R R CH. Some reactions of alcohols vary depending on their classification as 1º, 2º, or 3º alcohols.
|
|
- Horatio Wright
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Experiment: Alcohol Reactions Alcohols are important organic molecules characterized by an alkyl group covalently bonded to a hydroxyl group. They may be classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary, depending on the nature of the carbon to which the hydroxyl group is bonded. R-CH 2 OH R R CH OH R R C R OH 1 o alcohol 2 o alcohol 3 o alcohol Some reactions of alcohols vary depending on their classification as 1º, 2º, or 3º alcohols. In today s experiment you will carry out some simple chemical tests for alcohols, first with some knowns and then with an unknown. Solubility The hydroxyl group of an alcohol is capable of hydrogen bonding to water, but the alkyl group is not attracted to water. Thus, there are two opposing solubility forces. Also, the solubilities of isomeric alcohols vary with the extent of branching in the alcohol. Therefore, you will need to carefully record degrees of solubility of the known alcohol samples. From this data you will be able to draw conclusions about the effect of alkyl group length and branching on the solubility of alcohols. Chemical Tests 1. Reaction with Sodium Alcohols have hydroxyl hydrogens which are acidic, but only weakly so. Alcohols are less acidic than water. (What does this say about the relative basicities of alkoxide ions, RO -1, versus hydroxide ions?) In reacting with sodium, the alcohol is not really acting as an acid, but is forming an alkoxide ion as a product along with hydrogen gas. 2ROH + 2Na (s) 2RO -1 Na +1 + H 2 (g) This reaction is really a redox reaction in which Na is oxidized and the H is reduced. Your instructor will probably run this test on a known set of alcohols for you to observe the trends in rate of reaction. Some alcohols will react very quickly, with vigorous gas evolution. Others react very slowly. Record your observations and note any trends in reactivity as it relates to structures of the alcohols.
2 2. Lucas Test Alcohols will react with an aqueous ZnCl 2 -HCl solution to form alkyl chlorides. This reaction with water as a solvent favors S N 1 mechanisms. Therefore, you can predict the rate of reactions of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols in this reaction. Because alkyl chlorides are insoluble in water, their formation can be detected by the appearance of cloudiness in the test tube. Thus, the time it takes for cloudiness to appear is a measure of the rate of this S N 1 reaction for various alcohol substrates. Record your observations carefully and compare your unknown results with those of the known samples to gain information about whether you unknown is primary, secondary or tertiary. 3. Oxidation Test Alcohols with a hydrogen attached to the same carbon as the hydroxyl group, in other words primary or secondary alcohols, can be oxidized by many oxidizing agents. C H OH oxidizing agent C O In this experiment you will use an basic solution of potassium permanganate, KMnO 4. The oxidation of the alcohol is accompanied by a reduction of the Mn +7 ion, first to Mn +6 and then further to Mn +4. The test shows visible evidence of reaction because the initial permanganate solution is purple. If oxidation-reduction takes place, the solution changes color to greenish Mn +6 and then becomes the brownish Mn +4. Record your observations for the known samples and compare them to your observations for this reaction done with your unknown alcohol. Unknown Alcohol In addition to running the above chemical tests to classify your alcohol as primary, secondary or tertiary, you will also need to take physical property measurements (BP, RI and density) and to run an NMR and IR to assist you in your identification. As with the other unknown labs, careful recording of observations and organization of your work is important to this lab. Make sure you come to lab with an understanding of the chemistry of the reactions you will run and are clear on the procedures throughout. Pre-lab Preparation Before coming to lab, you must do the following: 1. Read the lab thoroughly to understand the reactions involved and the procedures. 2. In your notebook, write the following:
3 a. Brief description of solubility trends in alcohols from your textbook or lecture notes. b. Balanced equation for the reaction of alcohols with sodium metal. c. Equations showing the oxidation reaction expected of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols when treated with KMnO 4. You don t have to balance these equations. Just write the alcohol and potassium permanganate reagent and the correct organic product. 3. Review how to take a boiling point and refractive index. (Appendix 1 and 2). 4. Review IR and NMR operating procedures (Appendix 3). You will be running spectra of your alcohol unknown in this lab. 5. Explain how you could use NMR to determine whether your alcohol is primary, secondary or tertiary. Consider the chemical shifts as well as integration to answer this question. Experimental Procedure! Safety Considerations! Sodium metal is very reactive and requires special handling. Your instructor will demonstrate these reactions.! Potassium permanganate is a strong oxidizing agent. Use gloves to avoid skin contact.! The Lucas Reagent contains acid and irritants. Use gloves to avoid skin contact.! Use boiling stones; never plug sand baths directly into the wall outlet use Variac controllers.! Keep unknown liquids off of skin and avoid breathing the vapors.! Dispose of waste organics in the waste container provided, not in the sink. Carry out all reactions in the hood. Obtain a vial of alcohol unknown and record the number in your notebook. Run the following tests on the known samples indicated below and on your unknown. As you are doing the knowns and observing how they react, you should do your unknown with it so you can compare the behavior of your unknown to that of the knowns. If your compound gives a result similar to that of ethanol, this may be an indication that you have a primary alcohol. A cautionary note is in order here. Just because your unknown gives a result like ethanol doesn't mean that it is ethanol. Nearly all primary alcohols will react similarly in the chemical tests. Your results will only enable to you classify your alcohol, not to definitively identify it. Physical properties and spectra will allow you to complete the identification.
4 1. Solubility a. Using a test tube, add 1 ml of each of the following alcohols to 5 ml of water. Mix thoroughly with thrumping (tapping the bottom of your test tube with your fingers to swirl the liquids.) Draw conclusions about alcohol solubility in water relative to the length of the alcohol s alkyl group. Known alcohols: ethanol, 1-butanol, 1-pentanol. b. As above, add 1 ml of each of the following alcohols to 5 ml of water and mix. Draw conclusions about alcohol solubility in water relative to the branching of the alkyl group. Known alcohols: 1-butanol, 2-butanol and 2-methyl-2-propanol. c. Again, add 1 ml of your unknown to 5 ml of water and mix. Record your observations about the degree of solubility of your unknown. The results for solubility should not be simply soluble or insoluble, but rather degrees of solubility. In some cases, samples may partly dissolve, indicating slight solubility, which is different than completely insoluble. Notice that the CRC Handbook lists varying degrees of solubility. You should also try to do so in your data recording for this test. Note: It is important to realize that there are primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols that are soluble in water. At the same time, there are primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols that are insoluble. Be careful not to over-conclude regarding your unknown from your solubility data. Chemical Tests Sodium metal Your instructor will demonstrate the following reactions. Add a piece of sodium metal the size of a small pea to 5 ml of absolute ethanol in a test tube. Observe the rate of reaction. Repeat this procedure with 5 ml of 1-butanol, 2-butanol and 2-methyl-2-propanol. What organic product is formed from each of these reactions? What is the effect of branching on the reactivity of the alcohols? Lucas Test To a test tube, add 1 ml of 1-butanol. Repeat this for 2-butanol, 2-methyl-2-propanol and your unknown sample. To each of these tubes, add 3 ml of Lucas reagent (aqueous ZnCl 2 - HCl) and mix thoroughly. Watch for the appearance of cloudiness. Record the time required for each of the alcohols to become cloudy (indicating the formation of alkyl halides). If any samples have not become cloudy after 10 minutes, place them in a beaker of boiling water for 15 more minutes and check for cloudiness. Carefully record all observations.
5 Oxidation Test 2. Physical tests 3. Spectroscopy Prepare the oxidizing solution by adding 1 ml of 6% KMnO4(aq) to a test tube. Then add about 1 ml of 1-butanol followed by 2 ml deionized water. Shake well and set aside for minutes. You can shake it or not during the waiting period. Observe any changes which take place. Repeat this for 2-butanol, 2-methyl-2-propanol and your unknown. Boiling point: Measure the boiling point of your unknown. If you do not recall the procedure, review Appendix 1. Density: Weigh a clean, dry 1.0-mL volumetric flask and stopper accurately to 4 decimal places. Carefully, using an eyedropper, add your unknown to the flask, until the flask is filled to the mark on its neck. Stopper the flask and weigh it. Calculate the density. Refractive index (n D ): Using the Abbe Refractometer, measure the refractive index of the unknown. If you do not recall the procedure, review Appendix 2 and ask your instructor to review the necessary steps with you. This will avoid errors in reading or damage to the instrument. IR Spectrum: Run an IR spectrum of your unknown. If you do not recall the necessary procedures, see Appendix 3 for background information and then check with your instructor before running the IR. NMR Spectrum: Prepare an NMR sample using your unknown and following the instructions in Appendix 3. With your instructors assistance, you will run an NMR spectrum. Again, if you do not recall the necessary procedures, see Appendix 3 for review. Students are not permitted to run an NMR spectrum without direct supervision. Post-Lab and Report Requirements 1. Solubility Trends: Describe the trends you observed in the water solubility testing of the known alcohols. What affect did alkyl group length have on the solubility and why? What effect did branching of the alkyl group have and why? 2. Known Reactions: Write equations or answer the questions listed below for the reactions that you carried out with known alcohols.
6 a. Reactions with sodium metal: You have already written the general reaction in your pre-lab. For this reaction, just describe any trends in reactivity that you observed for the alcohols tested. 1-butanol 2-butanol 2-methyl-2-propanol b. Reaction with Lucas Reagent: Write one balanced equation and then note any trends in reactivity. Explain why. 1-butanol 2-butanol 2-methyl-2-propanol c. Reaction with KMnO 4 : Describe any trends in reactivity. 1-butanol 2-butanol 2-methyl-2-propanol 3. Data and Discussion Requirements: See Appendix 5 for detailed instructions on the requirements for the unknown reports. You will be following these requirements for all unknown reports, so review this Appendix carefully to be certain that you include all of the required tables and discussion sections.
Experiment 6 Alcohols and Phenols
Experiment 6 Alcohols and Phenols Alcohols are organic molecules that contain a hydroxyl (-) group. Phenols are molecules that contain an group that is directly attached to a benzene ring. Alcohols can
More informationCHMA2000 EXPT 7: The Physical and Chemical Properties of Alcohols
CHMA2000 EXPT 7: The Physical and Chemical Properties of Alcohols Objectives: At the end of this experiment you should be able to: 1. Understand the physical and chemical properties of alcohols 2. Understand
More informationProperties of Liquids
Experiment: Properties of Liquids Many of the organic compounds you will be studying this year will be liquids, and in lab, you will frequently have to identify unknown liquids and confirm the identity
More informationChem 2115 Experiment # 6 PERIODIC RELATIONSHIPS
Chem 2115 Experiment # 6 PERIODIC RELATIONSHIPS OBJECTIVES: Gaining insight into property and reactivity trends within families and across periods for the chemical elements through experimental observation.
More informationPERIODIC RELATIONSHIPS
PERIODIC RELATIONSHIPS OBJECTIVES: Gaining insight into property and reactivity trends within families and across periods for the chemical elements through experimental observation. SKILLS: Observations,
More informationChemistry 254 Lab Experiment 1: Qualitative Organic Analysis Summer 2004
Chemistry 254 Lab Experiment 1: Qualitative Organic Analysis Summer 2004 Introduction: Qualitative organic analysis, the identification and characterization of unknown compounds, in an important part of
More informationGRIGNARD REACTION Synthesis of Benzoic Acid
1 GRIGNARD REACTION Synthesis of Benzoic Acid In the 1920 s, the first survey of the acceleration of chemical transformations by ultrasound was published. Since then, many more applications of ultrasound
More information25. Qualitative Analysis 2
25. Qualitative Analysis 2 This experiment uses a series of wet chemistry analytical tests to determine the functional group present in a series of known and an unknown compound. Each student receives
More information12AL Experiment 11 (3 days): Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions
12AL Experiment 11 (3 days): Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions Instructor note: Day 1 (half of the class); Day 2 (other half); Day 3 (everyone to finish up any separation & purification steps etc). Initial
More informationExpt 10: Friedel-Crafts Alkylation of p-xylene
Expt 10: Friedel-Crafts Alkylation of p-xylene INTRODUCTION The Friedel-Crafts alkylation reaction is one of the most useful methods for adding alkyl substituents to an aromatic ring. Mechanistically,
More information12AL Experiment 9: Markovnikov s Rule
12AL Experiment 9: Markovnikov s Rule Safety: Proper lab goggles/glasses must be worn (even over prescription glasses). WEAR GLOVES this lab utilizes hydrogen peroxide which can burn your skin and multiple
More informationCH 241 EXPERIMENT #6 WEEK OF NOVEMBER 12, NUCLEOPHILIC SUBSTITUTION REACTIONS (S N 1 and S N 2)
C 241 EXPERIMENT #6 WEEK OF NOVEMBER 12, 2001 NUCLEOPILIC SUBSTITUTION REACTIONS (S N 1 and S N 2) Background By the time you do this experiment we should have covered nucleophilic substitution reactions
More information1. Potassium Permanganate Test (Baeyer Test)
12AL Experiment 4: Organic Qualitative Analysis of O-Containing Functional Groups Safety: Proper lab goggles/glasses must be worn (even over prescription glasses). Gloves are also required. As always,
More informationPrelab Assignmet Date, Title, Introduction. You will complete the procedures during the lab period as you plan for each test.
1 Qualitative Analysis Prelab Assignmet Date, Title, Introduction. You will complete the procedures during the lab period as you plan for each test. Introduction In this experiment you will be determining
More informationExperiment 7 Aldehydes, Ketones, and Carboxylic Acids
Experiment 7 Aldehydes, Ketones, and arboxylic Acids Aldehydes and ketones are molecules that contain a carbonyl group, which is an oxygen atom with a double bond to a carbon atom. In an aldehyde, the
More informationExperiment 11: Dehydration of Cyclohexanol
Experiment 11: Dehydration of yclohexanol INTRODUTION In this experiment, cyclohexanol is dehydrated by aqueous sulfuric acid to produce cyclohexene as the sole product [equation (1)], and no rearrangement
More informationExperiment 1: The Periodic Behavior of Metals
Experiment 1: The Periodic Behavior of Metals Some metals readily dissolve in water, some only dissolve in acid, and some do not react with either one. How can we explain this? To address this question
More informationCl 2(g) + NaCl + H 2 O. light. 2Cl. Once formed, the chlorine radical can react with the heptane as shown below: + Cl
Experiment Free Radical Chlorination of Heptane In today s experiment, you will be chlorinating n-heptane with chlorine atoms (radicals) to form monochlorination products of that alkane. You will analyze
More informationProperties of Alkanes, Alkenes, Aromatic Compounds and an Alcohol
1 of 5 1/26/2010 11:40 AM Experiment 2 Properties of Alkanes, Alkenes, Aromatic Compounds and an Alcohol In the reactions we will perform in this experiment, hexane will be used to represent the saturated
More informationLaboratory 3. Development of an Equation. Objectives. Introduction
Laboratory 3 Development of an Equation Objectives Apply laboratory procedures and make observations to investigate a chemical reaction. Based on these observations, identify the pattern of reactivity
More informationPART II: ANALYSIS OF IRON COORDINATION COMPOUND
PART II: ANALYSIS OF IRON COORDINATION COMPOUND In this experiment students will perform two independent analyses of the iron coordination compound synthesized in Part I. A redox titration with potassium
More informationLab #6: CARBOXYLIC ACIDS LAB
lab Lab #6: CARBOXYLIC ACIDS LAB Name PART I: Preparation of Carboxylic Acids (a) Oxidation of an Aldehyde by Oxygen from the Air: Benzaldehyde is an aromatic aldehyde with a familiar odor. On a clean,
More informationLaboratory 23: Properties of Aldehydes and Ketones
Introduction Laboratory 23: Properties of Aldehydes and Ketones Aldehydes and Ketones represent an important class of organic molecules containing a carbonyl carbon. In this experiment you will study the
More informationFree Radical Chlorination
Free Radical Chlorination Although saturated hydrocarbons are inert to most acidic and basic reagents, they can be halogenated in the presence of a free radical initiator. The process is a chain reaction,
More informationChemistry 283g- Experiment 4
EXPEIMENT 4: Alkenes: Preparations and eactions elevant sections in the text: Fox & Whitesell, 3 rd Ed. Elimination eactions of Alcohols: pg. 426-428, 431-432 Electrophilic Addition to Alkenes: pg. 484-488,
More informationExperiment#1 Beer s Law: Absorption Spectroscopy of Cobalt(II)
: Absorption Spectroscopy of Cobalt(II) OBJECTIVES In successfully completing this lab you will: prepare a stock solution using a volumetric flask; use a UV/Visible spectrometer to measure an absorption
More informationCHEMISTRY Organic Chemistry Laboratory II Spring 2019 Lab #2: Grignard Reaction: Preparation of Triphenylmethanol
CHEMISTRY 244 - Organic Chemistry Laboratory II Spring 2019 Lab #2: Grignard Reaction: Preparation of Triphenylmethanol Purpose. In this lab you will use the Grignard Reaction, a classic reaction in organic
More informationHYDROCARBONS: STRUCTURE & PROPERTIES
YDROARBONS: STRUTURE & PROPERTIES PURPOSE: To discover the physical and chemical properties of alkanes, alkenes, and aromatic hydrocarbons. To identify an unknown hydrocarbon by comparing it to known samples.
More informationExperiment 18 - Absorption Spectroscopy and Beer s Law: Analysis of Cu 2+
Experiment 18 - Absorption Spectroscopy and Beer s Law: Analysis of Cu 2+ Many substances absorb light. When light is absorbed, electrons in the ground state are excited to higher energy levels. Colored
More informationExpt 7: Preparation of Isobutyl Propionate (or Isobutyl Propanoate)
Expt 7: Preparation of Isobutyl Propionate (or Isobutyl Propanoate) INTRDUCTIN Esters are an important class of carbonyl compounds that are formally derived by combining a carboxylic acid and an alcohol.
More informationSynthesis of Benzoic Acid
E x p e r i m e n t 5 Synthesis of Benzoic Acid Objectives To use the Grignard reagent in a water free environment. To react the Grignard reagent with dry ice, CO 2(s). To assess the purity of the product
More informationExperiment 2: Analysis of Commercial Bleach Solutions
Experiment 2: Analysis of Commercial Bleach Solutions I. Introduction The ability of household bleach to remove stains is related to the amount of oxidizing agent in it. The oxidizing agent in bleach is
More informationExperiment 5 Reactions of Hydrocarbons
Experiment 5 Reactions of ydrocarbons ydrocarbons are compounds that only contain carbon and hydrogen. ydrocarbons can be classified further by the type of bonds they contain. If a hydrocarbon contains
More informationPURPOSE: 1. To illustrate an oxidation-reduction titration with potassium permanganate 2. To determine the percent mass of iron in an unknown.
PURPOSE: 1. To illustrate an oxidation-reduction titration with potassium permanganate 2. To determine the percent mass of iron in an unknown. PRINCIPLES: Oxidation and reduction reactions, commonly called
More information3. Separation of a Mixture into Pure Substances
3. Separation of a Mixture into Pure Substances Paper Chromatography of Metal Cations What you will accomplish in this experiment This third experiment provides opportunities for you to learn and practice:
More informationCHEMISTRY Organic Chemistry Laboratory II Spring 2019 Lab #3: Friedel-Crafts Acylation
CHEMISTRY 244 - Organic Chemistry Laboratory II Spring 2019 Lab #3: Friedel-Crafts Acylation Purpose: In this lab you will predict and experimentally test the directing effects of substituent groups in
More informationExperiment 7 - Preparation of 1,4-diphenyl-1,3-butadiene
Experiment 7 - Preparation of 1,4-diphenyl-1,3-butadiene OBJECTIVE To provide experience with the Wittig Reaction, one of the most versatile reactions available for the synthesis of an alkene. INTRODUCTION
More informationScientific Observations and Reaction Stoichiometry: The Qualitative Analysis and Chemical Reactivity of Five White Powders
Scientific Observations and Reaction Stoichiometry: The Qualitative Analysis and Chemical Reactivity of Five White Powders Objectives Part 1: To determine the limiting reagent and percent yield of CuCO
More informationCHEMISTRY Organic Chemistry Laboratory II Spring 2019 Lab #1: Oxidation of Alcohols to Ketones - Borneol Oxidation (2 weeks)
CHEMISTRY 244 - Organic Chemistry Laboratory II Spring 2019 Lab #1: Oxidation of Alcohols to Ketones - Borneol Oxidation (2 weeks) Purpose. In this lab you will learn about oxidation reactions in organic
More informationEXPERIMENT 8 Reactions of Hydrocarbons
EXPERIMENT 8 Reactions of Hydrocarbons Properties and Identification of Hydrocarbons Purpose: a) To identify saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons using properties and reactions. b) Study substitution
More informationShifts in Equilibrium: Le Châtelier s Principle
6 Shifts in Equilibrium: Le Châtelier s Principle Introduction Whenever a chemical reaction occurs, the reverse reaction can also occur. As the original reactants, on the left side of the equation, react
More informationChemical Reactions: The Copper Cycle
1 Chemical Reactions: The Copper Cycle ORGANIZATION Mode: pairs assigned by instructor Grading: lab notes, lab performance and post-lab report Safety: Goggles, closed-toe shoes, lab coat, long pants/skirts
More informationTo explore solubilities and reactivities of different metal ions. To identify ions present in unknown solutions using separation methods.
Qualitative Analysis PURPOSE To develop a separation scheme and confirmatory tests for Fe 3+, Ba 2+, and Ag + cations, and to use it to identify the ions in a sample of unknown composition. GOALS To explore
More informationSubstances and Mixtures:Separating a Mixture into Its Components
MiraCosta College Introductory Chemistry Laboratory Substances and Mixtures:Separating a Mixture into Its Components EXPERIMENTAL TASK To separate a mixture of calcium carbonate, iron and sodium chloride
More informationAcid-Base Extraction
Experiment: Acid-Base Extraction Background information on the theory of extraction is covered extensively online and will also be covered in your discussion The information here pertains specifically
More informationChem 1B Saddleback College Dr. White 1. Experiment 5: Separation and Identification of Group I Cations (The Chloride Group: Ag +, Pb 2+, and Hg 2
Chem 1B Saddleback College Dr. White 1 Experiment 5: Separation and Identification of Group I Cations (The Chloride Group: Ag +, Pb 2+, and Hg 2 2+) Objective To understand the chemical reactions involved
More informationTITRATION OF AN ACID WITH A BASE
TITRATION OF AN ACID WITH A BASE 1 NOTE: You are required to view the podcast entitled Use of Burets for Titrations before coming to lab this week. To view the podcast, consisting of eight episodes, go
More informationPhysical and Chemical Properties of Matter Lab
Physical and Chemical Properties of Matter Lab Purpose To introduce the student to physical and chemical properties of matter and their use for the identification and separation of compounds. Each student
More informationChemistry 141 Samuel A. Abrash Chemical Reactions Lab Lecture 9/5/2011
Chemistry 141 Samuel A. Abrash Chemical Reactions Lab Lecture 9/5/2011 Q: Before we start discussing this week s lab, can we talk about our lab notebooks? Sure. Q: What makes a lab notebook a good notebook?
More informationExperiment 13: EFFECT OF STRUCTURE ON PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Experiment 13: EFFET F STRUTURE N PYSIAL PRPERTIES Purpose: The relationships between the structures of molecules and their physical properties, such as volatility, viscosity, and solubility are examined.
More information11. Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions
11. Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions A. Introduction It would be beneficial if you review the chapter on substitution reactions in your textbook prior to lab. This is Ch. 11 in the 9 th edition McMurry
More informationDetermination of Orthophosphate Ion
Determination of Orthophosphate Ion Introduction Phosphorous, in the form of phosphate, is one of several important elements in the growth of plants. Excessive algae growth in water is stimulated by the
More informationSome Reactions of Hydrocarbons Experiment #2
Some Reactions of Hydrocarbons Experiment #2 Objective: To distinguish alkanes, alkenes and aromatic hydrocarbons by their chemical reactions and reactivity. Introduction Hydrocarbons are organic compounds
More informationExpt 9: The Aldol Condensation
Expt 9: The Aldol Condensation INTRDUCTIN Reactions that form carbon-carbon bonds are particularly important in organic chemistry as they allow the synthesis of more complex structures from simpler molecules.
More informationEquilibrium and LeChatelier s Principle
1 Equilibrium and LeChatelier s Principle Purpose: To examine LeChatelier s Principle by studying disturbances applied to several equilibrium systems. Introduction Many chemical reactions reach a state
More informationDetermination of Orthophosphate Ion
Determination of Orthophosphate Ion Introduction Phosphorous, in the form of phosphate, is one of several important elements in the growth of plants. Excessive algae growth in water is stimulated by the
More informationEXPERIMENT: LIMITING REAGENT. NOTE: Students should have moles of reactants in DATASHEET converted into masses in grams prior to the lab period.
Revised 12/2015 EXPERIMENT: LIMITING REAGENT Chem 1104 Lab NOTE: Students should have moles of reactants in DATASHEET converted into masses in grams prior to the lab period. INTRODUCTION Limiting reactant
More informationTo determine relative oxidizing and reducing strengths of a series of metals and ions.
Redox Reactions PURPOSE To determine relative oxidizing and reducing strengths of a series of metals and ions. GOALS 1 To explore the relative oxidizing and reducing strengths of different metals. 2 To
More informationSYNTHESIS OF 1-BROMOBUTANE Experimental procedure at macroscale (adapted from Williamson, Minard & Masters 1 )
SYNTHESIS OF 1-BROMOBUTANE Experimental procedure at macroscale (adapted from Williamson, Minard & Masters 1 ) Introduction 1-bromobutane is a primary alkyl halide (primary alkyl) and therefore it is produced
More informationNaBr, H2SO4 CH3CH2CH2CH2Br + NaHSO4 + H2O. 1-Bromobutane bp C den MW n 1.439
Exp t 140 The SN2 Reaction: 1-Bromobutane from K. L. Williamson, Macroscale and Microscale Organic Experiments, 2nd Ed. 1994, Houghton Mifflin, Boston. p247; revised 2/22/02 Prelab Exercise: Review the
More informationReaction of Magnesium with Hydrochloric Acid
Reaction of Magnesium with Hydrochloric Acid Your Name: Date: Partner(s): Objectives: React magnesium metal with hydrochloric acid, collecting the hydrogen over water. Calculate the grams of hydrogen produced
More informationR C OR' H 2 O carboxylic acid alcohol ester water side product
EXPERIMENT 7 SYNTHESIS OF ESTERS USING ACETIC ANHYDRIDE 1 Materials Needed 2.0 ml of an alcohol to be chosen from the following: 1-propanol (n-propyl alcohol), 3-methyl 1-butanol (isoamyl alcohol, isopentyl
More informationSeparation and Identification of Metal Ions
Vivek Kumar, Ph.D. OBJECTIVES: In this experiment, you will analyze an aqueous solution for the presence of Ag +, Pb 2+ and Hg2 2+ ions LEARNING GOALS 1. To understand and apply chemistry of metal ions
More informationExperiment 12: Grignard Synthesis of Triphenylmethanol
1 Experiment 12: Grignard Synthesis of Triphenylmethanol Reactions that form carbon-carbon bonds are among the most useful to the synthetic organic chemist. In 1912, Victor Grignard received the Nobel
More informationExperiment 3 Two-Step Synthesis of Ionones
Experiment 3 Two-Step Synthesis of Ionones Reading: Mohrig Section 24 (UV-vis Spectroscopy), Palleros p. E23B.1-3 (included here) * Students will work with one lab partner (no groups of three) Notebook
More informationExperiment 9 Dehydration of Methylcyclohexanol Friday/Monday 1
Experiment 9 Dehydration of Methylcyclohexanol Friday/Monday 1 There are three distinct steps in most organic preparative reactions: 1) the reaction itself, 2) isolation of the crude product, and 3) final
More information2 (CH 3 CH 2 ) 2 NH diethylamine
Experiment: (Part B) Preparation of Lidocaine from α-chloro-2,6-dimethylacetanilide and Diethylamine ITRDUCTI This step of the synthesis involves the reaction of α-chloro-2, 6- dimethylacetanilide, prepared
More informationChemistry 283g- Experiment 3
EXPERIMENT 3: xidation of Alcohols: Solid-Supported xidation and Qualitative Tests Relevant sections in the text: Fox & Whitesell, 3 rd Ed. pg. 448-452. A portion of this experiment is based on a paper
More informationExperiment 5E BOTTLES WITHOUT LABELS: STUDIES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS
Experiment 5E BOTTLES WITHOUT LABELS: STUDIES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS FV 1-21-16 MATERIALS: Eight 50 ml beakers, distilled water bottle, two 250 ml beakers, conductivity meter, ph paper (A/B/N), stirring
More informationExtraction. weak base pk a = 4.63 (of ammonium ion) weak acid pk a = 4.8. weaker acid pk a = 9.9. not acidic or basic pk a = 43
Extraction Background Extraction is a technique that separates compounds (usually solids) based on solubility. Depending on the phases involved, extractions are either liquid-solid or liquid-liquid. If
More informationExperiment 6 Shifts in Equilibrium: Le Châtelier s Principle
Experiment 6 Shifts in Equilibrium: Le Châtelier s Principle Introduction Whenever a chemical reaction occurs, the reverse reaction can also occur. As the original reactants, on the left side of the equation,
More informationExperiment: Carbohydrates and Optical Activity
Experiment: Carbohydrates and Optical Activity This lab will explore properties of sugars, one type of carbohydrate. In this lab you will build molecular models of three types of sugars and explore the
More informationThe ratio of the concentrations of a substance in the two solvents at equilibrium is called its distribution coefficient, K D :
CHM 147 Advanced Chemistry II Lab Extraction: A Separation and Isolation Technique Adapted from Extraction: A Separation and isolation Technique, Hart, Harold; Craine, Leslie; Hart, David; Organic Chemistry,
More informationTo understand concept of limiting reagents. To learn how to do a vacuum filtration. To understand the concept of recrystallization.
E x p e r i m e n t Synthesis of Aspirin Experiment : http://genchemlab.wordpress.com/-aspirin/ objectives To synthesize aspirin. To understand concept of limiting reagents. To determine percent yield.
More informationAldehydes, Ketones, and Chirality: Reactions and Molecular Models
EXPERIMENT 6 Aldehydes, Ketones, and Chirality: Reactions and Molecular Models Materials Needed molecular model kit 2 ml cyclohexanone, 2 ml acetone, 2 ml propanal 4 ml 5% AgN 3 (aq), 12 ml 5% Na(aq),
More informationExperiment 20-Acid-Base Titration: Standardization of KOH and Determination of the Molarity and/or Percent Composition of an Acid Solution
Experiment 20-Acid-Base Titration: Standardization of KOH and Determination of the Molarity and/or Percent Composition of an Acid Solution In this experiment, you will determine the molarity and percent
More informationEXPERIMENT 20. Solutions INTRODUCTION
EXPERIMENT 20 Solutions INTRODUCTION A solution is a homogeneous mixture. The solvent is the dissolving substance, while the solute is the dissolved substance. A saturated solution is one in which the
More information$ % K st. K D [ I 2 ] Aqueous. [ I 2 ] Hexane. % Aqueous
Determination of the Stability Constant of the Tri- Iodide Ion by Solvent Extraction Introduction Molecular iodine reacts with iodide to form a complex, called the tri- iodide ion, according to the reaction:
More information2. Synthesis of Aspirin
This is a two-part laboratory experiment. In part one, you will synthesize (make) the active ingredient in aspirin through a reaction involving a catalyst. The resulting product will then be purified through
More informationDownloaded from
1 Class XII Chemistry Chapter: Alcohols, Phenols And Ethers Top concepts: 1. Structure of alcohols, phenols and ethers: 2. Preparation of alcohols: 3. Preparation of phenols: 2 4. Physical properties of
More informationChem 2115 Experiment #10. Acids, Bases, Salts, and Buffers
Chem 2115 Experiment #10 Acids, Bases, Salts, and Buffers OBJECTIVE: The goal of this series of experiments is to investigate the characteristics of acidic and basic solutions. We will explore the neutralization
More informationTitle of experiment and short description of the purpose of the experiment.
The Laboratory Notebook for Chem 267 and 268. Use only the required notebook, one that allows a copy of each page to be made and torn out. The copy is given to the TA for grading and the original is kept
More informationALCOHOLS AND PHENOLS
Chem 306 Name Partner Section (Circle) M Tu W Th Date ALCOHOLS AND PHENOLS Purpose: In this laboratory activity you will investigate some chemical and physical properties of alcohols and phenols Introduction:
More informationExperiment 3: Preparation of Lidocaine
Experiment 3: Preparation of Lidocaine This two-step synthesis involves the following conversion: 2,6-dimethylaniline α- chloro-2, 6-dimethylacetanilide Lidocaine. This synthetic scheme is shown in equation
More informationTo measure ph s in a variety of solutions and mixtures and to account for the results obtained.
Acid-Base Studies PURPOSE To measure ph s in a variety of solutions and mixtures and to account for the results obtained. GOALS 1 To learn to use ph paper and a ph meter to measure the ph of a given solution.
More informationStresses Applied to Chemical Equilibrium
Stresses Applied to Chemical Equilibrium Objective Many chemical reactions do not go to completion. Rather, they come to a point of chemical equilibrium before the reactants are fully converted to products.
More informationAcid-Base Titration Acetic Acid Content of Vinegar
Acid-Base Titration Acetic Acid Content of Vinegar Prelab Assignment Read the entire lab. Write an objective and any hazards associated with this lab in your laboratory notebook. On a separate sheet of
More informationOxidation of Alcohols: Oxidation of Borneol to Camphor
Experiment 13 Oxidation of Alcohols: Oxidation of Borneol to Camphor Reading: Handbook for Organic Chemistry Lab, sections on Extraction (Chapter 8), Drying Organic Solutions (Chapter 11), and Solvent
More information(b) Write the chemical equation for the dissolution of NaOH in water.
Making a Solution and Measuring ph Prelab Assignment Read the entire lab. Write an objective and any hazards associated with this lab in your laboratory notebook. Answer the following 6 questions in your
More informationPCC, CH 2 Cl 2 H 3 C C H 2 C
EM254 Experiment 5 Sodium ypochlorite xidation of Alcohols 1 For inorganic reactions oxidation is defined as a process involving loss of electrons, as in the conversion of Fe +2 to Fe +3. xidation of organic
More informationNucleophilic displacement - Formation of an ether by an S N 2 reaction The Williamson- Ether Synthesis
Nucleophilic displacement - Formation of an ether by an S N 2 reaction The Williamson- Ether Synthesis Bond formation by use of an S N 2 reaction is very important for organic and biological synthesis.
More informationCIE Chemistry A-Level Practicals for Papers 3 and 5
CIE Chemistry A-Level Practicals for Papers 3 and 5 Ion Identification Group 2 Ions Identification Example -3 1. Place 10 drops of 0.1 mol dm barium chloride in a clean test tube. Must be clean to ensure
More informationExperiment 8 - Chemical Changes
Experiment 8 - Chemical Changes When a chemical change occurs, the chemicals that you start with are changed into different chemicals. We know when this happens because the new chemicals have different
More information2 Set up an apparatus for simple distillation using this flask.
The following instructions are from an experimental procedure for the preparation of cyclohexene from cyclohexanol and concentrated phosphoric acid. Read these instructions and answer the questions that
More informationIMPORTANT SAFETY INFORMATION
CHEM 51LB EXPERIMENT 5 DEHYDRATION OF 1- AND 2-BUTANOL AND DEHYDROBROMINATION OF 1- AND 2-BROMOBUTANE: ANALYSIS OF GASEOUS PRODUCTS BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY 1 REACTIONS: Elimination TECHNIQUES: Gas Chromatography
More informationExperiment 8: Chlorination of 1-Chlorobutane
1 Experiment 8: Chlorination of 1-Chlorobutane Alkanes contain only nonpolar carbon-hydrogen and carbon-carbon single bonds, which makes them unreactive toward most acidic and basic reagents. They can,
More informationHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND PHYSIC AND CHEMICAL CHANGES
Experiment 4 Name: 15 P HYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND PHYSIC AND CHEMICAL CHANGES 13 Al e In this experiment, you will also observe physical and chemical properties and physical and chemical changes.
More informationExp't 141. Exp't 141
Exp't 141 Exp't 141 Chlorination of 1-Chlorobutane from K L Williamson, Macroscale and Microscale Organic Experiments, 2nd Ed 1994, Houghton Mifflin, Boston p255, Rev 10/13/98 Prelab exercise: If there
More informationNaOH (aq) + HCl (aq) NaCl (aq) + H 2 O (l)
EXPERIMENT 21 Molarity of a Hydrochloric Acid Solution by Titration INTRODUCTION Volumetric analysis is a general term meaning any method in which a volume measurement is the critical operation; however,
More informationS N 2, S N 1 Reactions; Mechanisms and Arrow-Pushing 45. Chem 355-Jasperse STRUCTURAL EFFECTS ON SUBSTITUTION REACTIONS
S N 2, S N 1 Reactions; Mechanisms and Arrow-Pushing 45 Chem 355-Jasperse STRUCTURAL EFFECTS N SUBSTITUTIN REACTINS Structures: 1-chlorobutane 1-bromobutane 2-chlorobutane 2-bromobutane 1 2 3 4 2-chloro-
More information