C., Reardon, E., Guillard, R., Collection of dinoflagellates and other marine microalgae by centrifugation in density gradients of a modified silica sol. Limnol. Oceanogr., Qian, J.W., Xiang, X.J., Yang, W.Y., Wang, M., Zheng, B.Q., Flocculation performance of different polyacrylamide and the relation between optimal dose and critical concentration. Eur. Polym. J. 40, Schlesinger, A., Eisenstadt, D., Bar-Gil, A., Carmely, H., Einbinder, S., Gressel, J., Inexpensive non-toxic flocculation of microalgae contradicts theories; overcoming a major hurdle to bulk algal production. Biotechnol. Adv. 30, Semerjian, L., Ayoub, G.M., High-pH magnesium coagulation flocculation in wastewater treatment. Adv. Environ. Res. 7, Tickell, J., Tickell, K., From the Fryer to the Fuel Tank: The Complete Guide to using Vegetable Oil as an Alternative Fuel. Greenteach Pub, Hollywood. Turker, H., Eversole, A.G., Brune, D.E., Filtration of green algae and cyanobacteria by Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, in the partitioned aquaculture system. Aquaculture 215, Wu, Z., Zhu, Y., Huang, W., Zhang, C., Li, T., Zhang, Y., Li, A., Evaluation of flocculation induced by ph increase for harvesting microalgae and reuse of flocculated medium. Bioresour. Technol. 110,
Optimization of Flocculation of Marine Chlorella sp. by Response Surface Methodology
Paper Code: es04 TIChE International Conference 011 Optimization of Flocculation of Marine Chlorella sp. by Response Surface Methodology Naruetsawan Sanyano 1*, Pakamas Chetpattananondh 1, Sininart Chongkhong
More informationEvaluation of a modified chitosan biopolymer for coagulation of colloidal particles
Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 147 (1999) 359 364 Evaluation of a modified chitosan biopolymer for coagulation of colloidal particles Jill Ruhsing Pan, Chihpin Huang *,
More informationL-17 Coagulation and Flocculation Part-I. Environmental Engineering-I
L-17 Coagulation and Flocculation Part-I Environmental Engineering-I Content Part-I Coagulation, Types of Coagulant, Part-II dosing, rapid mixing, Flocculation-design parameters. Purpose The primary purpose
More informationSanitary Engineering. Coagulation and Flocculation. Week 3
Sanitary Engineering Coagulation and Flocculation Week 3 1 Coagulation and Flocculation Colloidal particles are too small to be removed by sedimentation or by sand filtration processes. Coagulation: Destabilization
More informationWater Treatment: Coagulation
Water Treatment: Coagulation and Flocculation 1 Surface Water Treatment Removal of turbidity rapid mix tank flocculation tanks settling (sedimentation) tanks 2 Rapid Mixing Used to blend chemicals and
More informationFactorial Experimental Design for Reactive Dye Flocculation Using Inorganic-Organic Composite Polymer
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com APCBEE Procedia 1 (2012 ) 59 65 ICESD 2012: 5-7 January 2012, Hong Kong Factorial Experimental Design for Reactive Dye Flocculation Using Inorganic-Organic Composite
More informationOptimization of Alkaline Flocculation for Harvesting of Scenedesmus quadricauda #507 and Chaetoceros muelleri #862
Energies 2014, 7, 6186-6195; doi:10.3390/en7096186 Communication OPEN ACCESS energies ISSN 1996-1073 www.mdpi.com/journal/energies Optimization of Alkaline Flocculation for Harvesting of Scenedesmus quadricauda
More informationREMOVAL OF REACTIVE YELLOW DYE USING NATURAL COAGULANTS IN SYNTHETIC TEXTILE WASTE WATER
Int. J. Chem. Sci.: 11(4), 213, 1824-183 ISSN 972-768X www.sadgurupublications.com REMOVAL OF REACTIVE YELLOW DYE USING NATURAL COAGULANTS IN SYNTHETIC TEXTILE WASTE WATER G. VIJAYARAGHAVAN *, R. RAJASEKARAN
More informationDelvin DeBoer, Ph.D., PE. MN/ND/SD SWTW April 29, 2014 OUTLINE
Physical/Chemical Process FUNDAMENTALS Delvin DeBoer, Ph.D., PE MN/ND/SD SWTW April 29, 2014 OUTLINE Properties of turbidity and organic matter Mechanisms of coagulation, coagulant chemicals and jar testing
More informationCOAGULATION AND FLOCCULATION
COAGULATION AND FLOCCULATION Course, Zerihun Alemayehu COAGULATION AND FLOCCULATION Remove infectious agents, Remove toxic compounds that have adsorbed to the surface of particles, Remove precursors to
More informationEffect of different flocculants on the flocculation performance of microalgae, Chaetoceros calcitrans, cells
African Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 8 (21), pp. 5971-5978, 2 November, 2009 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/ajb ISSN 1684 5315 2009 Academic Journals Full Length Research Paper Effect
More informationWater Quality - Condensed Version 1999
9.0 COAGULATION Virtually all surface water sources contain turbidity. ost of the suspended matter in water are present as finally divided or colloidal particles and these do not settle due to gravitational
More informationMembrane for water reuse: effect of pre-coagulation on fouling and selectivity
Membrane for water reuse: effect of pre-coagulation on fouling and selectivity Y. Soffer*, R. Ben Aim** and A. Adin* *Division of Environmental Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904,
More informationCHANGE OF CULTURE BROTH ph FOR MICROALGAE SEPARATION FROM THE GROWTH SOLUTION
CHANGE OF CULTURE BROTH ph FOR MICROALGAE SEPARATION FROM THE GROWTH SOLUTION Luiz Francisco Corrêa Ghidini, luizxo@gmail.com José Viriato Coelho Vargas, jvargas@demec.ufpr.br Luiz Fernando de Lima Luz
More informationENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING. Chemical Engineering department
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING Chemical Engineering department WATER TREATMENT Many aquifers and isolated surface waters are of high water quality and may be pumped from the supply and transmission network
More informationStudy on Flocculation Efficiency for Harvesting Nannochloropsis oculata for Biodiesel Production
International Journal of ChemTech Research CODEN( USA): IJCRGG ISSN : 0974-4290 Vol.5, No.4, pp 1761-1769, April-June 2013 Study on Flocculation Efficiency for Harvesting Nannochloropsis oculata for Biodiesel
More informationEffects of Metal Chlorides on the Solubility of Lignin in the Black Liquor of Prehydrolysis Kraft Pulping
Effects of Metal Chlorides on the Solubility of Lignin in the Black Liquor of Prehydrolysis Kraft Pulping Liang He, a Qiujuan Liu, a, * Youyue Song, a and Yulin Deng b The effects of CaCl2, MgCl2, FeCl3,
More informationLecture 3: Coagulation and Flocculation
Islamic University of Gaza Environmental Engineering Department Water Treatment EENV 4331 Lecture 3: Coagulation and Flocculation Dr. Fahid Rabah 1 3.1 Definition of Coagulation and Flocculation Coagulation
More informationTreatment Processes. Coagulation. Coagulation. Coagulation. Coagulation. Coagulation and Flocculation
CIVL 1112 Water Treatment - and 1/7 Treatment Processes and and flocculation consist of adding a flocforming chemical reagent to a water to enmesh or combine with nonsettleable colloidal solids and slowsettling
More informationRelationship between the characteristics of cationic polyacrylamide and sewage sludge dewatering performance in a full-scale plant
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Procedia Environmental Sciences 16 (2012 ) 409 417 The 7 th International Conference on Waste Management and Technology Relationship between the characteristics
More informationCoagulant Overview. Tom Coughlin Chemtrade 2015
Coagulant Overview Tom Coughlin Chemtrade 2015 Outline Coagulation Overview Purpose of Coagulation Coagulant types and characteristics Coagulant Options Understanding the role of Coagulation Optimizing
More informationACTIVATED BLEACHING CLAY FOR THE FUTURE. AndrevJ Torok ThomaE D Thomp~on Georgia Kaolin Company Elizabeth, New JerEey
PREPRINT NUMBER 71-H-22 ACTIVATED BLEACHING CLAY FOR THE FUTURE AndrevJ Torok ThomaE D Thomp~on Georgia Kaolin Company Elizabeth, New JerEey ThiE paper is to be preeented at the AIME CENTENNIAL ANNUAL
More informationTECHNOLOGIES THAT TRANSFORM POLLUTANTS TO INNOCUOUS COMPONENTS: CHEMICAL AND PHYSICOCHEMICAL METHODS
TECHNOLOGIES THAT TRANSFORM POLLUTANTS TO INNOCUOUS COMPONENTS: CHEMICAL AND PHYSICOCHEMICAL METHODS HUANG Xia Tsinghua University, Beijing, P.R. China Keywords: Pollutants, Innocuous Components, Chemical
More informationLab 8 Dynamic Soil Systems I: Soil ph and Liming
Lab 8 Dynamic Soil Systems I: Soil ph and Liming Objectives: To measure soil ph and observe conditions which change ph To distinguish between active acidity (soil solution ph) and exchangeable acidity
More informationINDBOND 3000 Dry Strength Resin for Paper
INDBOND 3000 Dry Strength Resin for Paper INDBOND 3000 Dry Strength Resins are specially formulated polymers designed for better paper making and to improve strength characteristics like burst factor,
More informationECOTAN SERIES. Natural Based Coagulants
ECOTAN SERIES Natural Based Coagulants Results and examples Fruits, Textile, Slaughterhouses. Dairy, Species, PWTP. Ice Cream, Paper & Cardboard, WWTP. In general, ECOTAN series are efficient on both sedimentation
More informationOptimization Studies on Textile Wastewater Decolourization by Fe 3+ /Pectin
013 4th International Conference on Biology, Environment and Chemistry IPCBEE vol.58 (013) (013) IACSIT Press, Singapore DOI: 10.7763/IPCBEE. 013. V58. Optimization Studies on Textile Wastewater Decolourization
More informationNOS 18 Scientific Explanations
Scientific Explanations Case Study Key Concepts How do independent and dependent variables differ? How is scientific inquiry used in a real-life scientific investigation? Identify the Main Ideas As you
More informationADVANCED SEPARATION TECHNOLOGY APPLICATION FOR NOM REMOVAL FROM A FRESHWATER SUPPLY
Costa Mesa, July 27, 2011 -, July 29, 2011 ADVANCED SEPARATION TECHNOLOGY APPLICATION FOR NOM REMOVAL FROM A FRESHWATER SUPPLY Andrea G. Capodaglio,, Arianna Callegari and Philippe Sauvignet 650th Anniversary
More informationSupplementary Material
10.1071/CH18138_AC CSIRO 2018 Australian Journal of Chemistry Supplementary Material Efficient hydrolytic breakage of β 1,4 glycosidic bond catalyzed by a difunctional magnetic nano catalyst Ren-Qiang
More informationScienceDirect. Primary treatment of dye wastewater using aloe vera-aided aluminium and magnesium hybrid coagulants
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Procedia Environmental Sciences (2015 ) 56 61 International Conference on Environmental Forensics 2015 (ienforce2015) Primary treatment of dye wastewater
More informationSalting-out extraction of 1,3-propanediol from fermentation broth
Salting-out extraction of 1,3-propanediol from fermentation broth Beata RUKOWICZ, Krzysztof ALEJSKI, Ireneusz MIESIĄC Keywords: 1,3-propanediol; fermentation broth; solvent extraction Abstract: 1,3-propanediol
More informationDewatering characteristics of algae-containing alum sludge
Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 150 (1999) 185 190 Dewatering characteristics of algae-containing alum sludge Jill Ruhsing Pan a, Chihpin Huang a, *, Yao-Chia Chuang a,
More informationStudy on Processing Desulfurization Waste Water of Power Plant Using Polymeric Flocculant
1129 A publication of CHEMICAL ENGINEERING TRANSACTIONS VOL. 46, 2015 Guest Editors: Peiyu Ren, Yancang Li, Huiping Song Copyright 2015, AIDIC Servizi S.r.l., ISBN 978-88-95608-37-2; ISSN 2283-9216 The
More informationEffects of Coagulation ph and Mixing Conditions on. Characteristics of Flocs in Surface Water Treatment. Suresh Valiyaveettil 4)
The 212 World Congress on Advances in Civil, Environmental, and Materials Research (ACEM 12) Seoul, Korea, August 26-3, 212 Effects of Coagulation ph and Mixing Conditions on Characteristics of Flocs in
More informationSynthesis of polyamine flocculants and their potential use in treating dye wastewater
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Journal of Hazardous Materials 152 (2008) 221 227 Synthesis of polyamine flocculants and their potential use in treating dye wastewater Q.Y. Yue, B.Y. Gao, Y.
More informationChemical coagulants and flocculants
Chemical coagulants and flocculants SEDIMENT CONTROL TECHNIQUE Type 1 System Sheet Flow Sandy Soils [1] Type 2 System Concentrated Flow Clayey Soils Type 3 System Instream Works Dispersive Soils [1] Chemical
More informationBioresource Technology
Bioresource Technology 105 (2012) 114 119 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Bioresource Technology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/biortech Flocculation of Chlorella vulgaris
More informationAdsorption of metal ions by pecan shell-based granular activated carbons
Bioresource Technology 89 (23) 115 119 Adsorption of metal ions by pecan shell-based granular activated carbons R.R. Bansode a, J.N. Losso a, W.E. Marshall b, R.M. Rao a, *, R.J. Portier c a Department
More informationCHAPTER 3 WATER AND THE FITNESS OF THE ENVIRONMENT. Section B: The Dissociation of Water Molecules
CHAPTER 3 WATER AND THE FITNESS OF THE ENVIRONMENT Section B: The Dissociation of Water Molecules 1. Organisms are sensitive to changes in ph 2. Acid precipitation threatens the fitness of the environment
More informationSee us (live!) at Pittcon Booth 1039
See us (live!) at Pittcon Booth 1039 Meeting Green Goals with Zeta Potential and the SZ100 will start soon. Jeffrey Bodycomb, Ph.D. HORIBA Scientific www.horiba.com/us/particle Meeting Green Goals with
More informationOptimization of the Coagulation Process to Remove Total Suspended Solids (TSS) from Produced Water
115 A publication of CHEMICAL ENGINEERING TRANSACTIONS VOL. 39, 2014 Guest Editors: Petar Sabev Varbanov, Jiří Jaromír Klemeš, Peng Yen Liew, Jun Yow Yong Copyright 2014, AIDIC Servizi S.r.l., ISBN 978-88-95608-30-3;
More informationCoagulation. Characterization of Natural Organic Matter by FeCl 3. Journal of Physics: Conference Series PAPER OPEN ACCESS
Journal of Physics: Conference Series PAPER OPEN ACCESS Characterization of Natural Organic Matter by FeCl 3 Coagulation To cite this article: O H Cahyonugroho and E N Hidayah 2018 J. Phys.: Conf. Ser.
More information19.4 Neutralization Reactions > Chapter 19 Acids, Bases, and Salts Neutralization Reactions
Chapter 19 Acids, Bases, and Salts 19.1 Acid-Base Theories 19.2 Hydrogen Ions and Acidity 19.3 Strengths of Acids and Bases 19.4 Neutralization Reactions 19.5 Salts in Solution 1 Copyright Pearson Education,
More informationLect. 2: Chemical Water Quality
The Islamic University of Gaza Faculty of Engineering Civil Engineering Department M.Sc. Water Resources Water Quality Management (ENGC 6304) Lect. 2: Chemical Water Quality ١ Chemical water quality parameters
More informationWhat do I need to know to pass an Advanced Industrial Wastewater License Test?
What do I need to know to pass an Advanced Industrial Wastewater License Test? [Activated sludge, metals finishing, sedimentation/clarification with chemicals, DAF] All of the Basic Industrial Wastewater
More informationThe Chemistry of Seawater. Unit 3
The Chemistry of Seawater Unit 3 Water occurs naturally on earth in 3 phases: solid, liquid, or gas (liquid is most abundant) Water Phases Basic Chemistry Review What is an atom? Smallest particles of
More informationSupporting Information
Supporting Information Heteroaggregation of Graphene Oxide with Nanometer- and Micrometer-Sized Hematite Colloids: Influence on Nanohybrid Aggregation and Microparticle Sedimentation Yiping Feng, 1, 2,
More informationNational standard of People s Republic of China
National standard of People s Republic of China GB5413.24-2010 Determination of chlorine in foods for infants and young children, raw milk and dairy products Issued at 2010-03-2 Implemented at:2010-06-01
More informationAlgal Bead Lab 11/18 Integrated Science 3 Redwood High School Name: Per:
Algal Bead Lab 11/18 Integrated Science 3 Redwood High School Name: Per: Introduction All heterotrophs (including humans) are dependent on photosynthesis carried out by autotrophs for virtually all food/energy
More informationProperties of Compounds
Chapter 6. Properties of Compounds Comparing properties of elements and compounds Compounds are formed when elements combine together in fixed proportions. The compound formed will often have properties
More informationAPCH 231 CHEMICAL ANALYSIS PRECIPITATION TITRATIONS
APCH 231 CHEMICAL ANALYSIS PRECIPITATION TITRATIONS Titrations based on reactions that produce sparingly soluble substances are referred to as precipitation titrations. They are limited in their scope
More informationChapter 12 Gravimetric Methods of Analysis
Chapter 12 Gravimetric Methods of Analysis gravi metric (weighing - measure) Gravimetric Analysis A given analyte is isolated from the sample and weighed in some pure form. One of the most accurate and
More informationCT4471 Drinking Water 1
CT4471 Drinking Water 1 Coagulation & flocculation Dr.ir. J.Q.J.C. Verberk Room 2.98 25 September, 2007 1 Contents 1. Introduction 2. Coagulation: theory 3. Coagulation: practice 4. Flocculation: theory
More informationNaming salts. Metal Acid Salt. Sodium hydroxide reacts with Hydrochloric acid to make Sodium chloride
Naming salts A salt is any compound formed by the neutralisation of an acid by a base. The name of a salt has two parts. The first part comes from the metal, metal oxide or metal carbonate. The second
More informationUpset Tummy? MOM to the Rescue! LeChâtelier s Principle
Upset Tummy? MOM to the Rescue! LeChâtelier s Principle SCIENTIFIC Introduction Mix milk of magnesia (MOM) with universal indicator and observe the dramatic rainbow of colors as the antacid dissolves in
More informationMetal + water -> metal hydroxide + hydrogen Metal + acid -> metal salt + hydrogen
Name of Formula Formula of ion Name of salt Hydrochloric Sulphuric HCl Cl - Chloride H 2 SO 4 SO 4-2 Sulphate Key words: Oxidation: loss of electrons Reduction: gain of electrons Displacement reaction:
More information- know that in multi-cellular organisms cells are massed together to form tissues, and tissues can be massed together to form organs
Science Age 12-13 (A) BIOLOGY: ORGANISMS, THEIR BEHAVIOUR AND THE ENVIRONMENT 1. Cells and their functions - know that in multi-cellular organisms cells are massed together to form tissues, and tissues
More informationPolyaluminum Chloride and Chitosan Composite Coagulant for Natural Organic Matter Removal
Polyaluminum Chloride and Chitosan Composite Coagulant for Natural Organic Matter Removal 1,A. Liana 1, S. Liu 1, M. Lim 1, C. Chow 2, D. Wang 3, M. Drikas 2, R. Amal 1 1 ARC Centre of Excellence for Functional
More informationTopic 5 National Chemistry Summary Notes. Acids and Alkalis
Topic 5 National Chemistry Summary Notes Acids and Alkalis Experiment Collect some samples of rain water LI 1 The ph Scale The ph scale is a continuous range of numbers from below 0 to above 14. Acids
More informationAquatic Chemistry (10 hrs)
Aquatic Chemistry (10 hrs) Water -The quality and quantity of water available to human have been vital factors in determining their well-being. -More then 70% of the earth is covered by water. Living cells
More informationElements and Their Oxides
Elements and Their Oxides An oxide is a. Oxides can form when an element reacts with oxygen, often in air. This reaction can be rapid with the release of a great deal of energy, as in the combustion of
More informationCEE 371 Water and Wastewater Systems
Updated: 1 November 009 CEE 371 Water and Wastewater Systems Print version Lecture #16 Drinking Water Treatment: Coagulation, mixing & flocculation Reading: Chapter 7, pp.5-9, 10-13 David Reckhow CEE 371
More informationMethods of purification
Methods of purification Question Paper 1 Level IGSE Subject hemistry (0620/0971) Exam oard ambridge International Examinations (IE) Topic Experimental techniques Sub-Topic Methods of purification ooklet
More informationAcids and Bases 2 Science Notes JC-Learn. JC-Learn. Science Notes Acids and Bases 2. 1 P a g e
JC-Learn Science Notes Acids and Bases 2 1 P a g e Acids and Bases 2 The two most common laboratory acids are hydrochloric acid (HCl) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4). The two most common laboratory bases are
More informationGCE O' LEVEL PURE CHEMISTRY (5073/02) Suggested Answers for 2016 O Level Pure Chemistry Paper 2
Section A (50 M) Aa) trend The number of electron shell increases The number of valence electrons increases Proton number increases There is a change in character from metallic to non-metallic Only true
More informationStructural effects on catalytic activity of carbon-supported magnetite. nanocomposites in heterogeneous Fenton-like reactions
Electronic Supplementary Material (ESI) for RSC Advances. This journal is The Royal Society of Chemistry 2018 Supplementary Information Structural effects on catalytic activity of carbon-supported magnetite
More informationPRIMARY TREATMENT NATURE
PRIMARY TREATMENT NATURE Physical and chemical processes. Physical: sedimentation based in density differences Chemical: coagulation and flocculation, ph adjustment, precipitation (formation of insoluble
More informationEnvironmental Engineering Laboratory
COURSE NO. Environmental Engineering Laboratory Course Introduction Experiment No.1 Experiment No.2 Experiment No.3 Experiment No.4 Experiment No.5 Experiment No.6 Experiment No.7 Experiment No.8 Experiment
More informationWater Soluble Polymers For Industrial Water Treatment Applications
Water Soluble Polymers For Industrial Water Treatment Applications Presented By Technical Sales Jim Millard Course Objectives Explain what water soluble polymers are. Describe the 4 physical forms commonly
More informationTheory of Flocculation Reprint with Authorization by David L. Forbes
TECHNICAL PUBLICATION INFORMATION & STRATEGY FOR THE FACILITY MANAGER Theory of Flocculation Reprint with Authorization by David L. Forbes Introduction The efficiency of most solid/liquid separation processes
More informationSection 1: Elements Pages 56-59
Study Guide Chapter 3 Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures Section 1: Elements Pages 56-59 1. Which of the following processes is NOT a physical or chemical change? a. crushing b. weighing c. melting d. passing
More informationMSWI Flue Gas Two-Stage Dry Treatment: Modeling and Simulation
A publication of CHEMICAL ENGINEERING TRANSACTIONS VOL. 26, 2012 Guest Editors: Valerio Cozzani, Eddy De Rademaeker Copyright 2012, AIDIC Servizi S.r.l., ISBN 978-88-95608-17-4; ISSN 1974-9791 The Italian
More informationResearch Article. Removal of nickel(ii) using lotus stem powder as adsorbent
Available online wwwjocprcom Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 2015, 7(10):621-625 Research Article ISSN : 0975-7384 CODEN(USA) : JCPRC5 Removal of nickel(ii) using lotus stem powder as
More information건축사회환경공학과홍승관교수. potency Cost rank b Harmful. (ph < 7) Chloramines High Yes Fair 2 Maybe not. Ozone Limited No Best 3 Yes, but limited
6.D CHEMICAL AND PHYSICOCHEMICAL TREATMENT METHODS 6.D.1 Disinfection - The central aim of disinfection is to limit the risk of disease transmission associated with potable water and wastewater. - Two
More informationBig Idea: Matter is descried by its properties and may undergo changes
Big Idea: Matter is descried by its properties and may undergo changes Unit 1 Lesson 4 Pure Substances and Mixtures Essential Question: How do pure substances and mixtures compare? Copyright Houghton Mifflin
More informationCombination of anionic polyelectrolyte and novel polyaluminumferric-silicate-chloride
Combination of anionic polyelectrolyte and novel polyaluminumferric-silicate-chloride coagulant and application in coagulation/flocculation (C/F) process of water or wastewater treatment A. Tolkou, A.
More informationAcids and Bases. Acids
1 Acids and Bases Acids Although some acids can burn and are dangerous to handle, most acids in foods are safe to eat. What acids have in common, however, is that they contain at least one hydrogen atom
More information"Retention of Fines and Fillers During Papermaking" Edited by Jerome Gess TABLE OF CONTENTS
"Retention of Fines and Fillers During Papermaking" Edited by Jerome Gess 1998. 358 pages, hard cover Item Number: 0102B063 ISBN: 0-89852-966-5 This comprehensive text covers all aspects of retention of
More informationStudy of the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in different types of membrane bioreactor (MBR) effluents
Water Pollution IX 491 Study of the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in different types of membrane bioreactor (MBR) effluents L. D. Chabalina, M. Rodríguez & D. Prats Water and Environmental Science
More informationWritten by: - SHAHZAD IFTIKHAR Contact # Website: s:
SHORT QUESTION >> Question: What is Self Ionization of Water? Write the equation for self ionization of water? The reaction in which two water molecules produce ions is called as the self ionization or
More informationComparison on Degradation of Reactive Black 5 (RB5) in Photocatalytic Fuel Cell (PFC) under UV and Solar Light
Comparison on Degradation of Reactive Black 5 (RB5) in Photocatalytic Fuel Cell (PFC) under UV and Solar Light W. F. Khalik *, S. A. Ong *, L. N. Ho **, C. H. Voon **, Y. S. Wong *, N. A. Yusoff *, S.
More informationColor removal from industrial wastewater with a novel coagulant flocculant formulation
Int. J. Environ. Sci. Tech. Supplement Winter 2006, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 79-88 Color removal from industrial wastewater with a novel coagulant flocculant formulation 1* M. S. Rahbar, 2 E. Alipour and 3 R.
More informationCH 221 Chapter Four Part II Concept Guide
CH 221 Chapter Four Part II Concept Guide 1. Solubility Why are some compounds soluble and others insoluble? In solid potassium permanganate, KMnO 4, the potassium ions, which have a charge of +1, are
More informationGCSE Chemistry. Module C7 Further Chemistry: What you should know. Name: Science Group: Teacher:
GCSE Chemistry Module C7 Further Chemistry: What you should know Name: Science Group: Teacher: R.A.G. each of the statements to help focus your revision: R = Red: I don t know this A = Amber: I partly
More informationExtraction Behaviour of Cu 2+ Ions with Used Cooking Oil-Based Organic Solvent
International Proceedings of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, V0l. 96 (2016) DOI: 10.7763/IPCBEE. 2016. V96. 4 Extraction Behaviour of Cu 2+ Ions with Used Cooking Oil-Based Organic
More informationCenter for Cell Imaging Department of Cell Biology
Center for Cell Imaging Department of Cell Biology Contents Preparation of Colloidal Gold Conjugates Coupling the Protein A to the Gold Particles Purification of the protein A-gold. Storage Influence of
More informationJ. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2014
Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences (JBES) ISSN: 2220-6663 (Print) 2222-3045 (Online) Vol. 5, No. 5, p. 75-81, 2014 http://www.innspub.net RESEARCH PAPER OPEN ACCESS Investigation on the
More informationBiosorption of aqueous chromium VI by living mycelium of phanerochaete chrysosporium
Biosorption of aqueous chromium VI by living mycelium of phanerochaete chrysosporium Nikazar, M.*, Davarpanah, L., Vahabzadeh, F. * Professor of Department of Chemical Engineering, Amirkabir University
More informationTHE RESEARCH OF ACTIVATED SLUDGE DEWATERING PROCESSES.
THE RESEARCH OF ACTIVATED SLUDGE DEWATERING PROCESSES. M.D. Gomelya, I. V Radovenchyk Department of Ecology and Plant Polymers Technology, National Technical University of Ukraine Kiev Polytechnic Institute.
More informationUnit 1 Lesson 4 Pure Substances and Mixtures. Copyright Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
A Great Combination How can matter be classified? Matter is made up of basic ingredients known as atoms. An atom is the smallest unit of an element that maintains the properties of that element. Substances
More informationEssential Knowledge. 2.A.3 Organisms must exchange matter with the environment to grow, reproduce and maintain organization
Ch3: Water Essential Knowledge 2.A.3 Organisms must exchange matter with the environment to grow, reproduce and maintain organization a. Molecules and atoms from the environment are necessary to build
More information10/4/2016. Matter, Energy, and Life
DISCLAIMER: Principles and concepts on atomic structure, the Periodic Table, atoms, ions, ionic and covalent compounds, metals, and nonmetals will not be covered in this course. You are expected to know
More informationUniversal Indicator turns green. Which method is used to obtain pure solid X from an aqueous solution? A. mixture
1 The results of some tests on a colourless liquid X are shown. oiling point = 102 Universal Indicator turns green What is X? ethanol hydrochloric acid pure water sodium chloride (salt) solution 2 blue
More informationEmpirical formula C 4 H 6 O
AP Chem Test- Titration and Gravimetric Analysis p. 2 Name date 4. Empirical Formula A compound is analyzed and found to contain 68.54% carbon, 8.63% hydrogen, and 22.83% oxygen. The molecular weight of
More informationColloid stability. Lyophobic sols. Stabilization of colloids.
Colloid stability. Lyophobic sols. Stabilization of colloids. Lyophilic and lyophobic sols Sols (lyosols) are dispersed colloidal size particles in a liquid medium (=solid/liquid dispersions) These sols
More informationEXPERIMENT 7 Precipitation and Complex Formation
EXPERIMENT 7 Precipitation and Complex Formation Introduction Precipitation is the formation of a solid in a solution as the result of either a chemical reaction, or supersaturating a solution with a salt
More informationTECHNICAL NOTE OPTIMAL CONDITION FOR MODIFICATION OF CHITOSAN: A BIOPOLYMER FOR COAGULATION OF COLLOIDAL PARTICLES
PII: S0043-1354(99)00211-0 Wat. Res. Vol. 34, No. 3, pp. 1057±1062, 2000 # 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved Printed in Great Britain 0043-1354/00/$ - see front matter www.elsevier.com/locate/watres
More information10. Group 2. N Goalby chemrevise.org. Group 2 reactions. Reactions with oxygen. Reactions with water.
10. Group 2 Atomic radius Atomic radius increases down the Group. As one goes down the group, the atoms have more shells of electrons making the atom bigger. Melting points Down the group the melting points
More informationEnergy and Resources Recovery from Reverse Osmosis Desalination Concentrate
Energy and Resources Recovery from Reverse Osmosis Desalination Concentrate Tushar Jain; PhD advisor: Haizhou Liu Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside,
More information