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1 Lesmahagow High School Chemistry Advanced Higher Unit 1 Physical Chemistry TUTORIAL EXERCISES
2 1. Consider the equilibrium below: Unit 1 Physical Chemistry Tutorial 1.1 The Equilibrium Constant The equilibrium concentrations of the reagents involved, under certain conditions, are: Calculate the equilibrium constant, K c, under the above conditions. 2. In the equilibrium: the concentrations of the gases present are: Calculate the equilibrium constant, K c, for the reaction under the above conditions. 3. The esterification of methanol and ethanoic acid to form methyl ethanoate and water is represented by the equation below. At equilibrium, the concentrations of the substances present are: Calculate the equilibrium constant, K c, for the reaction under the above conditions.
3 4. The decomposition of sulphur trioxide is represented by the following equation: At equilibrium, under certain conditions, the concentrations of the gases are: Calculate the equilibrium constant, K c, for the reaction under the above conditions. 5. The reaction of carbon dioxide with hydrogen to form methanol is given by the following equation: At equilibrium, the concentrations of the gases under certain conditions are: Calculate the equilibrium constant, K c, for the reaction under the above conditions. 6. The partial oxidation of methane is shown by the equation below. At equilibrium, under certain conditions, the concentrations of the gases are: Calculate the equilibrium constant, K c, for the reaction under the above conditions.
4 mol of ethanol and 0.2 mol of methanoic acid are mixed with a few drops of concentrated sulphuric acid catalyst in an empty reaction vessel. After equilibrium is established, it is found that 0.15 mol of the ester, ethyl methanoate, has been formed. The equation for the reaction taking place is: Calculate the equilibrium constant, K c, for the reaction under these conditions mol of H 2 (g) and 1 mol of l 2 (g) are introduced into an empty reaction chamber in which the following reaction takes place. After some time, equilibrium is established and it is found that there is 0.6 mol of HI(g) present in the gas mixture. Calculate the equilibrium constant, K, for the reaction under the above conditions mol of CH 4 (g) and 0.5 mol of H 2 O(g) are introduced into an empty, 1 litre, reaction chamber in which the reaction below takes place. When equilibrium is established, it is found that there is 0.15 mol of CO(g) present. Calculate the equilibrium constant, K, for the reaction under these conditions.
5 10. The industrial production of 'freon', CCl 2 F 2 (g), is represented by the following equation. 1 mol of CCl 4 (g) and 2 mol of HF(g) are introduced into an empty reaction chamber. When equilibrium is established, it is found that 0.75 mol of 'freon' has been formed. Calculate the equilibrium constant, K, for the reaction under these conditions. 11.
6 12.
7 13.
8 14.
9 Tutorial 1.2 Phase Equilibria and Partition Coefficient 1. 2.
10 3.
11 cm 3 of a 10% (10g in 100cm 3 ) solution of X in 100 cm 3 water is to be extracted using chloroform. The partition coefficient between water and chloroform is 0.125: K X X H2O CHCl Calculate how much more of the solute X can be extracted using 2 x 50 cm 3 extractions rather than a 1 x 100 cm 3 extraction.
12 6. Calculate the mass of an organic acid X which can be extracted from 200cm 3 of aqueous solution containing 5.0g of X by shaking it with (i) 200cm 3 of a solvent in one portion. (ii) two 100cm 3 portions of the solvent. The partition coefficient between the solvent and water = 3.0
13 Tutorial 1.3 Equilibrium Constant and K w 1. Calculate the ph of a solution of a 0.20 mol l -1 solution of hydrochloric acid, HCI. 2. The concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution is 6.24 x 10 8 mol l -1. Calculate the ph of the solution. 3. A weak acid solution has a hydrogen ion concentration of 3.82 x 10-5 mol l -1. Calculate the ph of the solution. 4. Calculate the ph of a mol l -1 solution of sulphuric acid, H 2 SO A solution of sulphuric acid, H 2 SO 4, has a concentration of 1.25 mol l -1. Calculate the ph of the solution. 6. A solution of nitric acid, HNO 3 has a ph of Calculate the concentration of hydrogen ions present. 7. A lactic acid solution has a ph of Calculate the concentration of hydrogen ions in the solution. 8. Calculate the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution with a ph of What is the concentration of hydrogen ions in an alkali solution with a ph of A hydrochloric acid solution has a ph of Calculate the concentration of the solution.
14 11. A sodium hydroxide solution, NaOH, has a ph of Calculate: (a) the concentration of hydrogen ions; (b) the concentration of hydroxide ions. 12. An acid solution has a hydroxide ion concentration of 2.87 x mol l -1. Calculate: (a) the concentration of hydrogen ions; (b) the ph of the solution 13. A solution of sodium hydroxide, NaOH, has a concentration of mol l -1. Calculate: (a) the hydrogen ion concentration; (b) the ph of the solution. 14. The ph of a hydrochloric acid solution is Calculate: (a) the hydrogen ion concentration; (b) the hydroxide ion concentration. 15. The ph of an ethanoic acid solution is Calculate: (a) the hydrogen ion concentration; (b) the hydroxide ion concentration.
15 Tutorial 1.4 Weak Acids and K a
16
17 Tutorial 1.5 Buffer Calculations
18
OH(l) CH 3 COOCH 2. (ii) An equilibrium was reached when the amounts of substances shown in the table below were used.
1 Ethanoic acid and ethanol react together to form the ester ethyl ethanoate, COOC 2 H 5, and water. COOH(l) + CH 2 OH(l) COOCH 2 (l) + H 2 O(l) (a) (i) Give the expression for K c. (ii) An equilibrium
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The partial pressure of sulphur dioxide in the equilibrium mixture was 24 kpa and the total pressure in the flask was 104 kpa.
Q1. Sulphur dioxide and oxygen were mixed in a 2:1 mol ratio and sealed in a flask with a catalyst. The following equilibrium was established at temperature T 1 2SO 2(g) + O 2(g) 2SO 3(g) ΔH = 196 kj mol
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2SO 2(g) + O 2(g) Increasing the temperature. (Total 1 mark) Enthalpy data for the reacting species are given in the table below.
Q1.Which change would alter the value of the equilibrium constant (K p) for this reaction? 2SO 2(g) + O 2(g) 2SO 3(g) A Increasing the total pressure of the system. Increasing the concentration of sulfur
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1. One cause of low-level smog is the reaction of ozone, O 3, with ethene, C 2 H 4. The smog contains methanal, HCHO(g). The equation for methanal production is shown below. O 3 (g) + C 2 H 4 (g) 2HCHO(g)
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and mol of Cl 2 was heated in a vessel of fixed volume to a constant temperature, the following reaction reached equilibrium.
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1. Which statement explains why ammonia can act as a Lewis base? A. Ammonia can donate a lone pair of electrons. B. Ammonia can accept a lone pair of electrons. C. Ammonia can donate a proton. D. Ammonia
NH 3(g) N 2(g) + H 2(g) What is the total number of moles of gas present in this equilibrium mixture? D 3.0 (Total 1 mark)
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, for C 2. COOH is mol dm [1] COOH by adding water until the total volume is cm 3. for C 2 COOH.
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1 A student is supplied with 0.500 mol dm 3 potassium hydroxide, KOH, and 0.480 mol dm 3 propanoic acid, C 2 COOH. The acid dissociation constant, K a, for C 2 COOH is 1.35 10 5 mol dm 3. (a) C 2 COOH
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