Adsorption Processes for Water Treatment and Purification
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1 Adsorption Processes for Water Treatment and Purification
2 Adrián Bonilla-Petriciolet Didilia Ileana Mendoza-Castillo Hilda Elizabeth Reynel-Ávila Editors Adsorption Processes for Water Treatment and Purification
3 Editors Adrián Bonilla-Petriciolet Instituto Tecnológico de Aguascalientes Aguascalientes, México Didilia Ileana Mendoza-Castillo Instituto Tecnológico de Aguascalientes Aguascalientes, México Hilda Elizabeth Reynel-Ávila Instituto Tecnológico de Aguascalientes Aguascalientes, México ISBN ISBN (ebook) DOI / Library of Congress Control Number: Springer International Publishing AG 2017 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
4 Preface Adsorption is a competitive technology for the treatment and purification of wastewater, groundwater, and industrial effluents. This separation process may offer a satisfactory cost-effectiveness tradeoff for water pollution control. Overall, the adsorption process engineering implies several factors that should be analyzed, studied, and optimized to develop economic and technically feasible water treatment strategies. The complex physicochemical nature of real-life multicomponent systems imposes new challenges for water pollution control using adsorption systems. Therefore, the adsorption process intensification is fundamental to face water pollution caused by anthropogenic and geogenic compounds. This book contains eight chapters that cover the state of the art of relevant topics of adsorption process and its application for water sanitation. In particular, this book describes and discusses relevant themes involved in the modeling and design of adsorption systems and the synthesis and application of alternative adsorbents for water pollution control caused by different aquatic pollutants. These key aspects are important to develop effective and low-cost water treatment technologies. This book was motivated by the desire that we and our colleagues have had to present the developments and applications in this area. Editors are grateful to all authors and reviewers for their contribution to this book. We also acknowledge the support of Susan Westendorf and the staff of Springer Nature Editorial for their assistance during the preparation of this book. Aguascalientes, México Adrián Bonilla-Petriciolet Didilia Ileana Mendoza-Castillo Hilda Elizabeth Reynel-Ávila v
5 Contents 1 Introduction... 1 Adrián Bonilla-Petriciolet, Didilia Ileana Mendoza-Castillo, and Hilda Elizabeth Reynel-Ávila 1.1 Adsorption: A Cost-Effective Technology for Water Treatment Priority Pollutants in Water Purification Heavy Metals Dyes Pharmaceuticals Fluoride Arsenic Emerging Pollutants Adsorption Process Intensification Synthesis of Tailored Adsorbents Optimization and Design of Adsorption Systems Modeling of Adsorption Processes Regeneration and Final Disposal of Exhausted Adsorbents Life Cycle Analysis Scope and Outline of Chapters References Adsorption Isotherms in Liquid Phase: Experimental, Modeling, and Interpretations Jeferson Steffanello Piccin, Tito Roberto Sant Anna Cadaval Jr., Luiz Antonio Almeida de Pinto, and Guilherme Luiz Dotto 2.1 Introduction Experimental Procedures to Obtain Equilibrium Curves Classification of the Equilibrium Isotherms Subclasses vii
6 viii Contents 2.4 Adsorption Isotherm Models Henry s Law Monolayer Adsorption and the Langmuir Isotherm Multilayer Adsorption and the BET Isotherm Other Isotherm Models Statistical Physics Models Typical Values of Isotherm Parameters for Different Adsorbate Adsorbent Systems Regression Methods and Error Analysis Model Accuracy Comparison Between Linear and Nonlinear Regression Methods Adsorption Thermodynamics Concluding Remarks References Adsorption Kinetics in Liquid Phase: Modeling for Discontinuous and Continuous Systems Guilherme Luiz Dotto, Nina Paula Gonçalves Salau, Jeferson Steffanello Piccin, Tito Roberto Sant Anna Cadaval Jr., and Luiz Antonio Almeida de Pinto 3.1 Introduction Adsorption Kinetics in Discontinuous Batch Systems Diffusional Mass Transfer Models Adsorption Reaction Models Fixed-Bed Adsorption Mass Balance and Modeling of the Breakthrough Curves Based on Mass Transfer Mechanism Empirical Models for Breakthrough Curves Design of Fixed-Bed Adsorption Systems Numerical Methods and Parameters Estimation Solving Diffusional Mass Transfer Models Solving Adsorption Reaction Models and Empirical Models for Breakthrough Curves Conclusion References Hydrothermal Carbonisation: An Eco-Friendly Method for the Production of Carbon Adsorbents Carlos Javier Durán-Valle, Almudena B. Botet-Jiménez, and Delia Omenat-Morán 4.1 Introduction Hydrothermal Carbon Preparation Precursors Hydrothermal Process... 81
7 Contents ix Templates Coating Activation Functionalisation Hydrothermal Versus Pyrolytic Carbonisation Adsorption Dye Adsorption Pesticides Drugs Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals Metal Ions Phosphorus Phenols Wastewater Reusability Conclusions References Removal of Heavy Metals, Lead, Cadmium, and Zinc, Using Adsorption Processes by Cost-Effective Adsorbents Meng Xu and Gordon McKay 5.1 Introduction Adsorption Process Equilibrium Adsorption Isotherm Kinetic Studies and Models Low-Cost Adsorbent Materials and Metal Adsorption Agricultural Waste Industrial By-Products and Wastes Marine Materials Zeolite and Clay Conclusion References Removal of Antibiotics from Water by Adsorption/Biosorption on Adsorbents from Different Raw Materials José Rivera-Utrilla, Manuel Sánchez-Polo, and Raúl Ocampo-Pérez 6.1 Introduction Adsorbent Materials Commercial Activated Carbons Sludge-Derived Materials Activated Carbons from Petroleum Coke
8 x Contents 6.3 Kinetic Study of the Adsorption of Tetracyclines and Nitroimidazoles on Sludge-Derived Materials and Activated Carbons Tetracyclines and Nitroimidazoles Characterization Kinetic and Diffusional Models Results and Discussion Adsorption/Biosorption Equilibrium Isotherms of Tetracyclines and Nitroimidazoles on Sludge-Derived Materials and Activated Carbons Nitroimidazole Adsorption Processes Tetracyclines Adsorption Isotherms Influence of Operational Variables Adsorption of Tetracyclines and Nitroimidazoles on Sludge-Derived Materials and Activated Carbons in Dynamic Regime. Determination of the Breakthrough Curves and Characteristics of the Adsorbent Columns Conclusions References Biosorption of Copper by Saccharomyces cerevisiae: From Biomass Characterization to Process Development Pietro Altimari, Fabrizio Di Caprio, and Francesca Pagnanelli 7.1 Introduction Materials and Methods Yeast Strain Potentiometric Titration Immobilization into Calcium Alginate Batch Biosorption Fixed-Bed Biosorption Results Identification of the Biomass Active Sites Biosorption by Calcium Alginate Beads Under Batch Operation Biosorption Under Fixed-Bed Operation Conclusions References Transition Metal-Substituted Magnetite as an Innovative Adsorbent and Heterogeneous Catalyst for Wastewater Treatment Shima Rahim Pouran, Mohammad Saleh Shafeeyan, Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman, Wan Mohd Ashri Wan Daud, and Abolfazl Bayrami 8.1 Introduction Transition Metal-Substituted Magnetite
9 Contents xi 8.3 Physicochemical Changes in Modified Magnetite Adsorption Oxidation Process Conclusions References Index
10 Contributors Pietro Altimari Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy Abolfazl Bayrami Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran Adrián Bonilla-Petriciolet Instituto Tecnológico de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, México Almudena B. Botet-Jiménez Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain Tito Roberto Sant Anna Cadaval Jr. Industrial Technology Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Food, Federal University of Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil Fabrizio Di Caprio Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy Wan Mohd Ashri Wan Daud Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Guilherme Luiz Dotto Chemical Engineering Department, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil Carlos Javier Durán-Valle Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain Instituto Universitario de Investigación del Agua, Cambio Climático y Sostenibilidad, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain Gordon McKay Division of Sustainability, College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar Didilia Ileana Mendoza-Castillo Instituto Tecnológico de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, México xiii
11 xiv Contributors Raúl Ocampo-Pérez Center of Research and Postgraduate Studies, Faculty of Chemical Science, Autonomous University of San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico Delia Omenat-Morán Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain Francesca Pagnanelli Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy Jeferson Steffanello Piccin Food Engineering Department, Passo Fundo University, UPF, Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil Luiz Antonio Almeida de Pinto Industrial Technology Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Food, Federal University of Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil Shima Rahim Pouran Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Research Laboratory of Advanced Water and Wastewater Treatment Processes, Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Hilda Elizabeth Reynel-Ávila Instituto Tecnológico de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, México José Rivera-Utrilla Inorganic Chemistry Department, University of Granada, Granada, Spain Manuel Sánchez-Polo Inorganic Chemistry Department, University of Granada, Granada, Spain Nina Paula Gonçalves Salau Chemical Engineering Department, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil Mohammad Saleh Shafeeyan School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Meng Xu Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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