Chapter 1. The Elements
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1 Chapter 1. The Elements Electronic structure of atoms (p.1-10) Excitation of atoms (p.10-13) Periodic Table (p ) References Brownlow (Geochemistry) Gunter Faure (Geochemistry) Krane (Nuclear Physics) Don DePaolo s lectures Wikipedia.com and other web sites 1
2 Electronic Structure Thomson and Rutherford discovery of electron (1897) plum-pudding model (1904) discovery of nucleus from scattering experiment nature of nucleus -> the field of nuclear physics Bohr model discrete energy levels in electronic structure shell model (1913) Schrodinger model Periodic Table 2
3 Thomson Discovery of the electron in 1897 estimated that # electrons/atoms ~ atomic weight (just an approximation) electron mass ~ 1/2000 of H atomic mass concluded that most of an atom s mass resided in the (+)vely charged parts through 1911 it was believed that the electrons were embedded in a (+)vely charged mass distributed over the volume of the atom (plum-pudding model) scattering experiments of Geiger and Marsden were not consistent with this model 3
4 Rutherford Alpha-particle: 4He nucleus (2 protons + 2 neutrons: charge = 2+) 4
5 5
6 Rutherford (1911) proposed that the (+)ve charge is concentrated at a point (later known as the nucleus) and was able to predict scattering analysis using this model and classical physics The model was confirmed by systematic scattering experiments led to the determination of nuclear charges led to the realization that the atomic # of an element was equal to its nuclear charge (and hence also to the # electrons) 6
7 size of a nucleus in order for the Rutherford model to work, the nucleus must have radius smaller than the distance of closest approach of the alpha particle, since the model is based on electrostatic repulsion. when the alpha is a distance d from the nucleus, it has a potential E of: (2 Ze^2)/d for an alpha at an angle of 180 degree, the potential E = original kinetic E (Ta) Ta = (2Ze^2/d), d = (2Ze^2)/Ta for Ta in units of MeV, d[10-13cm] = 2.6 Z / Ta[MeV] for z ~ 30, Ta ~10 MeV, d is calculated as ~8fm or ~8 10^-13 cm (~10 fm or 10^-12 cm) Volume of nucleus is ~10^-12 times that of atom, and its density is 10^12 times greater (order of 10^14 g/cm^3) 7
8 Atom Atom: smallest particle that retains distinctive properties (the # of protons determine the Properties) Nucleus (Central region) Contains protons (positive charge) and neutrons (neutral charge) Electrons Negative charge; surround nucleus Located in discrete energy levels called shells 8
9 (Rutherford -) Bohr Model quantum-physics based modification of Rutherford model (diffuse cloud of electrons surrounding nucleus) spectral emission line of Hydrogen can be explained an atom as a small, (+)vely charged nucleus surrounded by electrons that travel in circular orbits around the nucleus. electrostatic attraction = centrifugal force (e/r)^2 = mv^2/r 9
10 shell structure M shell L shell K shell n: principal quantum number upload.wikimedia.org 10
11 11
12 12
13 Modern understanding of Electronic Structure Schrodinger model Schrodinger equation is the fundamental of quantum mechanics quantum mechanics can be used to explain alpha decay stable isotope fractiontion nuclear and electronic structure 13
14 quantum numbers principal quantum # (n): 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 corresponds to K, L, M, N, O, P, Q angular momentum quantum # (l): 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 corresponds to s, p, d, e, f, g, h, i magnetic quantum # (m): -l, +l spin quantum # (s): -1/2, +1/2 14
15 15
16 Wikipedia.com 16
17 Periodicity of electronic configuration users.rcn.com 17
18 18
19 Elements in the same group in periodic table have similar electron configuration of outermost shell Elements with the same electron configuration of the outermost shell have similar chemical properties melting pt, E of formation, atomic radius, first ionization E show strong periodicity 19
20 Alkali metals (I A) Alkaline earth (II A) Halogens (VII A) Noble gas (VIIIA) Transition metal (I B VIII B) PGE (Platinum Group Elements) Rare earth elements Actinide elements 20
21 Atomic Radius 21
22 First Ionization Energy 22
23 23
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