Red Beryl, Be 3 Al 2 Si 6 O 18. Liquids and
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1 Red Beryl, Be 3 Al 2 Si 6 O 18 - Liquids and Solids Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 16a 2 A Molecular Comparison of Liquids and Solids Figure 16.47: The number of molecules in a liquid with a given energy versus kinetic energy at two temperatures. High Entropy, S 0 gas Lower Entropy, S 0 liquid Smallest Entropy, S 0 solid Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 16a 3 Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 16a 4
2 Figure 16.50: The heating curve for a given quantity of water where energy is added at a constant rate. Figure 16.55: The phase diagram for water Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 16a 5 Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 16a 6 The 3 Most CommonStates of Earthbound Creatures Plasmas The fourth phase of matter 10 6 K Only ions and electrons More ions, lots of electrons 10 4 K Plasma Phase Forms Some ions and electrons Atoms - Molecules 10 3 K Dissociate Gas Phase Atoms/Molecules 10 2 K Liquid Phase Atoms/Molecules 0 K Solid Phase Crystals, Networks Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 16a 8
3 15,000 K The Sun 99.8% Mass of Solar System, Plasma 15 x 10 6 K 5 x 10 6 K 10 5 K Intermolecular Forces The covalent bond holding a molecule together is an intramolecular force. The attraction between molecules is an intermolecular force. Intermolecular forces are much weaker than intramolecular forces (e.g. 16 kj/mol vs. 431 kj/mol for HCl). When a substance melts or boils the intermolecular forces are broken (not the covalent bonds). When a substance condenses intermolecular forces are formed K Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 16a 9 Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 16a 10 Larger INTERmolecular forces Intermolecular Forces Higher melting point Higher boiling point Larger enthalpy hl of ffusion Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 16a 11 Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 16a 12
4 Table of Force Energies Intermolecular Forces Type of Force Energy (kj/mol) Ionic Bond Covalent Hydrogen Bonding Ion-Dipole Dipole-Dipole l 1-5 Instantaneous Dipole/ Id Induced ddipole Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 16a 13 Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 16a 14 Ion-ion Forces Intermolecular Forces Ion-Dipole Forces Intermolecular Forces Interaction between an ion (e.g. Na + ) and a dipole (e.g. water). Q1 Q F = k 2 d 2 F increases as Q increases and as d decreases: the larger the charge and smaller the ion, the larger the attraction. Q1 Q F = k 2 d 2 Since Q 1 is a full charge and Q 2 is a partial charge, F is comparatively large. F increases as Q increases and as d decreases: the larger the charge and smaller the ion, the larger the iondipole attraction. Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 16a 15 Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 16a 16
5 Intermolecular Forces Dipole-Dipole Forces Dipole-Dipole Forces Dipole-dipole forces exist between neutral polar molecules. Polar molecules need to be close together. Weaker than ion-dipole forces: Q 1 Q F = k 2 d 2 Q 1 and Q 2 are partial charges. Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 16a 17 Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 16a 18 Intermolecular Forces Dipole-Dipole Forces There is a mix of attractive and repulsive dipole-dipole forces as the molecules tumble. If two molecules have about the same mass and size, then dipole- dipole forces increase with increasing polarity. London Dispersion i Forces Intermolecular Forces Weakest of all intermolecular forces. The nucleus of one molecule (or atom) attracts the electrons of the adjacent molecule (or atom). For an instant, the electron clouds become distorted. In that instant a dipole is formed (called an instantaneous dipole). Polarizability is the ease with which an electron cloud can be deformed. The larger the molecule (the greater the number of electrons) the more polarizable. Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 16a 19 Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 16a 20
6 Intermolecular Forces London Dispersion Forces London Dispersion i Forces Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 16a 21 Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 16a 22 London Dispersion Forces Intermolecular Forces London Dispersion Forces London dispersion forces increase as molecular weight increases. London dispersion forces exist between all molecules. London dispersion forces depend on the shape of the molecule. The greater the surface area available for contact, the greater the dispersion forces. London dispersion i forces between spherical molecules l are lower than between sausage-like molecules. Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 16a 23 Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 16a 24
7 Intermolecular Forces London Dispersion Forces London dispersion forces between spherical molecules are lower than between sausage-like molecules H-Bonding Occurs when Hydrogen is attached to a highly electronegative atom (O, N, F). N-H N- O-H N- F-H N- N-H O- O-H O- F-H O- N-H F- O-H F- F-H F- δ + δ - Requires Unshared Electron Pairs of Highly Electronegative Elements Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 16a 25 Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 16a 26 Hydrogen Bonding in Water Molecules Why Does Ice Float? D 2 O(s) H 2 O(s) Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 16a 27 Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 16a 28
8 Structure of Ice Observe the orientation of the Hydrogen Bonds Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 16a 29 Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 16a 30 Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 16a 31 Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 16a 32
9 The Boiling Points of the Covalent Hydrides of the Elements in Groups 4A, 5A, 6A, and 7A DNA Double Helix-Held Together with H-Bonds Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 16a 33 Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 16a 34 Three Components of DNA Structure Pyrimidines used in Base Pairs, DNA monophosphate base: thymine (pyrimidine) α sugar: 2 -deoxyribose 5 4 (5 to 3 ) 3 3 linkage linkage base:adenine (purine) no 2 -hydroxyl 6-membered rings only Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 16a 35 Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 16a 36
10 Purines used in Base Pairs, DNA DNA Base Pairing A-T pairing 2HBonds H-Bonds Fused 5 and 6 member rings G-C pairing 3Hbonds H-bonds Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 16a 37 Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 16a 38 A-T and G-C Base Pairs Hold the DNA helices together A-T and G-C Base Pairs Hold the DNA helices together Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 16a 39 Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 16a 40
11 A-T and G-C Base Pairs Hold the DNA helices together A-T and G-C Base Pairs Hold the DNA helices together Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 16a 41 Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 16a 42 A-T and G-C Base Pairs Hold the DNA helices together Base Pairs Double Helix Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 16a 43 Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 16a 44
12 Hydrogen-Bonding s Role in DNA Structure Table of Force Energies Type of Force Energy (kj/mol) Ionic Bond Covalent Hydrogen Bonding Ion-Dipole Dipole-Dipole l 1-5 Instantaneous Dipole/ Id Induced ddipole Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 16a 45 Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 16a 46 Intermolecular Forces Summary Intermolecular Intramolecular Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 16a 47 Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 16a 48
13 Which forces? Relative forces London Dipole H-bond ionic Xe X CH 4 X CO 2 X CO X X HBr X X HF X X CH 3 OH X X NaCl X CaCl 2 X Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 16a 49 Larger London ionic polar I 2 Cl 2 H 2 S CH 3 OCH3 > < H 2 O H-bond < CH 3 CH 2 OH H-bond > CsBr Br 2 CO 2 < CO polar > SF 2 SF 6 Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 16a 50 Some Properties of Liquids Viscosity it Viscosity is the resistance of a liquid to flow. A liquid flows by sliding molecules over each other. The stronger the intermolecular forces,. the higher the viscosity. Some Properties of Liquids Viscosity it Viscosity is the resistance of a liquid to flow. A liquid flows by sliding molecules over each other. The stronger the intermolecular forces,. the higher the viscosity. Surface Tension Bulk molecules (those in the liquid) are equally attracted to their neighbors. Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 16a 51 Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 16a 52
14 A molecule in the interior of a liquid is attracted to the molecules surrounding it, whereas a molecule at the surface of liquid is attracted only by molecules below it and on each side of it. Some Properties of Liquids Surface Tension Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 16a 53 Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 16a 54 Some Properties of Liquids Surface Tension Water Strider (Hemiptera: Gerridae) Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 16a 55 Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 16a 56
15 Surface Tension Mercury Surface tension is the amount of energy required to increase the surface area of a liquid. Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 16a 57 Some Properties of Liquids Surface Tension Meniscus is the shape of the liquid surface. If adhesive forces are greater than cohesive forces, the liquid surface is attracted to its container more than the bulk molecules. Therefore, the meniscus is U-shaped (e.g. water in glass). If cohesive forces are greater than adhesive forces, the meniscus is curved downwards. Capillary Action: When a narrow glass tube is placed in water, the meniscus pulls the water up the tube. Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 16a 58 Capillary Action The tendency of certain liquids to rise in a narrow tube. Water (left) has a downward curving meniscus.mercury (right) has an upward curving meniscus Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 16a 59 There is a competition bt between adhesive and cohesive forces. Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 16a 60
16 Larger INTERmolecular forces Higher melting point Higher boiling point Larger enthalpy hl of ffusion Larger viscosity Higher surface tension Smaller vapor pressure Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 16a 61 Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 16a 62
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