Chapter 4. It s all about e -

Transcription

1 Chatr 4 Major Goal of Chatr 4:. Fining th xact location (hom) for th lctron in an atom 2. Dicu hyical an chmical xrimntal vinc which uort a) lctronic tructur & b) th rioic trn in th rorti of atom. Bfor viwing thi owroint, ra th Chatr 4 Rviw: 4. Elctromagntic Raiation 4.2 Atomic Sctra & Enrgy Lvl 4. Enrgy Lvl (hll), Sublvl(ubhll) & Orbital 4.4. Writing Orbital Diagram & Elctron Configuration 4.5 Elctron Configuration & th Prioic Tabl 4.6 Prioic Trn of th Elmnt Look ovr ag 0 of your txtbook an th hanout nt to your -mail It all about - Prorti for an Elctron in an Atom. light wight articl; /2000th an atomic ma unit (amu) 2. (-) ngativly charg articl. looly boun; Amrican Hritag Dictionary fin loo a not fatn; unboun 4. attract to (+) oitivly charg articl 5. rll by othr ngativly charg articl 6. ynamic not tatic; I woul lik to mov about or jum aroun 7. at hom within an lctron hll hown by Bohr mol 8. a travlr an woul lov to travl but nvr far from hom 9. aily xcitabl Point 7 i in r bcau your txtbook o not icu Bohr mol irctly, only inirctly, on ag 0.

2 Sulmntal ackt ag 44 Sction Atomic Sctra & Enrgy Lvl Point 7 i in r bcau your txtbook o not icu Bohr mol irctly, only inirctly, on ag 0. Th lar an th concntric circl blow ar viual for Bohr mol. incraing nrgy n=4 n= n=2 n= "Elctron Shll" () nuclu Bohr icovr that Whr Sulmntal ackt ag 44 Elctron hav a hom in a icrt quantiz hll Th maximum numbr of lctron r hll i givn quantiz = icrt Bohr Mol for atom by 2(n) 2 "Elctron Shll" n = 4 n = n = 2 n = 2(4) 2 = 2 2() 2 = 8 2(2) 2 = 8 2() 2 = 2 For hi nw icovry, H wa awar th Nobl Priz in hyic 922 You on t hav to b mart to b awar a Nobl Priz. You jut hav to icovr omthing nw which rvolutioniz th way ocity viw th worl aroun u. 2

3 Sulmntal ackt ag 44 Bohr ba hi icovry on th miion ctrum for hyrogn F. 9 Nil Bohr. Th HYDROGEN atom ha lay a major rol in th vlomnt of mol of lctronic tructur. 2. In a hyrogn icharg tub, iniviual atom of hyrogn mit viibl light.. Whn th light i a through a rim, rfraction occur, an a quantiz miion ctrum aar. quantiz = icrt (color lin of cific nrgy) + nrgy + H 2 -> 2H viibl light aar a whit light H rim icrt color of light quantiz miion ctrum violt blu grn r n=4 n= n=2 n= Whr of th four color lit, violt color (viibl light) i hight in nrgy R color (viibl light) i lowt in nrgy Viibl light i an xaml of lctromagntic raiation Hi thought about th atom: quantiz miion ctrum giv quantiz nrgy lvl of fining an lctron. Txtbook 0 Emiion Sctra that uort Bohr icrt nrgy lvl quantiz = icrt quantiz = icrt (color lin of cific nrgy) violt blu grn r Bohr Mol n=4 n= n=2 n= continuou miion ctrum Hi thought about th atom: quantiz miion ctrum giv quantiz nrgy lvl of fining an lctron. quantiz = icrt quantiz = icrt (color lin of cific nrgy)

4 Sction 4. Elctromagntic Raiation Sulmntal ackt ag 45& 46 Stuy all th baic information on thi ag low numbr low frquncy Larg numbr HIGH frquncy HIGH nrgy i of lctromagntic ctrum WAVE *(hort wavlngth) A ingl wavlngth itanc i crt to crt A ingl wavlngth itanc i trough to trough Sction 4. Elctromagntic Raiation (Viibl Light) Comlmntary color ar on ooit i of th whl. Lowr nrgy, long wavlngth 750 nm Highr nrgy Short wavlngth 400 nm Wavlngth in mtr *(long wavlngth) V I B R G O Y 625 nm ROY G BIV 575 nm 460 nm 520 nm 4

5 Rcor into your not ooit ag 48 Grou Grou 2 Grou Grou 4 Grou 5 Grou 6 Grou 7 Grou 8 Lwi Dot Structur only how outrmot lctron (valnc lctron) th grou numbr qual th numbr of valnc lctron for rrntativ lmnt only how th valnc lctron a ot about th atom in a Lwi ot Summary: Row numbr = numbr of hll in Bohr Mol Grou numbr = numbr of valnc lctron in Lwi ot Sction 4. Enrgy Lvl (hll), Sublvl(ubhll), Orbital In toay worl, quantum hyic giv a bttr thortical mol for whr an lctron i locat. Elctron ri in an orbital within a ubhll of an lctron hll lctron hll ubhll f "Elctron Shll" n = 4 n = n = 2 n = 2 2 orbital What i th xact ar for th location of a hyrogn lctron? 5

6 On all about, know th orring, location, ha, & an atial orintation of orbital Shll ubhll orbital lvl ublvl on 2 two,, thr,, 4 four,,, f "Elctron Shll" n = 2 n = numbr of orbital "room" r ublvl Prha a goo illutration for fining an lctron ar woul b n = Numbr of Strt n = 4 n =,, f = ty of track hom f 2 2 Orbital = Room in hom A orbital f Sction 4.4 Writing Orbital Diagram & Elctron Configuration Our currnt mol: th location (th hom ar) for an lctron What i th xact ar for th location of a hyrogn lctron? Th xcact For th hyrogn atom location i: (ar) "Elctron Shll" Total numbr of lctron in ublvl hll ubhll n = lctron hll ubhll orbital 6

7 Sction 4.4 Writing Orbital Diagram & Elctron Configuration Our currnt mol: th location (th hom ar) for an lctron For th hlium atom "Elctron Shll" 2 Total numbr of lctron in ublvl hll ubhll n = lctron hll ubhll orbital 7

8 Elmnt Atomic Numbr Bohr Mol nuclu n hll Sulmntal ag 48 & 5 H + H 2 Li 2+ + Wav Mchanical Mol Elctron Configuration rincial hll & ubhll numbr firt row lmnt B 4 B 5 C 6 N 7 O valnc hll con row lmnt F 9 N Na + thir row lmnt Elmnt Atomic Numbr Bohr Mol nuclu n hll Sulmntal ag 48 & 5 H + H 2 Li B 4 B 5 C 6 N 7 O 8 F 9 N 0 Na Wav Mchanical Mol Elctron Configuration rincial hll & ubhll numbr firt row lmnt valnc hll con row lmnt thir row lmnt 8

9 Sulmntal ackt ag 49 Atomic Structur Atomic Numbr: Nam: Symbol: ma # 2 # # n # Elctronic Configuration: oium-2 2 Na Phyical Prorti: Atomic Numbr: 7 oft mtal, Nam: conuct - Symbol: Chmical Prorti: ract w/ H 2 O Lwi Dot: Na ma # 5 # # n # Elctronic Configuration: Phyical Prorti: Chmical Prorti: Lwi Dot: Atomic Numbr: Nam: Symbol: ma # 24 # # n # Elctronic magnium Mg Configuration: Phyical Prorti: Atomic Numbr: 8 uctil mtal, Nam: conuct - Symbol: Chmical Prorti: burn in O 2 Lwi Dot: Mg ma # 6 # # n # Elctronic Configuration: Phyical Prorti: Chmical Prorti: Lwi Dot: Sulmntal ackt ag 49 Atomic Structur Atomic Numbr: Nam: Symbol: ma # 2 # # n # Elctronic Configuration: oium-2 2 Na Phyical Prorti: Atomic Numbr: 7 oft mtal, Nam: chlorin-5 conuct - Symbol: 5 Cl Chmical 7 Prorti: ma # ract w/ H 2 O Lwi Dot: Na # # n # Elctronic Configuration: Phyical Prorti: yllow ga, nonconuctor Chmical Prorti: ract w/ Na() Lwi Dot: Cl Atomic Numbr: Nam: Symbol: ma # 24 # # n # Elctronic magnium Mg Configuration: Phyical Prorti: Atomic Numbr: 8 uctil mtal, Nam: oxygn-6 conuct - 6 Symbol: O 8 Chmical Prorti: burn in O 2 Lwi Dot: Mg ma # # # n # Elctronic Configuration: Phyical Prorti: colorl ga, nonconuctor Chmical Prorti: uort combution Lwi Dot: O 9

10 On all about, know th orring, location, ha, & atial orintation of orbital Shll ubhll orbital lvl ublvl on 2 two,, thr,, 4 four,,, f numbr of orbital "room" r ublvl Sulmnt ackt ag 56 Orbital hav ha ma out at 90 rcnt robability : f 2 x Hinburg Uncrtainty Princil - (Wrnr von Hinbrg) Nobl riz in hyic 92 Th Schröingr quation ma th orbital rgion mathmatically at 90% robability. (Erwin Schröingr) Nobl riz in hyic 99; rouctiv form of atomic thory y thr ovrlaying orbital gnrat th ublvl z ublvl Orbital ar rgion of gratt robability within a ubhll for fining an lctron; two lctron MAXIMUM r orbital. 0

11 Sction 4.4 Writing Orbital Diagram & Elctron Configuration Shll ubhll orbital lvl ublvl on 2 two,, thr,, 4 four,,, f numbr of orbital "room" r ublvl f What will b th arrangmnt of ubhll in an atom? Sulmntal ackt ag 5 Txtbook 7 Th ubhll ar arrang from lowt to hight nrgy valu outwar from th nuclu of th atom n (row) numbr ubhll lttr Thi lctron irctory i call an lctron configuration Sction 4.5 Elctron Configuration an th Prioic Tabl Th ubhll ar arrang from lowt to hight nrgy valu outwar from th nuclu of th atom Txtbook y q n (row) numbr y q ubhll lttr Thi lctron irctory i call an lctron configuration Bottom right cornr of ulmntal ackt ag 5 Th lctron configuration filling orr can b larn by looking at th rioic tabl arrang by incraing atomic # n= n=2 n= n=4 n=5 n=6 n=7 Draw thi imag ooit ag 5 ublvl rnt but not fill ublvl fill firt bfor 4 n=6 n=7 f

12 Sulmntal ackt ag 5 - Bohr Mol vru th currnt Schroingr Mol "Elctron Shll" Elctron hll Bohr Mol for Hyrogn n = 4 n = n = 2 n = Elctron hll, ubhll, orbital Quantum Wav Mchanical Mol (Schroingr) 4 ty of ubhll within n th lvl 2 5 f 7 5 orbital ar within ubhll rincial quantum n th hll two lctron r orbital Elctron configuration Whr i hyrogn on lctron locat?????? Total numbr of lctron in ublvl Quantum Wav Mchanical Mol (Schroingr) 4 ty of ubhll within n th lvl f hll ubhll 2 orbital ar within ubhll rincial quantum n th hll two lctron r orbital Elctron configuration

13 Whr ar th ix lctron for carbon locat??????? 6 C Maximum numbr in ublvl i 2 lctron ublvl i 6 lctron ublvl i 0 lctron f ublvl i 4 lctron Quantum Wav Mchanical Mol (Schroingr) 4 ty of ubhll within n th lvl rincial quantum n th hll 2 f orbital ar within ubhll two lctron r orbital An lctron irctory i Elctron configuration call lctron configuration It i bgin tarting from th lowt nrgy orbital, th Whr i a lctron for aluminum locat?????? Total numbr of lctron in ublvl ty of ubhll within n th lvl 4 f hll ubhll 2 orbital ar within ubhll rincial quantum n th hll two lctron r orbital Elctron configuration

14 Sulmntal ackt ag 5 Elctron Orbital Filling 9 0 Hun rul n to b ali: Fill ach orbital with on lctron ach bfor airing. 0 0 F - an Na + ar iolctronic (th am lctronically) with N All lmnt lo or gain lctron to achiv nobl ga - configuration Sulmntal ackt ag 52 & 57 2, 4,,,,,f (,,) 5 orbital 7 orbital

15 Whr woul a 2 lctron b locat? In ubhll locat within a hll. 2 Total numbr of lctron "Elctron Shll" n = 4 n = n = 2 n = Scon hll Th lttr rrnt A ublvl; Both th hll & ubhll ar crib mathmatically by Quantum Mchanic Th hll (rincial quantum lvl) I th mot imortant locator for an lctron Mor on orbital ha an volum 5

16 Txtbook 5 Th ubhll ar arrang from lowt to hight nrgy valu n (row) numbr Sulmntal ackt ag 52, 56 ublvl lttr 2 n (row) numbr ublvl lttr x y thr ovrlaying orbital gnrat th ublvl z ublvl Know th ha (volum) an atial orintation (itanc from th nuclu) for th ubhll an for th orbital lowr n valu man th lctron i clor to th nuclu ubhll incra in nrgy in th following orr < < < f lowr n valu man mallr iz an volum for th atom 6