Dehydration of 2-methylcyclohexanol
|
|
- Briana Holt
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Reminder: These notes are meant to supplement, not replace, the lab manual. Dehydration of 2-methylcyclohexanol History and Application: Alcohols are readily dehydrated to alkenes by using an acid catalyst i. In Brazil, where ethanol is a readily available, ethylene is made by a dehydration route. The ethylene is then made into the plastic polyethylene. In this way the plastic is made not from petroleum products as is common in the rest of the world, but instead is made from grain. ii Another common alcohol dehydration is the transformation of acetaldol (2- hydroxy butanal) into crotonaldehyde (2-butenal). Crotonaldehyde is used in the manufacture of sorbic acid which is a widely used food preservative. (Read the ingredients on your snack bags). This process is used to make approximately 25,000 tonnes of sorbic acid per year iii. Safety Phosphoric acid is highly corrosive. Wear eye protection the entire time when anyone is working in the lab. Clean up all spills immediately. Never look directly down the barrel of a heating still. All of the organic materials are highly flammable and slightly toxic. Keep away from direct flames. The alkene products have a strong noxious odor. Keep products capped or in the hood to reduce vapor. Hot sand baths look cool. Unplug sand baths when finished heating. A syringe will be used to measure and dispense the phosphoric acid. Be careful when emptying a syringe, the plunger sometimes sticks then releases quickly and the liquid will be expelled rapidly, not unlike when using a squirt gun. This liquid can easily ricochet and splash onto undesired locations such as hands or face. Be very careful not to jam the thermometer to the bottom of the sand bath. The temperature is hotter there and will exceed the maximum allowable temperature of the thermometer. If this is done, the alcohol within the thermometer will boil, expand, and shatter the thermometer. This is a dangerous situation and severe injury or blindness may result. Terminology Dehydration Removing an OH from one carbon and an H from an adjacent carbon and forming a new C=C and a H 2 O molecule. Catalyst- A substance which changes the speed of a reaction, but is present in its original concentration at the end of the reaction iv. It is not stoichiometric.
2 LeChatelier s Principle v. A change imposed on a system at equilibrium will result in a shift in the equilibrium to minimize the impact of that imposed event. Zaitzev s Product. The more substituted alkene product. Hoffmann Product. The less substituted alkene product. Thermodynamic Control. When the most stable product forms in the highest percent. Kinetic Control. When the product with the lowest activation energy, and hence the fastest rate forms in the highest percent. The Experiment 1. An alcohol is dehydrated and an alkene is formed. In today s experiment, 2- methylcyclohexanol is reacted in the presence of phosphoric acid, and three different products can result. The overall reaction is shown below. 2-methylcyclohexanol methylenecyclohexane 3-methylcyclohexene 1-methylcyclohexene B.P. vi = o C 102 o C 104 o C 110 o C (cis 165.6, trans o C) This means that any single molecule of 2-methylcyclohexanol can form any of the following three molecules; 3-methylcyclohexene, 1-methylcyclohexene or methylenecyclohexane. One molecule cannot form 3 molecules. Which product alkene do you predict to be the most stable? (Remember Zaitsev s rule.) One mole of starting material can form a total of one mole of any one or all three products. The sum of the mole fractions of the products cannot exceed the moles of starting material. 2. The phosphoric acid acts as a catalyst. This means that the reaction will precede very slowly or not at all without its presence, but that the amount of product produced is not directly tied to the amount of catalyst present. It is consumed and regenerated along the course of the reaction. It is not stoichiometric. 3. The E1 mechanism describes how all three products are able to form. Phosphoric acid protonates the alcohol group and turns the poor leaving group (-OH) into a very good leaving group(-oh 2 + ). The departure of the leaving group forms a 2 o carbocation. This is a slow step and the rate determining step (RDS). The carbocation can form two of the products with the elimination of a H on an adjacent carbon, 1-methylcyclohexene and 3-methylcyclohexene. Alternatively the 2 o carbocation can undergo a rearrangement forming a more stable 3 o carbocation. This carbocation can form two products methylenecyclohexane and 1-methylcyclohexene. The product distribution can be under either kinetic or thermodynamic control. Typically the conditions in this lab favor thermodynamic control. The full mechanism follows. The dehydration of 2-methylcylcohexanol begins with the reversible protonation of the -0H by the acid, transforming it from a poor leaving group to a good leaving group. This group leaves as a water molecule, forming a 2 o carbocation in the rate determining step.
3
4 4. Alkenes with the highest degree of alkyl substitution are the lowest energy and most stable. When a reaction is under thermodynamic control the most energetically favored product is formed preferentially. vii The stability of alkenes is directly tied to the degree of substitution. Knowing this, which of the three products is predicted to be present in the largest amount if this reaction is under thermodynamic control? If this reaction is instead under kinetic control, which product would be predicted to be the major product? (Think about the easiest hydrogen to remove from the initial carbocation.) 5. If a reaction is under thermodynamic control it means the product with the lowest energy (most stable) forms in the largest yield. If a reaction is under kinetic control it means the product with the lowest activation energy (easiest to form) is present in the largest yield. The kinetic and thermodynamic product may be the same or different depending on the exact reaction energetics. Look at the two reaction coordinates below. In the reaction coordinate on the left, the product C is the thermodynamic product because it is lower energy than B. The product B is the kinetic product because it has a lower activation energy and hence needs less energy to form than C. In the reaction coordinate on the right, the kinetic product is E and the thermodynamic product is also E. The dehydration reaction perfomed in this lab is most similar to the reaction coordinate on the left. In the alkene formation from the 2 o carbocation, the 1-methylcyclohexene is the thermodynamic product because it is the most stable. The 3-methylcyclohexene is the kinetic product because it is easier to remove either of the two hydrogens on the methylene carbon (-CH 2 -) than the hydrogen on the tertiary carbon (C-H). Procedure The reaction will be carried out in a Hickman still. These are custom manufactured and relatively expensive pieces of glassware. The Drierite, phosphoric acid, and 2-methylcyclohexanol are contained in the bottom portion of the still. viii
5 Only the lower 1/3 of the still bottom should be buried in the sand. Some Drierite should be above the level of the sand. The Drierite will absorb the water from the 85% phosphoric acid and absorb the water that is liberated during the dehydration. Remember what you learned in general chemistry about LeChatlier s principle. In this reaction 2-methylcyclohexanol is undergoing a reaction to form an alkene and a molecule of water. What is expected to the reaction equilibrium if the water is removed from the reaction by absorption into the Drierite? The Drierite also acts as a boiling stone and a fractionation column. The temperature of the sand should not be allowed to rise above the boiling point of the 2-methylcyclohexanol. As the products form, they will vaporize (boiling points o C), and rise in the still. They will condense on the glass in the upper portion of the still and run down the glass, collecting in the ring. Why doesn t the starting alcohol also vaporize, condense and collect in the ring? As the reaction is proceeding, the products are being removed by distillation. How is this expected to impact the equilibrium? (Again think of LeChatlier s principle.) Analysis The starting alcohol and product will be analyzed using IR. The IR of 2- methylcyclohexanol will have a distinct OH stretching absorbance near 3400cm -1. This peak is absent from the IR spectrum of pure alkene products. Water present in the product will show a typical absorbance in the 3400cm -1 region and may be difficult to distinguish from the alcohol stretch. The IR spectrum of the desired products contains a sp 2 =C-H stretch around 3050cm -1. This peak appears as a shoulder on the normal sp 3 C-H absorbance. It is not always clearly discernible. A C=C stretch may also be observed around 1620cm -1. An IR of pure 2- methylcyclohexanol is on the left, and that for a methylcyclohexene is on the right. ix
6 Revised: September 7, 2016, S.L. Weaver References i Weissermen, K, Arpe, H.-J., Industrial Organic Chemistry, 3 rd Completely Revised Edition, VCH, New York, 1997 p185 Heaton, A., An Introduction to Industrial Chemistry, 3 rd, Blackie Academic and Professional, London, 1996 Chenier, P.J., Survey of Industrial Chemistry, 3 rd, Kluwer Academic, New York, 2002 ii (January 28, 2010) iii September 10, September 17, 2009 iv Hackh s Chemical Dictionary, McGraw Hill, 1969, p138 v Hill, Petrucci, McCreary, Perry, General Chemistry, 4 th Edition, Pearson-Prentice Hall, New Jersey 1996 p589 vi vi CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 65 th ed, CRC Press, Bocca Raton,1985 pp C-249, C-250, C-253 vii D. Klein, Organic Chemistry, Wiley, New York, 2012,p344 viii Ibid, p 250 ix SDBSWeb : (National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, September28,2013
19. Dehydration of 2- Methylcyclohexanol
19. Dehydration of 2- Methylcyclohexanol Dehydration is the process of removing water. When fruit is dehydrated or dried, the removed water is not covalently bound to the substrate and the water is removed
More informationAldol Condensation Notes
Reminder: These notes are meant to supplement, not replace, the laboratory manual. Aldol Condensation Notes History and Application Condensation reactions are molecular transformations that join together
More informationEXPERIMENT 2 DEHYDRATION OF 1- & 2-BUTANOL & DEHYDROBROMINATION OF 1 & 2-BROMOBUTANE: ANALYSIS OF GASEOUS PRODUCTS BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY
EXPERIMENT 2 DEYDRATION OF 1- & 2-BUTANOL & DEYDROBROMINATION OF 1 & 2-BROMOBUTANE: ANALYSIS OF GASEOUS PRODUTS BY GAS ROMATOGRAPY A part of this procedure is adopted from an article published by.m. Gilow
More informationDEHYDRATION OF ALCOHOLS-GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY
DEHYDRATION OF ALCOHOLS-GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY OBJECTIVE In this lab, one will examine the phosphoric acid catalyzed dehydration of 2-methylcyclohexanol. Gas chromatography will be used to monitor the outcome
More informationREACTIONS: Elimination TECHNIQUES: Gas Chromatography
EM 51LB: EXPERIMENT 2 DEYDRATION OF 2-BUTANOL AND DEYDROBROMINATION OF 2-BROMOBUTANE: ANALYSIS OF GASEOUS PRODUTS BY GAS ROMATOGRAPY 1 WINTER 2012: TUESDAY, JANUARY 17 MONDAY, JANUARY 23 REATIONS: Elimination
More informationReminder: These notes are meant to supplement, not replace, the textbook and lab manual. Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution notes
Reminder: These notes are meant to supplement, not replace, the textbook and lab manual. Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution notes History and Application: The rate of a reaction directly impacts the commercial
More informationDehydration of Alcohols-Gas Chromatography
Dehydration of Alcohols-Gas Chromatography OBJECTIVE In this lab, we will examine the phosphoric acid catalyzed dehydration of 2-methylcyclohexanol. Gas chromatography will be used to monitor the outcome
More informationExpt 9: The Aldol Condensation
Expt 9: The Aldol Condensation INTRDUCTIN Reactions that form carbon-carbon bonds are particularly important in organic chemistry as they allow the synthesis of more complex structures from simpler molecules.
More informationLab #5 - Limiting Reagent
Objective Chesapeake Campus Chemistry 111 Laboratory Lab #5 - Limiting Reagent Use stoichiometry to determine the limiting reactant. Calculate the theoretical yield. Calculate the percent yield of a reaction.
More informationExperiment 11: Dehydration of Cyclohexanol
Experiment 11: Dehydration of yclohexanol INTRODUTION In this experiment, cyclohexanol is dehydrated by aqueous sulfuric acid to produce cyclohexene as the sole product [equation (1)], and no rearrangement
More informationIMPORTANT SAFETY INFORMATION
CHEM 51LB EXPERIMENT 5 DEHYDRATION OF 1- AND 2-BUTANOL AND DEHYDROBROMINATION OF 1- AND 2-BROMOBUTANE: ANALYSIS OF GASEOUS PRODUCTS BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY 1 REACTIONS: Elimination TECHNIQUES: Gas Chromatography
More informationChesapeake Campus Chemistry 111 Laboratory
Chesapeake Campus Chemistry 111 Laboratory Objectives Calculate molar mass using the ideal gas law and laboratory data. Determine the identity of an unknown from a list of choices. Determine how sources
More informationExperiment 7: Synthesis of an Alkyne from an Alkene
Experiment 7: Synthesis of an Alkyne from an Alkene Part A: Synthesis of meso-stilbene dibromide Part B: Synthesis of diphenylacetylene Reading: Carey & Guiliano Ch. 9 pgs 368-372 Note: This is exp #8
More informationReminder: These notes are meant to supplement, not replace the laboratory manual. Fractional Distillation notes
Reminder: These notes are meant to supplement, not replace the laboratory manual. Fractional Distillation notes History and Application: Fractional distillation is one of the most widely used separation
More informationEXPERIMENT 7 - Distillation Separation of a Mixture
EXPERIMENT 7 - Distillation Separation of a Mixture Purpose: a) To purify a compound by separating it from a non-volatile or less-volatile material. b) To separate a mixture of two miscible liquids (liquids
More informationExpt 10: Friedel-Crafts Alkylation of p-xylene
Expt 10: Friedel-Crafts Alkylation of p-xylene INTRODUCTION The Friedel-Crafts alkylation reaction is one of the most useful methods for adding alkyl substituents to an aromatic ring. Mechanistically,
More informationExperiment 8: Chlorination of 1-Chlorobutane
1 Experiment 8: Chlorination of 1-Chlorobutane Alkanes contain only nonpolar carbon-hydrogen and carbon-carbon single bonds, which makes them unreactive toward most acidic and basic reagents. They can,
More informationExtraction: Separation of Acidic Substances Notes
Reminder: These notes are meant to supplement, not replace, the laboratory manual. Extraction: Separation of Acidic Substances Notes Application: Acids and Bases are one the most fundamental principles
More informationCHEM Lecture 7
CEM 494 Special Topics in Chemistry Illinois at Chicago CEM 494 - Lecture 7 Prof. Duncan Wardrop ctober 22, 2012 CEM 494 Special Topics in Chemistry Illinois at Chicago Preparation of Alkenes Elimination
More informationLab Activity 9: Introduction to Organic Chemical Reactivity, Lab 5 Prelab, Reflux
Lab Activity 9: Introduction to Organic Chemical Reactivity, Lab 5 Prelab, Reflux Objectives 1. Identify structural features (pi bonds, bond polarity, lone pairs) of a compound 2. Determine whether a structural
More information12AL Experiment 11 (3 days): Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions
12AL Experiment 11 (3 days): Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions Instructor note: Day 1 (half of the class); Day 2 (other half); Day 3 (everyone to finish up any separation & purification steps etc). Initial
More informationCHMA2000 EXPT 7: The Physical and Chemical Properties of Alcohols
CHMA2000 EXPT 7: The Physical and Chemical Properties of Alcohols Objectives: At the end of this experiment you should be able to: 1. Understand the physical and chemical properties of alcohols 2. Understand
More informationChapter 7 Alkenes; Elimination Reactions
hapter 7 Alkenes; Elimination Reactions Alkenes Alkenes contain a carbon-carbon double bond. They are named as derivatives of alkanes with the suffix -ane changed to -ene. The parent alkane is the longest
More informationLimiting Reagent Synthesis of Aspirin Thomas M. Moffett Jr., SUNY Plattsburgh, 2007.
Limiting Reagent Synthesis of Aspirin Thomas M. Moffett Jr., SUNY Plattsburgh, 007. Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) is the most common medicinal drug in use today. Aspirin is an analgesic (pain reliever),
More informationSubstances and Mixtures:Separating a Mixture into Its Components
MiraCosta College Introductory Chemistry Laboratory Substances and Mixtures:Separating a Mixture into Its Components EXPERIMENTAL TASK To separate a mixture of calcium carbonate, iron and sodium chloride
More informationR R CH. Some reactions of alcohols vary depending on their classification as 1º, 2º, or 3º alcohols.
Experiment: Alcohol Reactions Alcohols are important organic molecules characterized by an alkyl group covalently bonded to a hydroxyl group. They may be classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary,
More informationScience of Slime. Fig. 1 Structure of poly (vinyl alcohol)
Name: Science of Slime Understanding the structure of a material and how it behaves is a large part of what chemists and materials scientists do for a living. Scientists and engineers cannot use new materials
More informationSafety in the Chemistry Laboratory
Safety in the Chemistry Laboratory CHAPTER1 Safety must be everyone s primary concern in the chemistry lab. Understanding and following all safety rules in the organic chemistry lab is critical to your
More informationExperiment 5 Reactions of Hydrocarbons
Experiment 5 Reactions of ydrocarbons ydrocarbons are compounds that only contain carbon and hydrogen. ydrocarbons can be classified further by the type of bonds they contain. If a hydrocarbon contains
More informatione.g. propan-2-ol ethane-1,1-diol propane-1,2,3-triol H H
Alcohols General The functional group is - The homologous series has general formula n 2n+1 The names end in ol, with a number if needed to indicate where on the carbon skeleton the group is located. When
More information22. The Diels-Alder Cycloaddition Reaction
22. The Diels-Alder Cycloaddition Reaction A. Introduction In 1928, tto Diels and his student Kurt Alder at the University of Kiel in Germany first reported their work in the reactions of electron poor
More informationExperiment 6: Dehydration of 2-Methylcyclohexanol
Experiment 6: Dehydration of 2-Methylcyclohexanol Dehydration of 2-Methylcyclohexanol This week's reaction: A B - dehydration of a 2 alcohol to give a mixture of alkene isomers - H 3 PO 4 is a catalyst
More informationLab #20: Observing the Behavior of Electrons
Lab #20: Observing the Behavior of Electrons Background: In today s lab we will examine the attractive forces that hold molecules together and the disruptive forces that break them apart. The forces between
More informationClassifying Chemical Reactions: Lab Directions
Classifying Chemical Reactions: Lab Directions Please Return Background: The power of chemical reactions to transform our lives is visible all around us in our homes, in our cars, even in our bodies. Chemists
More informationACID-CATALYZED DEHYDRATION OF 2-METHYLCYCLOHEXANOL. Douglas G. Balmer. (T.A. Mike Hall) Dr. Dailey
ACID-CATALYZED DEYDRATIN F 2-METYLCYCLEXANL Douglas G. Balmer (T.A. Mike all) Dr. Dailey Submitted 8 August 2007 Balmer 1 Introduction: The purpose of this experiment is to acid-catalyze the dehydration
More informationExA1. Unsaturated Hydrocarbons. Olefins. Experiment: Next Week. Structure Addition Reactions Mechanisms
ExA1 Unsaturated Hydrocarbons Olefins Structure Addition Reactions Mechanisms Experiment: part A - Setup part B - Reaction part C - Isolation part D - Analysis Next Week 1 Alkenes & Alkynes Hydrocarbons
More informationExperiment 7: The Synthesis of Artificial Hyacinth Odor (1-bromo-2-phenylethene), Part I
Experiment 7: The Synthesis of Artificial Hyacinth Odor (1-bromo-2-phenylethene), Part I This two-step synthesis involves the following conversion: trans-cinnamic acid 2,3- dibromocinnamic acid 1-bromo-2-phenylethene
More informationChemistry 212 MOLAR MASS OF A VOLATILE LIQUID USING THE IDEAL GAS LAW
Chemistry 212 MOLAR MASS OF A VOLATILE LIQUID USING THE IDEAL GAS LAW To study the Ideal Gas Law. LEARNING OBJECTIVES To determine the molar mass of a volatile liquid. BACKGROUND The most common instrument
More informationDistillation of Liquids: Separation of 2-Propanol from Water by Fractional Distillation
Distillation of Liquids: Separation of 2-Propanol from Water by Fractional Distillation Introduction: Distillation is the process of vaporizing a liquid, condensing the vapor, and collecting the condensate
More informationScheme 2: Formation of Di- Halide via Chloronium Intermediate
Bromination of Alkenes CHM226 Background The carbon- carbon double bond, also known as an alkene, is a very important functional group in organic chemistry, and is often used as a precursor in the synthesis
More informationIntroduction to Chemical Reactions. Chapter 6
Introduction to Chemical Reactions Chapter 6 Instructional Goals 1. Given the reactants and product in a chemical reaction, the student will be able to write and balance chemical equations. 2. Identify
More informationEssential Organic Chemistry. Chapter 9
Essential Organic Chemistry Paula Yurkanis Bruice Chapter 9 Substitution and Elimination Reactions of Alkyl Halides 9.1 How Alkyl Halides React Substitution Reactions One group takes the place of another.
More informationPre-Lab Read the entire laboratory assignment. Answer all pre-lab questions before beginning the lab.
Name: Date: Pd: Lab Partner: Lab # 13: Types of Reactions, Predicting Products of Chemical Reactions Lab Accelerated Chemistry 1 Introduction: If you examine your bicycle after it has been left out in
More informationExperiment 9 Dehydration of Methylcyclohexanol Friday/Monday 1
Experiment 9 Dehydration of Methylcyclohexanol Friday/Monday 1 There are three distinct steps in most organic preparative reactions: 1) the reaction itself, 2) isolation of the crude product, and 3) final
More informationStructure and Preparation of Alkenes: Elimination Reactions
Structure and Preparation of Alkenes: Elimination Reactions Alkene Nomenclature First identify the longest continuous chain that includes the double bond. Replace the -ane ending of the corresponding unbranched
More information12AL Experiment 9: Markovnikov s Rule
12AL Experiment 9: Markovnikov s Rule Safety: Proper lab goggles/glasses must be worn (even over prescription glasses). WEAR GLOVES this lab utilizes hydrogen peroxide which can burn your skin and multiple
More informationGas Chromatography notes
Gas Chromatography notes 1. Here is some terminology related to this experiment: Chromatography is a technique in which compounds to be separated are distributed between a mobile phase and a stationary
More information7/30/07 MIKE HALL ALKENE FORMATION: ACID-CATALYZED DEHYDRATION OF AN ALCOHOL
EXPERIMENT #5 GRACE KIM 7/30/07 MIKE ALL ALKENE FRMATIN: ACID-CATALYZED DEYDRATIN F AN ALCL 2. INTRDUCTIN AND PURPSE 2-methylcyclohexanol was converted to a mixture of 1-methyl and 3-methylcyclohexene
More informationKinetics. 1. Consider the following reaction: 3 A 2 B How is the average rate of appearance of B related to the average rate of disappearance of A?
Kinetics 1. Consider the following reaction: 3 A 2 B How is the average rate of appearance of B related to the average rate of disappearance of A? A. [A]/ t = [B]/ t B. [A]/ t = (2/3)( [B]/ t) C. [A]/
More informationChem 102b Experiment 14: Part II Revised Preparation of Esters
http://www.chem.arizona.edu/courseweb/981/chem102b1/fisher_esterification.html Purpose of the Experiment: Chem 102b Experiment 14: Part II Revised Preparation of Esters Students will be given alcohols
More informationChapter 7 Alkenes and Alkynes I: Properties and Synthesis Elimination Reactions of Alkyl Halides"
Chapter 7 Alkenes and Alkynes I: Properties and Synthesis Elimination Reactions of Alkyl Halides The (E)-(Z) System for Designating Alkene Diastereomers The Cahn-Ingold-Prelog convention is used to assign
More informationUnderstanding the basics. Mechanisms 5/24/11
Understanding the basics Mechanisms Some Basic rgo I Reactions Mechanisms are the most mind-boggling part of organic chemistry. Students, generally speaking, have spent their time memorizing their way
More informationE2 Elimination. Mary McHale. 1 The E2 Elimination Reaction
OpenStax-CNX module: m15749 1 E2 Elimination Mary McHale This work is produced by OpenStax-CNX and licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License 2.0 1 The E2 Elimination Reaction 1.1 Objective
More informationChemistry 1B Experiment 17 89
Chemistry 1B Experiment 17 89 17 Thermodynamics of Borax Solubility Introduction In this experiment, you will determine the values of H and S for the reaction which occurs when borax (sodium tetraborate
More informationInfrared Spectroscopy
Reminder: These notes are meant to supplement, not replace, the laboratory manual. Infrared Spectroscopy History and Application: Infrared (IR) radiation is simply one segment of the electromagnetic spectrum
More informationEXPERIMENT 6 Empirical Formula of a Compound
EXPERIMENT 6 Empirical Formula of a Compound INTRODUCTION Chemical formulas indicate the composition of compounds. A formula that gives only the simplest ratio of the relative number of atoms in a compound
More informationHYDROCARBONS: STRUCTURE & PROPERTIES
YDROARBONS: STRUTURE & PROPERTIES PURPOSE: To discover the physical and chemical properties of alkanes, alkenes, and aromatic hydrocarbons. To identify an unknown hydrocarbon by comparing it to known samples.
More informationExperiment 7 - Preparation of 1,4-diphenyl-1,3-butadiene
Experiment 7 - Preparation of 1,4-diphenyl-1,3-butadiene OBJECTIVE To provide experience with the Wittig Reaction, one of the most versatile reactions available for the synthesis of an alkene. INTRODUCTION
More informationName: Block: Date: Student Notes. OBJECTIVE Students will investigate the relationship between temperature and the change of the state of matter.
Name: Block: Date: LCPS Core Experience Heat Transfer Student Notes OBJECTIVE Students will investigate the relationship between temperature and the change of the state of matter. LINK 1. Particles in
More informationMOP. Mechanism? Objectives. Energy hill for dehydrohalogenation. Last lecture. LQ#1) A) Draw the MOP B) Name MOP
0% 0% 0% 0% 1. 2.. 4. 2-bromo-,-dimethylpentane strong base salt dissolved in corresponding conjugate acid Given these conditions, select the mechanism that leads to the MP. Sodium isopropoxide Mechanism?
More information5. Researching the properties of particular materials and understand why they are used for particular products.
1. The difference between a physical and chemical change. 2. How to identify whether a physical or chemical change has taken place. 3. Understand what reactants and products are. 4. Writing and understanding
More information7. Haloalkanes (text )
2009, Department of hemistry, The University of Western Ontario 7.1 7. aloalkanes (text 7.1 7.10) A. Structure and Nomenclature Like hydrogen, the halogens have a valence of one. Thus, a halogen atom can
More informationExperiment 3. Condensation Reactions of Ketones and Aldehydes: The Aldol Condensation Reaction.
Experiment 3. Condensation Reactions of Ketones and Aldehydes: The Aldol Condensation Reaction. References: Brown & Foote, Chapters 16, 19, 23 INTRODUCTION: This experiment continues the saga of carbon-carbon
More informationR C OR' H 2 O carboxylic acid alcohol ester water side product
EXPERIMENT 7 SYNTHESIS OF ESTERS USING ACETIC ANHYDRIDE 1 Materials Needed 2.0 ml of an alcohol to be chosen from the following: 1-propanol (n-propyl alcohol), 3-methyl 1-butanol (isoamyl alcohol, isopentyl
More informationChemistry 283g Experiment 4
Chemistry 283g xperiment 4 XPRIMNT 4: lectrophilic Aromatic Substitution: A Friedel-Craft Acylation Reaction Relevant sections in the text: Fox & Whitesell, 3 rd d. Chapter 11, especially pg. 524-526,
More informationLecture 11 Organic Chemistry 1
EM 232 rganic hemistry I at hicago Lecture 11 rganic hemistry 1 Professor Duncan Wardrop February 16, 2010 1 Self Test Question What is the product(s) of the following reaction? 3 K( 3 ) 3 A 3 ( 3 ) 3
More informationAlcohols, Ethers, & Epoxides
Alcohols, Ethers, & Epoxides Alcohols Structure and Bonding Enols and Phenols Compounds having a hydroxy group on a sp 2 hybridized carbon enols and phenols undergo different reactions than alcohols. Chapter
More informationChanges of State. Substances in equilibrium change back and forth between states at equal speeds. Main Idea
Section 4 s Substances in equilibrium change back and forth between states at equal speeds. A liquid boils when it has absorbed enough energy to evaporate. Freezing occurs when a substance loses enough
More informationEXPERIMENT THREE THE CANNIZARO REACTION: THE DISPROPORTIONATION OF BENZALDEHYDE
EXPERIMENT THREE THE CANNIZARO REACTION: THE DISPROPORTIONATION OF BENZALDEHYDE H C O HO C O H H C OH KOH 2x + DISCUSSION In planning the laboratory schedule, it should be observed that this experiment
More informationEquilibrium. Dynamic Equilibrium, Position of Equilibrium, Liquid-Vapor Equilibrium, Equilibrium Law January 2015
Equilibrium Dynamic Equilibrium, Position of Equilibrium, Liquid-Vapor Equilibrium, Equilibrium Law January 2015 Equilibrium Review What is equilibrium? Features of equilibrium the rate of the forward
More informationClassi fying Chemical Reactions
Page 7 - Classifying Chemical Reactions Introduction Classifying Chemical Reactions Analyzing and Predicting Products The power of chemical reactions to transform our lives is visible all around us- in
More informationC h a p t e r S e v e n : Haloalkanes: Nucleophilc Substitution and Elimination Reactions S N 2
C h a p t e r S e v e n : Haloalkanes: Nucleophilc Substitution and Elimination Reactions S N 2 CHM 321: Summary of Important Concepts Concepts for Chapter 7: Substitution Reactions I. Nomenclature of
More informationChapter 22. Organic and Biological Molecules
Chapter 22 Organic and Biological Molecules The Bonding of Carbon Organic chemistry is the chemistry of compounds containing carbon. Because carbon can form single, double, and triple bonds, the following
More informationUnit 13 Kinetics & Equilibrium Page 1 of 14 Chemistry Kinetics, Entropy, Equilibrium, LeChatelier s Principle, K, Unit 13 Quiz: Unit 13 Test:
Unit 13 Kinetics & Equilibrium Page 1 of 14 Chemistry Kinetics, Entropy, Equilibrium, LeChatelier s Principle, K, Unit 13 Quiz: Unit 13 Test: Final Project: VOCABULARY: 1 Chemical equilibrium 2 equilibrium
More informationIntermolecular forces: Background
Intermolecular forces: Background Electrostatics Up until now, we have just discussed attractions between molecules in the area of the covalent bond. Here, atoms within a molecule are attracted to one
More informationTo understand concept of limiting reagents. To learn how to do a vacuum filtration. To understand the concept of recrystallization.
E x p e r i m e n t Synthesis of Aspirin Experiment : http://genchemlab.wordpress.com/-aspirin/ objectives To synthesize aspirin. To understand concept of limiting reagents. To determine percent yield.
More informationExperiment C-15 Distillation - part 1
1 Experiment C-15 Distillation - part 1 Objectives To learn about the three classical phases of matter, phase changes, and heating and cooling curves. To investigate the technique of distillation and to
More informationModeling Organic Chemistry
Modeling Organic Chemistry Topic The shapes of hydrocarbon chains can be analyzed with models. Introduction With a few exceptions, including carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide, organic compounds are those
More informationTo use calorimetry results to calculate the specific heat of an unknown metal. To determine heat of reaction ( H) from calorimetry measurements.
Calorimetry PURPOSE To determine if a Styrofoam cup calorimeter provides adequate insulation for heat transfer measurements, to identify an unknown metal by means of its heat capacity and to determine
More informationCompletion Match each each piece of equipment with its description. Please only put one number in the blank.
LAB SAFETY AND EQUIPMENT TEST Completion Match each each piece of equipment with its description. Please only put one number in the blank. 1. Used for filtering and for adding chemicals without spilling.
More informationCh 14 Conjugated Dienes and UV Spectroscopy
Ch 14 Conjugated Dienes and UV Spectroscopy Conjugated Systems - Conjugated systems have alternating single and double bonds. For example: C=C C=C C=C and C=C C=O - This is not conjugated because the double
More informationFirewood? Chapter 22. Formulas and Models for Methane and Ethane. One carbon atom can form a single covalent bond with four hydrogen atoms.
Chapter 22 Gasoline, diesel fuel, and kerosene are examples of liquid fuels. A solid fuel, coal, produced the steam for the locomotives that pulled old-time trains. These fuels are mixtures of compounds
More informationPreparation of alkenes
Lecture 11 אלקנים הכנה ותגובות של אלקנים: הידרוגנציה, סיפוח הידרוהלוגנים )כלל מארקובניקוב(, סיפוח הלוגנים והסטראוכימיה של תוצרי הסיפוח, הידרובורציה, אפוקסידציה, אוזונוליזה. 1 Preparation of alkenes 1.
More informationThermal Energy and Temperature Lab. Experiment Question: How can the difference between thermal energy and temperature be experimentally observed?
Thermal Energy and Temperature Lab Name 7 th Grade PSI Grade / 20 Experiment Question: How can the difference between thermal energy and temperature be experimentally observed? Hypothesis Starters: 1.
More informationCHEMISTRY 135. Kinetics: Iodination of Acetone
CHEMISTRY 135 General Chemistry II Kinetics: Iodination of Acetone Pearson Education Conceptually, reaction rates are determined by counting reactant and product molecules at designated times. How might
More informationBasic Organic Chemistry Course code : CHEM (Pre-requisites : CHEM 11122)
Basic Organic Chemistry Course code : CHEM 12162 (Pre-requisites : CHEM 11122) Chapter 01 Mechanistic Aspects of S N2,S N1, E 2 & E 1 Reactions Dr. Dinesh R. Pandithavidana Office: B1 222/3 Phone: (+94)777-745-720
More information2/22/2019 NEW UNIT! Chemical Interactions. Atomic Basics #19
NEW UNIT! Chemical Interactions Atomic Basics #19 1 Vocabulary: Matter: Anything that has mass and takes up space. Atom: the smallest particle of matter. Element: A pure substance made up of only one type
More informationCl 2(g) + NaCl + H 2 O. light. 2Cl. Once formed, the chlorine radical can react with the heptane as shown below: + Cl
Experiment Free Radical Chlorination of Heptane In today s experiment, you will be chlorinating n-heptane with chlorine atoms (radicals) to form monochlorination products of that alkane. You will analyze
More informationChemistry 2000 Lecture 18: Reactions of organic compounds
hemistry 2000 Lecture 18: Reactions of organic compounds Marc R. Roussel March 6, 2018 Marc R. Roussel Reactions of organic compounds March 6, 2018 1 / 27 Reactions of organic compounds Organic chemists
More informationIn terms of production, nitric acid is the third most widely produced acid across the world.
In terms of production, nitric acid is the third most widely produced acid across the world. It has a wide range of uses in agriculture, industry and medicine where it is used as a fertiliser and in the
More informationHow to Interpret an Infrared (IR) Spectrum
How to Interpret an Infrared (IR) Spectrum Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy allows the identification of particular bonds present within molecules. In this class we have simplified IR analysis by only focusing
More information6. Common Laboratory Techniques
6. Common Laboratory Techniques This chapter explains the proper manner in which to carry out rudimentary chemistry laboratory techniques. More specialized techniques associated with particular analyses
More informationChapter 1, Lesson 3: The Ups and Downs of Thermometers
Chapter 1, Lesson 3: The Ups and Downs of Thermometers Key Concepts The way a thermometer works is an example of heating and cooling a liquid. When heated, the molecules of the liquid in the thermometer
More informationTo measure ph s in a variety of solutions and mixtures and to account for the results obtained.
Acid-Base Studies PURPOSE To measure ph s in a variety of solutions and mixtures and to account for the results obtained. GOALS 1 To learn to use ph paper and a ph meter to measure the ph of a given solution.
More informationApply the ideal gas law (PV = nrt) to experimentally determine the number of moles of carbon dioxide gas generated
Teacher Information Ideal Gas Law Objectives Determine the number of moles of carbon dioxide gas generated during a reaction between hydrochloric acid and sodium bicarbonate. Through this investigation,
More informationChapter 8 Alkyl Halides and Elimination Reactions
Organic Chemistry, Second Edition Janice Gorzynski Smith University of Hawai i Chapter 8 Alkyl Halides and Elimination Reactions Prepared by Rabi Ann Musah State University of New York at Albany Copyright
More informationChem 2115 Experiment #7. Volumetric Analysis & Consumer Chemistry Standardization of an unknown solution, analysis of vinegar & antacid tablets
Chem 2115 Experiment #7 Volumetric Analysis & Consumer Chemistry Standardization of an unknown solution, analysis of vinegar & antacid tablets OBJECTIVE: The goals of this experiment are to learn titration
More informationExperiment 4 Stoichiometry: The Reaction of Iron with Copper(II) Sulfate
CEAC 105 GENERAL CHEMISTRY Experiment 4 Stoichiometry: The Reaction of Iron with Copper(II) Sulfate Purpose: To enhance the understanding of stoichiometry, a reaction between iron and copper (II) sulfate
More informationChapter 14 Organic Compounds That Contain Oxygen, Halogen, or Sulfur
Chapter 14 Organic Compounds That Contain Oxygen, Halogen, or Sulfur Based on Material Prepared by Andrea D. Leonard University of Louisiana at Lafayette Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission
More informationHEATS OF REACTION EXPERIMENT
16 Text Reference Section 11.4 HEATS OF REACTION EXPERIMENT PURPOSE To measure the heats of reaction for three related exothermic reactions and to verify Hess s law of heat summation. Time Required 50
More information