Index. Balances. See specific balances. Batch distillation binary Rayleigh equations, simple, constant reflux ratio,

Transcription

1 9880_Index 7/14/06 1:57 PM Page 721 Index A Abietic acid data, 430 Absorbers, , Absorption chemical, 385 co-current absorbers, column diameter calculation, column failure, 345 computer simulations, concentrated, cross-flow, 416 definition, 385 dilute multisolute, equilibria, graphical analysis, irreversible, Kremser equation, matrix solution, McCabe-Thiele diagrams, operating lines, physical, 385 Absorption factor, 400 Acetic acid data, 430, 461, 484, 499, 619, 700 Acetonaphthalene data, 619, 704, 705 Acetone data, 148, 241, 414, 418, 462, 469, 701 Acetylene data, 618 Activated alumina, 615 data, 614, 619, 628, 656 Activated carbon, 613 data, 614, 616, , 621, Adsorption. See also Sorption processes. definition, 609 example, , 622 materials. See Sorbents. processes. See Pressure swing adsorption, Simulated moving bed, Temperature swing adsorption. Alanine, 627 Alcohol. See Ethanol. Alcohol dehydrogenase data, 440 Almost-ideal separations, Ammonia data, 389, 417, 471 Aniline data, 494 Anthracene data, 619, 628, 656 Aspartic acid, 627 Aspen Chromatography, Aspen Plus. See also Computer simulations. absorption, azeotropic distillation, decanters, 272 drawing flowcharts, error messages, extractive distillation, flash drum setup, multicomponent distillation, simulating input data, 60 61, 62 simulations for binary distillation, start-up, 59 stripping, troubleshooting guide, two-pressure distillation, VLE data analysis, Argon data, 417 Azeotrope, 19-20, 227, 230 Azeotropic distillation, 245, B Balances. See specific balances. Batch distillation binary Rayleigh equations, simple, constant reflux ratio,

2 9880_Index 7/14/06 1:57 PM Page 722 Batch distillation (continued) constant-level, versus continuous operation, energy requirements, 291 multistage distillation, Rayleigh equations binary distillation, simple binary distillation, history of, inverted, 278, 294 multistage, operating time, schematic, 277 solvent-switching, 283 steam, variable reflux ratio, 290 Batch extraction, Benzene data, 157, 209, 221, 232, , 245, 265, Bibliography, 8 9 Binary batch distillation Rayleigh equations, simple, Binary co-current permeation, , Binary countercurrent flow, , Binary cross-flow permeation, , Binary distillation. See also Column distillation. computer simulation, equilibrium relationships, McCabe-Thiele method, profiles, solution methods, stage-by-stage methods, Binary flash distillation. See Flash distillation, binary. Binary heterogeneous azeotropes, Binary VLE. See Vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE), binary. Boiling point. See Bubble-point temperature. Boilup column distillation, definition, 67 versus recycling, 69 superheated, Bolles-Fair correlation, Books of reference. See Publications. Bovine serum albumin data, 619 Breaking azeotropes, Bubble regime, 72 Bubble-cap trays, 303 Bubble-caps, illustration, 303 Bubble-point procedure, Bubble-point temperature, Bulk density, 612 Butadiene-butylene separation process, Butane data, 30 32, 56 Butanol data, 227, 262, 374, 430 C Capital costs design variables, 363 estimating, Carbon dioxide data, 388, 417, , Carbon molecular sieves (CMS), 613 Carbon monoxide data, 388, Carbon tetrachloride data, 388, 499 Cascading flash separators, Cation-exchange resins, Checklist for sorption system design, Chemical absorption, 385 Chemical reaction distillation, Chemical plants, typical layout, 2 Chemical potential equilibrium, 3 Chimney trays, 307 Chlorinated compound data, 388 Chlorobenzene data, 496 Chloroform data, 242, 388, , 469 Chromatography. See also Solute movement analysis. computer simulation, definition, 609 elution costs, 630 displacement chromatography, 631 example, flow programming, Gaussian solution, purge cycles, resolution, simulated moving bed (SMB) systems, Index

3 9880_Index 7/14/06 1:57 PM Page 723 solute movement, solvent gradients, temperature gradient method, temperature programming, elution chromatography, linear chromatography, solute movement analysis, CMO (constant molal overflow). See Constant molal overflow (CMO). CMS (carbon molecular sieves), 613 Co-current absorbers, Column distillation. See also Binary distillation. boilup, bubble regime, 72 cascading flash separators, concurrent cascades, countercurrent cascade, 66 debottlenecking, design problems, 74 diameter too large, enriching section balance envelope schematic, 87 definition, entrainment, 72 equipment, example, external balances, external balances, feed lines, feeds distillation with multiple feeds, internal stage-by-stage balances, phase and temperature effects, subcooled reflux, superheated boilup, flow regime, 72 flowcharts, foam regime, 72 froth regime, 72 increasing capacity, isothermal distillation, liquid carry-over between stages, 72 optimum feed stage, 74 76, passing streams, photograph, 71 purity levels, 137 rectifying section, recycling versus reflux and boilup, 69 reflux, reflux ratio, 74 reusing columns, schematics, sieve trays, photograph, 73 simulation problems, specifications, spray regime, 72 stages, calculating number of Lewis method, McCabe-Thiele method, , stripping section, variable pressure distillation, variables, Column distillation, internal stage-by-stage balances analytical methods versus graphical, binary distillation profiles, binary solution methods, column sections, composition profiles, condensers intermediate, partial, constant flow rates, 91 constant molal overflow (CMO), 91, efficiencies, enriching columns, equilibrium relationships, distillation with multiple feeds, feed line calculations, Lewis method, McCabe-Thiele method, , , open steam heating, feed, phase and temperature effects, feed lines, flow rate profiles, Lewis method constant molal overflow (CMO), example, versus McCabe-Thiele method, stage-by-stage calculations, limiting conditions, McCabe-Thiele method description, Index 723

4 9880_Index 7/14/06 1:57 PM Page 724 Column distillation, internal stage-by-stage balances (continued) McCabe-Thiele method (continued) distillation with multiple feeds, , , , general analysis procedure, versus Lewis method, open steam heating, problem algorithm, 119 minimum reflux, Murphree efficiency, open steam heating, operating equation, 92 pinch points, 131 reboilers intermediate, total, 126 sidestreams, simulation problems, Sorel s method, 91 stripping columns, subcooled reflux, superheated boilup, temperature profiles, total reflux, withdrawal lines, Column mass balances, sorption processes, Columns coupling, diameter calculation absorption, description, , , , packed column flooding, sieve trays, stripping, valve trays, packed. See Packed columns. pressure, cost effects, 362 sections, staged. See Staged columns. Complex distillation processes azeotropic distillation, 245, binary heterogeneous azeotropes, breaking azeotropes, chemical distillation, computer simulation, distillation boundary curves, 242 distillation curves, drying organic compounds, drying organic compounds, steam distillation, extractive distillation, , polarities of compounds, residue curves, schematic, 226 solvents adding, selecting, steam distillation, ternary distillation, two-pressure distillation, , Component mass balance, Composition profiles column distillation, multicomponent distillation, Computer simulations. See also Aspen Plus. absorption, azeotropic distillation, binary distillation, chromatography, error messages, 62 extraction, , extraction, partially miscible, , flash drum setup, flowsheets, drawing, input data, 60 61, 62 multicomponent distillation, multicomponent distillation, matrix method, multicomponent flash distillation, stripping, VLE data analysis, Concentrated absorption, Concentration polarization, , , , 602 Concentration profile, Concurrent cascades, Condensers intermediate, partial, Conjugate lines, 470 Constant flow rates, 91 Constant molal overflow (CMO) column distillation, 91, definition, 91 validity, 118, Index

5 9880_Index 7/14/06 1:57 PM Page 725 Constant pattern waves, , 663 Constant reflux ratio, Constant-level batch distillation, Continuous column distillation. See Column distillation. Convergence, , Costs of distillation almost-ideal separations, capital costs design variables, 363 estimating, coupling columns, elution chromatography, 630 equipment costs. See Capital costs. estimating, example, factors effecting column pressure, 362 energy costs, feed rate, 366 operating effects, reflux ratio, 359, 362, 364, 367 state of the economy, 355 heat exchange, heat exchangers, heuristics, long-term trends, Marshall and Stevens equipment cost index, nonideal separations, packed columns, packings, 358 synthesizing column sequences almost-ideal separations, nonideal separations, Countercurrent extraction difference points, dilute systems, equilibrium stages, , external mass balances, Kremser method, McCabe-Thiele diagrams, stage-by-stage calculation, Counterflow, Coupling columns, Cresol data, 149 Cross-flow extraction, , Cross-flow pattern, 304 Cumene data, 209, 241 Cyclohexane data, 656 Cymene data, 299 D Debottlenecking, Decane data, 30 32, Decanters, 272 DePriester charts, Dew point temperature, 196 Dextran data, 440, 702 Diagrams. See Enthalpy-composition diagrams; Temperature-composition diagrams; Y-x diagrams. Dialysis, Diameter calculation, columns. See Columns, diameter calculation. Dichloroethane data, 221 Diethyl ether data, 496 Difference points, Diffuse waves, Diisopropyl ether data, 263 Dilute fractional extraction, Dilute multisolute absorption, Dilute multisolute stripping, Dinitronaphthalene data, 619, Displacement chromatography, 631 Dispersion coefficient, 676, 679 Distillation. See also specific types of distillation. boundary curves, 242 costs. See Costs of distillation. curves, equilibrium stages, 1 2 stage-by-stage methods, 2 unit operation, 2 Distillation columns. See also Column distillation. as chemical reactors, configurations. See Complex distillation processes; Extractive distillation; Two-pressure distillation. sequencing. See Synthesizing column sequences. Divalent-monovalent ion exchange, Documentation. See Publications. Double-pass trays, 304 Downcomers, Driving force, 542 Dry tray pressure, Drying organic compounds, Index 725

6 9880_Index 7/14/06 1:57 PM Page 726 E Economics of distillation. See Costs of distillation. Efficiencies column distillation, Murphree, trays determining, 311 estimating, example, Murphree, O Connell correlation for distillation, O Connell correlation for absorption, scaling up, 312 valve trays, 329 and vapor velocity, Electrodialysis (ED), Elution chromatography. See Chromatography, elution. Energy balances binary flash distillation sequential solution, simultaneous solution, column distillation. See Column distillation, external balances; Column distillation, internal stageby-stage balances. multicomponent distillation, multicomponent flash distillation, pervaporation, prerequisite skills, 7 sequential solutions, sign convention, 78 sorption processes, 677 Energy costs, Enriching columns, Enriching section, 69 70, 87 Enthalpy equations, Enthalpy-composition diagrams graphing binary VLE, isotherms, Entrainment bubble-cap trays, 303 definition, 72 inlet ports, outlet ports, sieve trays column diameter, example, hydraulics, tray layout, vapor velocity, Equilibrium adsorption, chemical potential, 3 description, 2 4 distillation stages, 1 2 K values. See K values. ion exchange, mechanical, 3 phase, 3 plotting, 23 24, relationships, column distillation, stages, applicability, 1 2 thermal, 3 Equilibrium equations binary flash distillation sequential solution, simultaneous solution, sequential solutions, Error function, 680 Error messages, Aspen Plus, Esterification in distillation column, Ethane data, 30 32, 57, 616 Ethanol data, 14 19, 55, 222, 245, 247, 265, 374, 431, , Ethanol-water separation processes, , , Ethyl acetate production, Ethyl benzene data, 430 Ethylene data, 30 32, 616 Ethylene dichloride data, 150, 221 Ethylene glycol data, 247 Evaporation. See Batch distillation. External mass balances binary distillation, column distillation, Extract, 428 Extraction solid-liquid. See Leaching; Washing. solutes, separating. See Dilute fractional extraction. Extraction, immiscible. See also Extraction, partially miscible. batch, concentrated solutions, countercurrent, cross-flow, Index

7 9880_Index 7/14/06 1:57 PM Page 727 definition, 424 diffusion coefficients, 430 dilute fractional, equilibrium data, equipment used, countercurrent immiscible extraction, cross-flow extraction, single-stage extraction, extract, 428 food industry, Kremser analysis countercurrent extraction, dilute systems, McCabe-Thiele diagrams concentrated immiscible extraction, countercurrent extraction, cross-flow extraction, fractional extraction, nomenclature, 429 pharmaceutical industry, raffinate, 428 single-stage, solvent selection, 431 supercritical fluids (SCFs), Extraction, partially miscible. See also Extraction, immiscible. computer simulation, , conjugate lines, 470 countercurrent difference points, equilibrium stages, , external mass balances, stage-by-stage calculation, cross-flow, equilibria, plotting, countercurrent extraction, cross-flow extraction, single-stage extraction, minimum solvent rate, mixing point, 473 plait points, 469 saturated extract, 471 saturated raffinate, single-stage, solubility envelope, 469 Extractive distillation, , F Fair method for column diameter calculation, Feed lines calculating line slope, column distillation, distillation with multiple feeds, effect on flow rates, internal stage-by-stage balances, intersection of operating lines, multiple, optimum location, phase and temperature effects, plotting, q value (feed quality), subcooled reflux, superheated boilup, Feed plate, optimum location, Feed rate, cost effects, 366 Feed stage, optimum, Fenske equations, Finite reflux ratios, Fire prevention, packed columns, Fish liver oil data, 498 Flash distillation. See also Flash drums. basic processes, degrees of freedom, equipment required, flash drums, sizing, multicomponent flash distillation, simultaneous multicomponent convergence, multicomponent component mass balance, description, energy balance, example, Newtonian convergence, 36 37, overall mass balance, Rachford Rice equations, 36 37, simultaneous convergence, simultaneous solutions, wide-boiling feeds, simulating. See Computer simulations. Flash distillation, binary energy balance sequential solution, simultaneous solution, Index 727

8 9880_Index 7/14/06 1:57 PM Page 728 Flash distillation, binary (continued) equilibrium equations sequential solution, simultaneous solution, mass balance sequential solution, simultaneous solution, sequential solution energy balance, enthalpy equations, equilibrium data, plotting, equilibrium equations, 21 27, fraction vaporized (V/F), 22 mass balance, operating equations, 22 relative volatility, simultaneous solution, Flash drums. See also Flash distillation. example, requirements, 12 reusing, setup, computer simulation, sizing, Flood regime, 72 Flooding packed columns, sieve trays, , valve trays, Flow patterns membrane separation binary co-current permeation, , binary countercurrent flow, , binary cross-flow permeation, , example, overview, spreadsheet calculations, trays, 304 Flow profiles column distillation, multicomponent distillation, Flow programming in chromatography, Flow rates multicomponent distillation correcting, initial guess, 181 theta (τ) method convergence, Flowcharts column distillation, drawing, Foam regime, 72 Fouling, 574 Fraction vaporized (V/F), 22 Froth regime, 72 Fructose data, 619, 702, 704 Furfural data, 430 G Gas permeation binary mixtures, concentration polarization, 602, , , membrane types, 546 overview, 544 perfectly mixed systems, binary permeation, perfectly mixed systems, multicomponent permeation, permanence, 544 rate-transfer (RT) equation, Gas treatment plants, 386 Gaussian solution for linear elution chromatography, Gel formation, Gilliland correlation, Glucose data, 619 H Heat exchange, Heat exchangers, Heat transfer coefficients, 361 Heat transfer, sorption processes, 677 Heavy key (HK) components, 162 Heavy non-key (HNK) components, 162 Height of packings, Helium data, Hemodialysis, 537 Henry s law, Heptane data, 30 32, , 338, 350, 384, 430, 494, 635, 699 Heptane-toluene separation process, Heptanol data, 461 Hexane data, 30 32, 44, 48, 56, 84, , 319, 338, Index

9 9880_Index 7/14/06 1:57 PM Page 729 HETP measurement, Heuristics for distillation, Hollow-fiber system, 539 HTU-NTU (mass transfer analysis). See Mass transfer analysis (HTU-NTU). HTUs, 502 Human serum albumin data, 619 Hydraulics, sieve trays description, example, Hydrochloric acid data, 416 Hydrogen data, , 616 Hydrogen sulfide data, 388, 414 Hydrophilic membranes, 581 Hydrophobic membranes, 581 I Immiscible extraction. See Extraction, immiscible. Inlet ports, Intermediate components, multicomponent distillation, 171 Intermediate condensers, Intermediate reboilers, Internal stage-by-stage balances. See Column distillation, internal stageby-stage balances. Interstitial velocity in sorption columns, Inverted batch distillation, 278, 294 Inverting tridiagonal matrices, 180 Ion exchange calcium-form resin, 619, 652 cation-exchange resins, definition, 609 divalent-monovalent, equilibrium, example, ion movement, monovalent, overview, resin data, 665, 667 strong resins, 664 Ion movement, Irreversible absorption, Isobutane data, Isopentane data, Isopropanol data, 262, 374 Isopropyl ether data, 484 Isothermal distillation, Isotherms, 19 20, K K values activity coefficient, constants, 32 DePriester charts, equilibrium equation, 29 mole fractions in liquid, 30 multicomponent VLE, Raoult s law, 31 selection guide, 33 vapor phases, 30 Knudsen diffusion, 674 Kremser analysis absorption, , extraction, generalized process, stripping, summary of applications, 447 washing, L Labs. See Computer simulations. Lang factor, 354 Langmuir isotherms, Lapidus and Amundson solution, Leaching, , Length of Unused Bed (LUB) approach, Lever-arm rule, 27 29, Lewis method calculating number of stages, constant molal overflow (CMO), example, versus McCabe-Thiele method, stage-by-stage calculations, Light key (LK) components, 162 Light non-key (LNK) components, 162 Linear chromatography, Linear isotherms, Linoleic acid data, 430 Liquid carry-over between stages, 72 Liquid membranes, Liquid-liquid extraction (LLE). See Extraction, immiscible; Extraction, partially miscible. Index 729

10 9880_Index 7/14/06 1:57 PM Page 730 LUB. See Length of Unused Bed (LUB). Lumped parameter mass transfer, M Marshall and Stevens equipment cost index, Mass balances binary flash distillation sequential solution, simultaneous solution, column distillation. See Column distillation, external balances; Column distillation, internal stageby-stage balances. multicomponent distillation, prerequisite skills, 7 sequential solutions, Mass transfer, 4 5 correlations, 567, 676 Mass transfer analysis (HTU-NTU) absorbers, , basic equation, Bolles-Fair correlation, co-current absorbers, coefficients, 502 absorbers, H G estimation, H L estimation, packed column distillation, stage efficiency, HTUs, 502 McCabe-Thiele diagrams, overview, packed columns, packed tower correlation, random packings correlation, strippers, sum-of-resistances model, tray efficiency, Matrix solution, , , , McCabe-Thiele diagrams absorption, bottom operating lines, 99 calculating number of stages, , CMO validity, 118 column distillation, concentrated immiscible extraction, countercurrent extraction, cross-flow extraction, description, dilute multisolute absorbers, 405 dilute systems, , distillation with multiple feeds, equilibrium relationships, plotting, 23 24, , , , fractional extraction, general distillation analysis procedure, generalized extraction process, internal stage-by-stage balances, leaching, versus Lewis method, mass transfer analysis (HTU-NTU), open steam heating, operating lines, 97 optimum feed stage, problem algorithm, 119 stepping off stages, stripping, 395 summary of applications, 447 top operating lines, 98 triangular diagram relationship, washing, Mechanical equilibrium, 3 Membrane separation concentration polarization. See Concentration polarization. dialysis, driving force, 542 electrodialysis (ED), energy balances, equipment, pervaporation, ultrafiltration (UF) with gel formation, flow patterns binary co-current permeation, , binary countercurrent flow, , binary cross-flow permeation, , example, Index

11 9880_Index 7/14/06 1:57 PM Page 731 overview, spreadsheet calculations, fouling, 574 gas permeation binary mixtures, , , , membrane types, 546 overview, 544 perfectly mixed systems, binary permeation, perfectly mixed systems, multicomponent permeation, permanence, 544 rate-transfer (RT) equation, gel formation, hemodialysis, 537 hollow-fiber system, 539 liquid membranes, microfiltration, nanofiltration, osmosis, overview, passed fluid, 537 performance prediction, permeability, permeance, 542 permeate, 537 permeate-in-series system, 539 pervaporation, plate-and-frame system, polymer membranes, 541 purifying liquids. See Ultrafiltration (UF). retained fluid, 537 retentate, 537 retentate-in-series system, 539 retentate-recycle mode, reverse osmosis (RO) with concentrated solutions, 573 concentration polarization, , , , , membrane properties, determining, versus osmosis, overview, 558 spiral-wound system, 539 system properties, 536 thickness, 542 tube-in-shell system, ultrafiltration (UF), vapor permeation, 537 Membranes definition, 537 for gas permeation, 546 hydrophilic, 581 hydrophobic, 581 liquid, material, 541 polymer, 541 properties, determining, semipermeable, 559 strength, 543 Methane data, 30 32, 44, 417, , 616, 618, 621, 701 Methanol data, 54, 84 85, 114 Methylcellosolve data, 430 Methylcyclohexane data, 471, 494 Methylisobutyl ketone data, 430 Microfiltration, Minimum reflux definition, 131 limiting condition, Minimum reflux ratio, Minimum solvent rate, Mixing calculations, Mixing point, 473 Monovalent ion exchange, Multicomponent distillation calculational difficulties, complex methods. See Complex distillation processes. composition profile, computer simulation, concentration profile, bubble-point calculation, external mass balances, matrix method, theta (τ) method convergence, external balance equations, flow profile, heavy key (HK) components, 162 heavy non-key (HNK) components, 162 intermediate components, 171 key components, 162 light key (LK) components, 162 light non-key (LNK) components, 162 non-key (NK) components, 162 profiles, sandwich components, 171 schematic, 162 temperature profile, Index 731

12 9880_Index 7/14/06 1:57 PM Page 732 Multicomponent distillation (continued) total flow rates, trial-and-error, 163 vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE), Multicomponent distillation, approximate methods Fenske equations, Gilliland correlation, minimum reflux, number of stages, optimum feed plate location, total reflux, Underwood equations, feed plate, optimum location, Fenske equations, finite reflux rations, Gilliland correlation, minimum reflux ratio, stages, determining number of, total reflux, Underwood equations, Multicomponent distillation, matrix method boiling point. See Bubble-point; Temperature. bubble-point procedure, bubble-point temperature, See also Temperature. computer simulation, convergence, , energy balances, matrix solution, theta (τ) method convergence, flow rates correcting, initial guess, 181 inverting tridiagonal matrices, 180 mass balances, narrow-boiling procedure, temperature calculations, See also Bubble-point. temperature estimation, theta (τ) method convergence, Thomas algorithm, 180 Multicomponent flash distillation example, Rachford Rice equations, 36 37, sequential solutions, Multicomponent VLE. See Vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE), multicomponent. Multiple-pass trays, 304 Multistage batch distillation, Murphree efficiencies, , N Nanofiltration, Naphthalene data, 455, 628 Narrow-boiling procedure, Newtonian convergence determining V/F, 22 multicomponent flash distillation, 36 37, Nitrobenzene data, 415 Nitrogen data, , 618 Nitromethane data, 267 Nonane data, Nonideal separations, Non-key (NK) components, 162 Nonlinear isotherms, O O Connell correlation, , Octane data, 30 32, 48 Octanol data, 264 Oldershaw design, 305, Oleic acid data, 430 Open steam heating, Operating cost effects, Operating equations, 22 Optimum feed location, Osmotic pressure, , 563 Outlet concentration profiles chromatography, , linear systems, , nonlinear systems, , Outlet ports, Oxygen data, P Packed columns diameter calculation absorption, Index

13 9880_Index 7/14/06 1:57 PM Page 733 description, example, stripping, economic trade-offs, fire prevention, flooding, internal parts, mass transfer analysis (HTU-NTU), overview, 329 packings costs, 358 data, 332, , 514, 516 description, height of, HETP measurement, illustration, random, , 334, 344 structured, , 334, 344 pressure drop per foot, 342 reflux ratio, 342 safety, turndown capabilities, Packed tower correlation, Packed-bed column, Packings costs, 358 data, 332, , 514, 516 description, height of, HETP measurement, illustration, mass transfer analysis (HTU-NTU), random, , 334, 344 structured, , 334, 344 Partial condensers, Partially miscible extraction. See Extraction, partially miscible. Particle pellet density, 612 Passing streams, Pentane data, 30 32, 44, 57, 84 Perforated plates, Permeability, Permeance, 542, 544 Permeate, 537 Permeate-in-series system, 539 Pervaporation, selectivity data, Phase, effect on feeds, Phase equilibrium, definition, 3 Phenol data, 149 Phenylalanine data, 626, 703 Physical absorption, 385 Pinch points definition, 131 minimum reflux ratio, Plait points, 469 Plate-and-frame system, Polarities of compounds, Poly(ethylene glycol) data, 440 Polymer membranes, 541 Polystyrene resins, Ponchon-Savarit diagrams. See Enthalpycomposition diagrams. Pressure drop per foot, 342 Pressure swing adsorption (PSA), Problem-solving checking answers, 5 6 defining the problem, 5 exploring the problem, 5 generalizing to other problems, 6 heuristics, 6 How to Model It: Problem Solving for the Computer Age, 6 motivation, 5 planning an attack, 5 prerequisite skills, 5 6 reaching an answer, 5 rules of thumb, 6 steps involved, 5 6 Profiles. See Composition profiles; Flow profiles; Temperature profiles. Propane data, 30 32, 454, 616 Propanol data, 57, 222, 374 Proportional pattern waves, Propylene data, Publications annotated bibliography, 8 9 batch distillation, 276 Chemical Engineering magazine, 355 Das New gross Distiller Buch, 276 How to Model It: Problem Solving for the Computer Age, 6 Index of Learning Styles, 8 Liber de arte distillandi, 276 VLE data sources, 15 Punched hole pattern, sieve trays, 320 Purge cycles, Purity levels, 137 Pyridine data, 496 Index 733

14 9880_Index 7/14/06 1:57 PM Page 734 Q q (feed quality), , q-line. See feed lines. R Rachford Rice equations, 36 37, RADFRAC, Raffinate, 428, Random packings, , 334, 344 Raoult s law, 31 Rate-transfer (RT) equation, Rayleigh equations, Reboilers intermediate, total, 126 Rectifying section, Recycling versus reflux and boilup, 69 Reference books. See Publications. Reflux class distillation, definition, 67 minimum, versus recycling, 69 subcooled, total, Reflux ratio batch distillation, constant, cost effects, 359, 362, 364, 367 determining, 74 finite, packed columns, 342 Underwood equations, variable, 290 Regeneration steps, 623 Relative volatility, 26 27, 182, 207 Residue curves, example, Resins, Resources. See Publications. Retentate, 537 Retentate-in-series system, 539 Retentate-recycle mode, Reusing distillation columns, Reverse osmosis (RO) with concentrated solutions, 573 concentration polarization, , , , , membrane properties, determining, versus osmosis, overview, 558 RO (reverse osmosis). See Reverse osmosis (RO). RT (rate-transfer) equation, , , 575, 583 S Safety hazards absorption column failure, 345 activated carbon solvent recovery, 639 bed fires, 693 fire prevention, packed columns, respirators in adsorbers, 693 total reflux distillation, 131 Salt data. See sodium chloride data. Sandwich components, 171 Saturated extract, 471 Saturated raffinate, Scaling up tray efficiencies, 312 SCFs (supercritical fluids), Selectivity, membrane gas permeation, pervaporation, RO, 561, 564 Self-sharpening waves, Semipermeable membranes, 559 Separation methods. See Absorption, Adsorption, Chromatography, Distillation, Extraction, Ion exchange, Membrane separations, Stripping, and Washing. Sephadex, 619 Sequencing distillation columns. See Synthesizing column sequences. Sequential solutions flash distillation, binary energy balance, enthalpy equations, equilibrium data, plotting, equilibrium equations, 21 27, fraction vaporized (V/F), 22 mass balance, Index

15 9880_Index 7/14/06 1:57 PM Page 735 operating equations, 22 relative volatility, flash distillation, multicomponent, Shock waves, , Sidestreams, Sieve trays. See Trays, sieve. Silica gel, 615 data, 614, 619, 635, , 702, 704 Simpson s rule, , 289, Simulated moving bed (SMB) systems, Simulations. See Aspen Plus; Computer simulations. Simultaneous convergence, Simultaneous solutions flash distillation, binary, multicomponent flash distillation, Single-stage extraction, , Skarstrom cycle, 641 Sodium chloride data, 498, 563, 599 Solid-liquid extraction (SLE). See Leaching. Solubility envelope, 469 Solute movement analysis. See also Mass energy transfers, linear systems. basic chromatography analysis of, in a column, counterflow, elution chromatography, for linear isotherms, overview, 621, 623 purge cycles, regeneration steps, 623 derivation (mathematical) of solute movement theory, derivation (physical) of solute movement theory, , diffuse waves, pressure swing adsorption (PSA), self-sharpening waves, shock waves, simulated moving bed (SMB) systems, temperature swing adsorption (TSA), thermal regeneration with linear isotherm, linear systems concentrated systems, 640 pressure swing adsorption (PSA), safety hazards, 639 simulated moving bed (SMB) systems, Skarstrom cycle, 641 temperature swing adsorption (TSA), true moving bed (TMB) systems, nonlinear systems constant pattern waves, , 663 diffuse waves, nonlinear isotherms, overview, proportional pattern waves, self-sharpening waves, shock waves, , Solvent gradients, Solvents adding, selecting, , 431 Solvent-switching, batch distillation, batch extraction, Sorbents. See also Sorption processes. activated alumina, 615 activated carbon, 613 bulk density, 612 carbon molecular sieves (CMS), 613 definition, 610 equilibrium behavior, equilibrium constants, equipment, example, interstitial velocity, isotherms, Langmuir isotherms, packed-bed column, particle pellet density, 612 properties of, 614 silica gel, 615 structural density, 612 superficial velocity, 611 tortuosity. See tortuosity. types of, zeolite molecular sieves, 613 Sorel s method, 91 Sorption processes. See also Adsorption; Chromatography; Ion exchange; Sorbents. column mass balances, Index 735

16 9880_Index 7/14/06 1:57 PM Page 736 Sorption processes (continued) design checklist, energy balances, heat transfer, 677 equipment, 630 Knudsen diffusion, 674 mass transfer detailed simulators, 678 and diffusion, lumped parameter, surface diffusion, 674 thermal regeneration with linear isotherm, Soybean oil data, 467 Spacing trays, 303, Spiral-wound system, 539 Spray regime, 72 Stage-by-stage balances. See Column distillation, internal stage-by-stage balances. Stage-by-stage distillation, 2 Staged columns. See also Trays. bubble-caps, illustration, 303 diameter calculation absorption, stripping, downcomers, entrainment bubble-cap trays, 303 inlet ports, outlet ports, vapor velocity, equipment description, inlets, outlets, perforated plates, performance issues, turndown, valve assemblies, illustration, 302 weeping inlet ports, valve trays, 303 weirs, 306 weirs, Stages, calculating number of for distillation Gilliland correlation, Lewis method, McCabe-Thiele method, , Steam batch distillation, Steam distillation, Steam heating, Strippers, mass transfer analysis (HTU- NTU), Stripping analysis, column diameter calculation, computer simulations, concentrated, definition, 385 dilute multisolute, equilibria, matrix solution, McCabe-Thiele diagrams, 395 O Connell correlation, 395 Stripping distillation columns, Stripping section in distillation, Strong resins, 664 Structural density, 612 Structured packings, , 334, 344 Subcooled reflux, Sucrose data, 600 Sugar data, 466 Sulfur dioxide data, 525 Sum-of-resistances model, Supercritical fluids (SCFs), Superficial velocity, 611 Superheated boilup, Superposition, Surface diffusion, 674 Synthesizing column sequences almost-ideal separations, nonideal separations, T Temperature calculating, effect on distillation feeds, estimating, Temperature gradient method, Temperature profiles column distillation, multicomponent distillation, Temperature programming in chromatography, Temperature swing adsorption (TSA), Temperature-composition diagrams, Ternary distillation, Thermal equilibrium, Index

17 9880_Index 7/14/06 1:57 PM Page 737 Thermal regeneration with linear isotherm, Theta (τ) method convergence, Thiodipropionitrile data, 430 Thomas algorithm, 180 TMB (true moving bed) systems, Toluene data, 157, 209, 241, 471, 699, 702 Tortuosity, 612 typical values, 614 Total flow rates, Total reboilers, 126 Total reflux, , Trays. See also Staged columns. bubble-cap, 303 chimney, 307 column diameter calculation description, example, cross-flow pattern, 304 double-pass, 304 efficiencies determining, 311 estimating, example, mass transfer, Murphree, O Connell correlation, , scaling up, 312 and vapor velocity, flow patterns, 304 layout description, example, mass transfer analysis (HTU-NTU), multiple-pass, 304 selecting, spacing, 303, valve column diameter calculation, costs, 358 description, design, dry tray pressure drop, efficiencies, 329 flooding, turndown properties, Trays, sieve column diameter calculation, costs, 358 description, entrainment column diameter, example, hydraulics, tray layout, entrainment, hydraulics, layout, flooding, , hydraulics description, example, illustration, 73, 307 layout description, example, mechanical supports, 307 operational limits, 324 punched hole pattern, 320 weeping, 324 Triangular diagrams conjugate lines, 470 lever-arm rule, McCabe-Thiele diagram relationship to, mixing calculations, mixing point, 473 plotting extraction equilibria, saturated extract, 471 saturated raffinate, Tributyl phosphate in kerosene data, 464 Trichloroethane data, 150, 221 Triethylamine data, 499 True moving bed (TMB) systems, TSA (temperature swing adsorption), Tube-in-shell membrane systems, Turndown packed columns, staged columns, valve trays, Two-pressure distillation, , U Ultrafiltration (UF), gel formation, retention data, 574 Underwood equations, Index 737

18 9880_Index 7/14/06 1:57 PM Page 738 Unit operation, 2 UOP (Universal Oil Products), Variable reflux ratio, batch distillation, 290 V/F (fraction vaporized), 22 V Valve assemblies, illustration, 302 Valve trays. See Trays, valve. van t Hoff equation, 560 Vapor permeation, Vapor velocity entrainment, tray efficiencies, Vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) absorption and stripping, analysis simulation, binary enthalpy-composition diagrams, graphical representations, heterogeneous azeotrope, 227 maximum boiling azeotropes, minimum boiling azeotropes, saturated liquid curves, saturated vapor lines, temperature diagrams, y-x diagrams, 17 data, forms and sources, description, extensive variables, 16 Gibbs phase rule, 16 Henry s law, intensive variables, 16 multicomponent basic equipment, DePriester charts, K values, Raoult s law, multicomponent distillation, resource bibliography, 15 Variable pressure distillation, W Washing, , Water data, 14 19, 54 55, 84 85, 114, 148, 151, 227, 232, 239, 245, 247, , 267, 299, , , , 454, , 469, 484, 496, 498, , 563, , 599, 619 Water desalination, 558 Water softening, , 672 Weeping inlet ports, sieve trays, 324 valve trays, 303 weirs, 306 Weirs, Wide-boiling feeds, 40 41, Withdrawal lines, X Xylene data, 430, 635, 700 Y y-x diagrams equilibrium data, plotting, isotherms, Z Zeolite molecular sieves, 613 data, 614, 616, 618 Zirconium nitrate data, Index