Large Scale Facilities for Research with Photons, Neutrons and Ions

Transcription

1 Research Field Structure of Matter Helmholtz Research Programme Large Scale Facilities for Research with Photons, Neutrons and Ions Participating Centres: Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, DESY Forschungszentrum Jülich, FZJ Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, FZK GKSS-Forschungszentrum Geesthacht Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung, GSI Hahn-Meitner-Institut Berlin, HMI Programme Spokesperson: Co-Spokesperson: Research Field Coordinator: Prof. Dr. J.R. Schneider, DESY Prof. Dr. A. Schreyer, GKSS Prof. Dr. A. Wagner, DESY

2 Helmholtz Association Mission Statement The fifteen national research centres joined together in the Helmholtz Association pursue longterm research goals on behalf of government and society, including basic research performed in scientific autonomy. The Association identifies and addresses grand challenges facing society, science and industry by carrying out top-rate research in strategic programmes in the fields of Energy, Earth and Environment, Health, Key Technologies, Structure of Matter, Transport and Space. In particular, the Helmholtz Association researches systems of great complexity. Its activities are organised in longer-term programmes. International peer reviews of these competing programmes form the basis of federal and state government funding for the activities of the Association. The Association meets the grand challenges by bringing together the knowledge and resources of various disciplines and centres as well as by cooperating and networking with key national and international partners in science, especially from universities, and industry. The Helmholtz Association is especially responsible for planning and operating large-scale facilities and scientific infrastructure. These form the focal point of national and international collaborative research projects, drive forward high-tech development, and raise the international appeal of Germany as a centre for science and research. Scientists at the Helmholtz Association help to shape our future by combining research and technological development with innovative applied and forward-planning perspectives. The special competences, creativity and motivation of the staff are essential to the Helmholtz Association Mission. The Association attaches great importance to maintaining and enhancing these key qualities. This is why the Association offers its staff opportunities for personal and professional development as well as excellent working conditions in an exceptional environment and promotes equal opportunity. The Helmholtz Association supports young scientists, contributes to their professional qualification by providing training in its research fields, and additionally offers the chance for early scientific independence. Moreover, the Helmholtz Centres also train highly qualified technical personnel. The Helmholtz Association supports the dialogue between science and society by communicating research topics and findings and taking up impulses from the public sphere. It helps politics and society gain a better understanding and assessment of the consequences of human activity and so supports decision-making on an informed basis. The concerted use of its resources enables the Helmholtz Association to contribute importantly to advancing scientific progress, to shaping our future and to protecting the foundations of human life.

3 Research Field Structure of Matter Helmholtz Research Programme Large Scale Facilities for Research with Photons, Neutrons and Ions Participating Centres: Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, DESY Forschungszentrum Jülich, FZJ Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, FZK GKSS-Forschungszentrum Geesthacht Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung, GSI Hahn-Meitner-Institut Berlin, HMI Programme Spokesperson: Co-Spokesperson: Research Field Coordinator: Prof. Dr. J.R. Schneider, DESY Prof. Dr. A. Schreyer, GKSS Prof. Dr. A. Wagner, DESY

4 Contents Research Field: Structure of Matter I.1 The Scientific Goals I I.2 The Overall Strategy and Future Perspectives II I.3 Political Decisions with Long Range Impact IV I.4 The Programmes and their Strategic Importance IV I.5 The Scientific and Technical Assets VII I.6 Participation of Centres in the Research Field VIII Research Programme: Large Scale Facilities for Research with Photons, Neutrons and Ions 1. Definition of the Field and Strategic Relevance of Programme 1 2. Challenges and Opportunities 2 3. Overview: Strategy and Scientific Goals of the Participating Centres Programme Topic Photons (DESY, FZK) Programme Topic Neutrons (FZJ, GKSS, HMI) Programme Topic Ions (GSI, HMI) 6 4. Integrative Aspects Promotion of young scientists and equal opportunities National and international links Coordination activities 8 5. Programme Topics Programme Topic Photons Photons: Topic part by Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY Topic part by Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe FZK Programme Topic Neutrons Neutrons: Topic Part by Forschungszentrum Jülich FZJ Neutrons: Topic Part by GKSS Neutrons: Topic Part by Hahn-Meitner-Institut HMI Programme Topic Ions Ions: Topic Part by Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung GSI Ions: Topic Part by Hahn-Meitner-Institut HMI Resume / Visions for the long-term future 42

5 Contents Annex - Programme and Centre Related Scientific Information A1 Programme Related Scientific Information PNI 43 A1.1 Science related information PNI 43 A1.2 Infrastructure PNI 45 A1.3 Third party funding 45 A1.4 Innovation data 45 A1.5 Promotion of young scientists/ proportion of women 45 A1.6 Networking details 45 A2 Centre Related Scientific Information 46 A2.1 Competence of participating centre 46 Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY A2.1.1 Science related information 47 A2.1.2 Infrastructure 55 A2.1.3 Third party funding 55 A2.1.4 Innovation data 56 A2.1.5 Promotion of young scientists/ proportion of women 56 A2.1.6 Networking details 57 A2.1.7 Information on large-scale facilities (DORIS III) 58 A2.2 Competence of participating centre 59 Forschungszentrum Jülich - FZJ A2.2.1 Science related information 61 A2.2.2 Infrastructure 65 A2.2.3 Third party funding 65 A2.2.4 Innovation data 67 A2.2.5 Promotion of young scientists/ proportion of women 67 A2.2.6 Networking details 68 A2.2.7 Information on large-scale facilities 68 A2.3 Competence of participating centre 69 Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe - FZK A2.3.1 Science related information 69 A2.3.2 Infrastructure 73 A2.3.3 Third party funding 73 A2.3.4 Innovation data 74 A2.3.5 Promotion of young scientists and equal opportunities 74 A2.3.6 Networking details 75 A2.3.7 Information on large-scale facilities 76

6 Contents A2.4 Competence of participating centre 77 Forschungszentrum Geesthacht - GKSS A2.4.1 Science related information 78 A2.4.2 Infrastructure 84 A2.4.3 Third party funding 84 A2.4.4 Innovation data 85 A2.4.5 Promotion of young scientists and equal opportunities 86 A2.4.6 Networking details 87 A2.4.7 Information on large-scale facilities 87 A2.5 Competence of participating centre 88 Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung mbh - GSI A2.5.1 Science related information 89 A2.5.2 Infrastructure 93 A2.5.3 Third party funding 93 A2.5.4 Innovation data 94 A2.5.5 Promotion of young scientists/proportion of women 94 A2.5.6 Networking details 95 A2.5.7 Information on large-scale facilities 95 A2.6 Competence of participating centre 96 Hahn-Meitner-Institut - HMI A2.6.1 Science related information 96 A2.6.2 Infrastructure 105 A2.6.3 Third party funding 105 A2.6.4 Innovation data 106 A2.6.5 Promotion of young scientists/ proportion of women 106 A2.6.6 Networking details 107 A2.6.7 Information on large-scale facilities 107 Annex - Resource Planning A3 Resource Planning at the Programme Level PNI P 1 A4 Resources at Programme Part P 3 A4.1 Resources - Topic part DESY P 3 A4.2 Resources - Topic part FZJ P11 A4.3 Resources - Topic part FZK P13 A4.4 Resources - Topic part GKSS P14 A4.5 Resources - Topic part GSI P17 A4.6 Resources - Topic part HMI P21

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8 Structure of Matter Research Field Structure of Matter of the Helmholtz Association - Exploring Nature in its Fundamental Properties Coordinator: Prof. Dr. Albrecht Wagner (DESY) Participating Research Centres DESY, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Hamburg GKSS, Forschungszentrum, Geesthacht GSI, FZJ, Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt Forschungszentrum Jülich FZK, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe HMI, Hahn-Meitner-Institut, Berlin I.1 The Scientific Goals Exploring the Structure of Matter is to unravel the fundamental properties of the world, ranging from the very small to the very large; to understand the structure and dynamics of matter we are made of and which we find around us at very different and increasing levels of complexity. The scientific goals of the research field Structure of Matter range from the search for the elementary building blocks, the fundamental forces and the symmetries that govern the interactions between these, to the basic properties and relevant degrees of freedom that determine the physical behaviour of matter. This research deals with the three ''infinities'', elementary constituents of matter on the very small scales, distant structures of the universe on the very large scales, and the complex phenomena caused by the interplay of the myriads of atoms of a solid or a liquid in condensed matter. The research field is organized in five programmes: 1. Elementary Particle Physics studies the basic building blocks of matter and the forces acting between them, and searches for new forms of matter and for the laws governing the evolution of the early universe. 2. Astroparticle Physics represents research at the intersection of astronomy, astrophysics, cosmology and Particle Physics. It combines the knowledge about the fundamental particles and the largest structures in the universe. 3. The Physics of Hadrons and Nuclei aims at a quantitative understanding of all matter made of quarks, ranging from the question why quarks are confined in hadrons to the limits to the existence of atomic nuclei, the origin of chemical elements, and the properties of extended nuclear matter objects in the universe such as neutron stars. 4. Condensed Matter Physics provides the basic understanding of the complex properties of matter and materials which are relevant, e.g. to life sciences, chemistry, information technology and engineering. 5. The programme Large Scale Facilities for Research with Photons, Neutrons and Ions focuses on the design, development, construction and operation of major facilities for structural research in a broad range of fields of science. I

9 Structure of Matter I.2 The Overall Strategy and Future Perspectives The overall strategy of the research field is to further strengthen the position of Germany on a world level as a key player in the discovery of the fundamental properties of the world and in the understanding of the structure and dynamics of matter. Most of the scientific programmes are strongly related to existing and planned facilities. The Helmholtz centres active in the research field Structure of Matter carry the main responsibility for developing, building, and operating the large research facilities in Germany, e.g. particle and ion beam accelerators, synchrotron light sources and neutron sources as well as large scale spectrometer facilities. Through their infrastructure, they serve national and international scientists from many fields with unique research tools. To maintain leadership in their fields of research they pursue at the same time their own research. As stated by the German Science Council in its evaluation of the Helmholtz Association, the operation of large facilities is a core strength of the Helmholtz centres which contributes strongly to the internationalisation of German science and makes Germany an attractive research location. The reason for the international use of the facilities is that some of them are unique on a world-wide scale. The facilities are worked out in close cooperation with the national and international science communities. It is a central goal of the present and future programmes to keep up and strengthen this specific core competence. The programmes based on large-scale research facilities have as common goals the solution of key scientific questions, the efficient operation of the existing research facilities, the support for the national and international users, and maintaining leadership by developing and building new facilities in international co-operation. Therefore the strategy for the future encompasses four parts: to fully exploit the existing facilities, to build and operate advanced new facilities, to perform basic research in the five programmes of the research field, and to strengthen the internal and external cooperation across the borders of specific research areas. Based on the knowledge gained in the past, researchers in the Helmholtz centres have defined their future programmes. A major part of these are new powerful facilities which would enhance the strength of the Helmholtz Association: Elementary Particle Physics: Particle physicists have formed a world-wide consensus to build jointly an electron-positron linear collider as their next major facility, as it would provide unique new insight into fundamental particles and forces, possibly new constituents of matter, and the physics laws governing the early universe. DESY, together with partners in 12 countries, has developed the TESLA project. FZK together with CERN, DESY and the international Particle Physics community is developing the infrastructure and tools for a world-wide Grid-computing for the LHC and other experiments. II

10 Structure of Matter Astroparticle Physics: The international projects AUGER, KATRIN (with contributions from FZK) and ICECUBE (with contributions from DESY) are future large facilities for cosmic ray and neutrino astrophysics, building upon the successful existing research programme. Physics of Hadrons and Nuclei: GSI together with the European community in nuclear and hadron physics, is developing a new facility for intense beams of ions and antiprotons to answer the question of how the fundamental building blocks of matter and forces lead to the creation of the complex structures of matter that constitute our universe today. For spin-physics experiments, the FZJ proposes to increase the intensity of polarized beams up to the space charge limit. Condensed Matter: The exploration of the dynamic processes of structure formation and self-organisation in condensed matter and in novel phases of complex materials is advanced by an integrated approach on multiple scales from sub-atomic to macroscopic. This also guarantees a strong impact in many fields of science and engineering, across disciplinary boundaries. Condensed matter research will continue to generate ideas for the new tools and complementary techniques of investigation, including in particular novel instrumentation at large scale facilities. Research with Photons, Neutrons and Ions: A European Free-Electron X-Ray Laser Laboratory as an outstanding new tool for studying the structure and dynamics of matter with photons is pursued by DESY. PETRA III will be operated as a third generation storage ring synchrotron radiation facility at DESY. FZJ will open the gateway for German users to the then world's most powerful pulsed megawatt spallation neutron source SNS at Oak Ridge/ US. For this purpose, novel instrumentation at SNS will be designed and commissioned by FZJ in collaboration with HMI. A VUV FEL user facility at DESY and a high power (petawatt) laser at the GSI are currently under construction. Some of these proposals have been reviewed by the German Science Council which emphasised that i) the initiation or development of totally new areas of research is closely related to the availability of specific new facilities, ii) large-scale facilities should stem from a broad initiative of scientific users with equal rights and that iii) large-scale facilities must be based on long-term scientific visions, and the prerequisites for technical innovations must be given. III

11 Structure of Matter I.3 Political Decisions with Long Range Impact In February 2003 the Federal Ministry for Education and Research (BMBF) took decisions of outstanding importance for the research field Structure of Matter : A new X-ray Free Electron Laser is to be built at DESY as a European project. Germany offers to cover half of the investment cost. In addition DESY will receive funds to transform the existing storage ring PETRA into a third generation synchrotron radiation facility. GSI, together with European partners, will construct, in a phased approach, a major new facility for beams of ions and antiprotons, with the current accelerator system as injector. Thereby, GSI will become the leading European centre for the field of hadron and nuclear physics with hadron beams. At least 25% of the total cost is to be provided by foreign partners. No German site is at present proposed for the TESLA linear accelerator. DESY, however, is recommended to continue its international research work so that a German participation in a future global project will be possible. These decisions enable the Helmholtz centres to continue to provide the facilities, the technical knowhow, and the scientific strengths to play an international leadership role in the research field Structure of Matter. They make Germany also in future attractive for scientists from all over the world and provide the basis for strong research partnerships on a European and international level, in excellent agreement with the mission of the Helmholtz Association. I.4 The Programmes and their Strategic Importance The five programmes are focusing on key questions in their respective fields and the tools necessary to answer them. Some of the programmes are interconnected, both scientifically and technologically. All programmes are based on a close interplay between experiment and theory. IV 1. Elementary Particle Physics (DESY, FZK) Elementary Particle Physics studies the basic building blocks of matter and the forces acting between them, and searches for new forms of matter and for the laws governing the evolution of the early universe. The central part of the programme exploits the unique electron-proton collider HERA at DESY to study the inner structure of the proton and the specific properties of the strong, electromagnetic and weak forces. In addition sensitive searches for new particles are performed which extend beyond the current fundamental theory of Particle Physics. The operation of HERA is planned to end in DESY has been developing for the last 10 years, within the international TESLA collaboration, the accelerator technology for a TeV electron-positron collider. Fundamentally new phenomena are expected in this energy range, beyond the reach of present accelerators. In parallel, a proton-proton collider (Large Hadron Collider, LHC) is under construction at CERN. Complementary to it, the electron-positron collider TESLA will help answer the following key questions: The origin of mass, the unification of all fundamental forces at very high energies, the search for a new kind of

12 Structure of Matter matter (super symmetric partners of all known particles), and the unification of quantum physics and general relativity. The accelerator based programme is supplemented by the development of a world-wide Gridcomputing initiative which will serve the LHC data analysis and other Particle Physics experiments (FZK together with CERN and DESY). DESY together with European partners is developing a 10 TFlop computer for particle and nuclear physics. 2. Astroparticle Physics (FZK, DESY) Astroparticle physics represents research at the intersection of astronomy, astrophysics, cosmology and Particle Physics. This new interdisciplinary field has become a focus of great activity in recent years. It combines our knowledge about the smallest fundamental particles and the largest structures in the Universe. Astroparticle physics explores the sources of ultra-high energy cosmic rays and the mechanism of cosmic accelerators, and studies the Universe beyond classical multiwavelength observations, using gamma rays, neutrinos and cosmic rays at all energies. Astroparticle physics uses the cosmological accelerators and large infrastructure installations such as huge detector arrays, frequently applying technologies developed in the field of Particle Physics. The programme consists of three main parts: i) Studies of the nature, origin and propagation of cosmic rays at high and ultra-high energies with air shower detectors (KASKADE Grande Experiment, AUGER Observatory); ii) The search for high-energy neutrinos from astrophysical sources with neutrino telescopes (AMANDA, Icecube). iii) The determination of the electron neutrino mass with a precision of relevance for Particle Physics and cosmology (KATRIN). 3. Physics of Hadrons and Nuclei (GSI, FZJ, FZK) The goal of the physics of hadrons and nuclei is a comprehensive and quantitative understanding of all matter that is made of quarks and that is governed by the strong and to some extent also by the electro-weak force. This general goal translates into a number of major themes: The study of confinement of quarks in hadrons, the understanding of the mechanism of spontaneous chiral symmetry breaking, the origin of the mass of hadrons, the properties of the nuclear many-body system, the reach for the most of exotic nuclei at the limits of stability, the behaviour of extended nuclear matter in astrophysical objects and processes such as neutron stars and supernovae, the general phase transitions from hadronic to quark matter, and the search for new forms of matter. The programme centres around the following major facilities: Research at the high-current heavy ion-linear accelerator (UNILAC), the high-energy heavy-ion synchrotron (SIS) and the experimental storage ring (ESR) at GSI, as well as at the cooler synchrotron (COSY) at FZJ, with beams of unpolarised and polarised protons and deuterons. In the field of hadron and nuclear reaction physics at very high energies, Helmholtz centres significantly contribute to the research programmes carried out at the CERN SPS and those planned for the LHC. To maintain the leading position of the Helmholtz Centres and its user community in the field of hadron, nuclear and general ion-beam physics, GSI, together with universities and institutes from V

13 Structure of Matter Germany and abroad, develops an International Accelerator Facility for Research with Heavy Ions and Antiprotons. The new facility should be operational around Condensed Matter (FZJ, FZK) Research in the field of Condensed Matter is concerned with the wealth of effects caused by the interplay of a very large number of atoms of a solid or a liquid. The interaction and cooperation of electrons, atoms and molecules within a many-body system is responsible for the different properties of materials and why they are solid, fluid or gaseous, soft or hard, transparent or opaque, magnetic, metallic or even superconducting. Extremely wide length and time scales, often interdependent on each other, are characteristics of the complexity of condensed matter, ranging from subatomic sizes up to macroscopic measures, and from electronic relaxation times of femtoseconds up to geological periods. The investigations require powerful instrumentation. Condensed matter physics is here in close interaction with the neighbouring disciplines of chemistry and biology as well as the geo-sciences and medicine, and affects wide fields of the engineering sciences. Information technology as an example simply would not exist without condensed matter physics. The strategy of the programme focuses on exploring new and unique processes in three areas of Condensed Matter: Electronic and Magnetic Phenomena, From Matter to Materials, and Soft Matter and Biophysics. The programme is based partly on the use of large facilities for neutron and synchrotron radiation, and is complemented by other techniques such as in-house high resolution spectroscopy, thermodynamic and transport measurements, high-resolution electron microscopy as well as theory and computer simulation. 5. Large Scale Facilities for Research with Photons, Neutrons and Ions (DESY, FZJ, FZK, GKSS, GSI, HMI) Electron ring accelerators are powerful sources of synchrotron radiation. This radiation, especially in the X-ray domain, is a major tool in many fields of science, as it penetrates matter and reveals its inner structure. Similar to synchrotron radiation, neutrons are playing an outstanding role in the analysis of structural and dynamical properties of condensed matter and materials. Also ion beams serve to analyse and modify matter and its properties. The large scale facilities grouped in this programme are of crucial importance for atomic, molecular, plasma and condensed matter physics, for structural molecular biology and chemistry, for material, geo- and environmental sciences, as well as for engineering and other applications. The central part of the programme is based on the operation and exploitation of the existing light, neutron and ion sources for many scientific questions. In addition two new facilities will become operative in the near future: A VUV FEL user facility at DESY (2004) and a high power (petawatt) laser at the GSI (2004). DESY continues the development of a European Free Electron Laser Laboratory for hard X-rays based on TESLA technology. In the midterm (2006), FZJ will take the lead to open the way for the German users to the new megawatt spallation source (SNS) at Oak Ridge/USA through participation - jointly with HMI - in VI

14 Structure of Matter the development of its instrument suite. This will allow German scientists to stay at the frontier of neutron science. I.5 The Scientific and Technical Assets The large scale facilities in Germany are a core responsibility of the Helmholtz centres united in this research field. All facilities are quite unique in their performance and user profile. They have been built and are continuously being upgraded in close interaction with and for national and international users from universities and industry. The Helmholtz centres are therefore at the same time centres of excellence in science and technology and service providers, supporting scientists from universities and other research institutes to make best use of the facilities. The Helmholtz scientists play a key role in leading new initiatives in their field of research, in using the facilities for their own research, in providing high-level scientific and technical infrastructure support for user experiments, in developing novel technologies and instrumentations, in the training of young researchers together with universities and other research institutes, and in attracting scientists from around the world to Germany. One goal of Helmholtz programme-oriented funding scheme is to further strengthen the coordination and networking between centres. It is a particular feature of the research field Structure of Matter that the large research infrastructures provide the backbone for a network, both between the different Helmholtz centres and especially between the national and international user communities. It has been the strategy of the centres in the past to be as complementary with respect to each other as possible while being strongly coupled to the users and their needs for the development of the facilities and for their optimal use. Progress in the understanding of the micro- and macro-cosmos is driven by the curiosity to answer fundamental questions, with no a-priory application in mind but with major spin-offs along the way. Novel forms of condensed matter are likewise the subject of basic research, yet with a strong link to possible applications. This research is linked to a large extent by the need for and dependence on large research tools and their continuous development. There is also a close relation in model development and analysis. The research into structure of matter and the development in accelerator technology have led to breakthroughs in technology, to new methods and instrumentation with other applications in science and elsewhere, ranging from tumour therapy to the production of radioactive substances for medical diagnostics, and to the possibilities to build X-ray lasers and spallation neutron sources. VII

15 Structure of Matter I.6 Participation of Centres in the Research Field Direct R&D costs* in T DESY FZJ FZK GKSS GSI HMI Elementary Particle Physics Astroparticle Physics Physics of Hadrons and Nuclei Condensed Matter Research with Photons, Neutrons and Ions * including third party funding F&E personnel in FTE** DESY FZJ FZK GKSS GSI HMI Elementary Particle Physics Astroparticle Physics Physics of Hadrons and Nuclei Condensed Matter Research with Photons, Neutrons and Ions ** Full Time Equivalent (person-years) Table I-1: Direct R&D costs and personnel for the research field Structure of Matter at the programme level in VIII

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17 Research with Photons, Neutrons and Ions The Helmholtz Programme Large Scale Facilities for Research with Photons, Neutrons and Ions (PNI) 1. Definition of the Field and Strategic Relevance of the Programme The German large scale facilities for research with photons, neutrons and ions serve more than 3500 users per year. The PNI programme includes The synchrotron radiation facilities at Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY Hamburg (DORIS III and PETRA II) and at Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe FZK (ANKA). The VUV Free-Electron Laser at DESY Hamburg. The neutron research reactors at Forschungszentrum Jülich FZJ (FRJ 2), at Forschungszentrum Geesthacht GKSS (FRG-1) and at Hahn-Meitner-Institut HMI Berlin (BER II). The ion accelerators at Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung GSI Darmstadt (Unilac, SIS18, ESR) and at HMI Berlin (ISL). In addition, HMI and GKSS operate public synchrotron radiation beamlines at BESSY in Berlin and at DORIS III at DESY within the PNI programme. The large scale facilities grouped in the PNI programme provide excellent research opportunities in atomic, molecular, plasma and condensed matter physics, in structural molecular biology and chemistry, in materials, geo- and environmental sciences, as well as for engineering applications. At least 50% of the beamtime available at these facilities is provided to external users, mainly from universities. Together with the non-hgf facilities - BESSY II, the national synchrotron radiation facility for the spectral range of the VUV and soft X-ray radiation, the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF) in Grenoble, the new Munich research reactor (FRM II), and the Institute Laue-Langevin (ILL) in Grenoble - the network of the PNI facilities provides the large German user communities with an effective scientific infrastructure at the forefront of the international developments. These multi-user facilities also play an important role in the European research infrastructure, about 1/3 of their users come from abroad often supported by EU programmes. The HGF centres participating in the PNI programme support these large user communities through their staff scientists and by providing the necessary infrastructure on site. Increasing efforts are made to stimulate and support the complementary use of different probes and methods. All institutions make great efforts to further promote industrial applications at their facilities. In order to keep the facilities' competitiveness on an international level the centres put emphasis on science driven instrumentation developments and incremental improvements of the facility itself. In addition the HGF centres aim for new facilities which have the potential for revolutionary progress in certain research fields. The PNI facilities pursue vigorous in-house research programmes, in most cases strongly connected to the thematic research in the hosting HGF centre. The involvement in cutting-edge research is crucial for keeping close contact with the leading research groups, for learning about the needs of emerging new science and for launching new technical and methodological developments at the facilities in due time. A significant fraction of the staff is involved in teaching at neighbouring universities. In addition the facilities have a very significant impact in education by training students in a complex scientific and technical environment, and they attract many young scientists from Germany and abroad. 1

18 Research with Photons, Neutrons and Ions 2. Challenges and Opportunities In the past the most important breakthroughs in science have been achieved by solutions to problems reduced to their ultimate simplicity. The future will lead us more and more into a world of complexity, of multi-component materials, of bio-mimetic processes and of biomaterials. In this context probing matter with photons, neutrons and ions is of key importance for progress in a large number of research fields of outstanding scientific and strategic interest to modern societies. Current challenges in science and technology include: Learning from nature for future technologies: The delicate self-organising principles of polymeric, amphiphilic and colloidal matter are determined by structural phenomena, nanoscale dynamics and function. Such systems create the functional, self-assembling, information processing and sustainable machinery that constitutes living organisms. The science community will be more and more challenged to learn from biological organisation and to transfer this knowledge to structural and functional materials in bio-mimetic applications. Functioning of bio-molecular machines: Atomic scale knowledge of the functioning of large macromolecular assemblies like the ribosome or various viruses is of crucial importance for progress in biology. Structural genomics with proteomics perspectives is gaining outstanding importance in medical and pharmaceutical research and meets strong industrial interest. Imaging of single molecules and nano-particles: Observation of molecules in action with atomic resolution in space and time is a dream which may become true in not so far a future. Nano-structured materials: Novel properties of matter caused by the abundance of surfaces and interfaces and the effects of confinement on the electronic properties have to be studied in order to enable the design of nano-structured materials with tailored properties, as proven e.g. by the impact of magnetic thin film devices for data storage and the synthesis and modification of mineral layers as substrates for functional molecules like proteins and peptides. The understanding of electronic correlations in condensed matter: The origin of high temperature superconductivity remains a mystery as do many aspects of quantum phase transitions, non-fermi liquid behaviour and magnetoresistive materials, such as the interplay of spin-, charge-, orbital and lattice degrees of freedom. Heterogeneous catalysis: This key technology for optimization of industrial chemical refinery processes still relies mainly on empirical studies. Much more has to be learnt about processes of chemical bond formation and breaking under in-operando conditions. Materials science with engineering applications: Knowledge-based design of new structural materials ranging from light weight Mg, Al and TiAl alloys via metal foams to new composite materials requires a detailed understanding and mastering of their structure with respect to formation of residual stresses, textures and precipitates under processing and operating conditions. There is a growing interest in design and fabrication of novel materials on µm length scales with new functional properties and their integration into devices. Geological matter formation and environmental impact: In geosciences detailed information on the complexity of multi-phase minerals, soils and clays as well as on the nanoscale host-guest interactions is needed in order to understand the formation of these key systems under the conditions of earth history and of man-made influences. The plasma state of matter: The knowledge of the behaviour of matter at very high energy densities and pressures above 100 GPa is of fundamental importance for testing improved models for the planetary and stellar structure. 2

19 Research with Photons, Neutrons and Ions Testing the basic principles of modern physics: It is the responsibility of the physics community to constantly aim for new high precision measurements to check the basic principles of physics like the theory of quantum electrodynamics (QED) and symmetry violations in the limiting cases of the strongest available atomic fields. To meet the key challenges in science and technology the greatest impact of the PNI programme is achieved by combining advanced instrumentation including sophisticated sample environment with state-of-the-art sources of photons, neutrons and ions. The fairly recent development of new accelerator technology has allowed the construction of a new generation of neutron sources that produce pulsed neutrons by spallation. Finally overcoming the intensity limit of reactor based neutron sources the upcoming generation of multi-megawatt spallation sources combined with innovative instrumentation will provide an unprecedented gain of up to three orders of magnitude in sensitivity, which will greatly increase the number of problems that can be addressed. It will be an important element of the HGF neutron strategy in the short and medium term to participate at this new frontier in neutron science in contributing to the instrumentation suite at the MW spallation sources in the US or Japan. These efforts, together with target, moderator and accelerator developments, are the basis for a drive towards a multi-megawatt European spallation neutron source which needs to be accomplished in the long term. A milestone result in the worldwide quest to obtain a linear accelerator based X-ray laser was realized with the demonstration of the process of Self-Amplified-Spontaneous-Emission (SASE) at wavelengths down to 80 nm at the VUV-FEL at the TESLA Test Facility at DESY. A striking example of the discovery potential of these qualitatively new X-ray sources was the unexpected observation of highly charged ions from multi-photon Coulomb explosions of Xe atom clusters. The excitement about this new research opportunity is attracting laser and plasma physics communities who are relatively new to accelerator based photon sources. The facility is currently extended to the wavelength range down to 30 nm and later to 6 nm and will become available to users in In February 2003 the German government announced the construction of three new large scale facilities which open most exciting new perspectives for research with photons and ions: PETRA III: A 3 rd generation storage ring synchrotron radiation facility for hard X-rays at DESY, Hamburg. European X-ray Laser Project XFEL in TESLA technology at DESY-Hamburg. The German government offered 50% of the construction costs of the facility. International Heavy-Ion and Antiproton Facility at GSI in Darmstadt (25% of the available beamtime is used within the PNI programme for atomic and plasma physics, and for materials science). At least 25% of the total cost is to be provided by foreign partners. PETRA III is designed to become the hard X-ray synchrotron radiation facility with the smallest emittance worldwide providing radiation of the highest brilliance and with a much higher degree of coherence than achieved today. Special efforts will be made to focus the beam down to nanometer scale cross sections for structural studies of materials with physical properties fluctuating on nanometer length scales and for protein-crystallography on extremely small crystals, e.g. of membrane protein molecules. The European X-ray Laser Project XFEL with a linear accelerator in superconducting technology will provide laterally coherent X-ray beams of ~0.1 nm wavelength with a peak brilliance about 9 orders of magnitude higher than available from 3 rd generation synchrotron radiation facilities. Because the photons are delivered in flashes of about 50 femtoseconds duration this facility will allow for the first 3

20 Research with Photons, Neutrons and Ions time studying changes of the local structure of matter with atomic resolution in real time and it holds the potential to revolutionize short wavelength photon based research. The international Heavy-Ion and Antiproton Facility planned at GSI will provide a worldwide unique and technically innovative facility for forefront research with heavy ions and antiprotons. Atomic physics, plasma physics and materials science will benefit strongly from the availability of such highintensity heavy-ion or antiproton beams reaching unprecedented luminosities and brilliances. 3. Overview: Strategy and Scientific Goals of the Participating Centres Operation and further developments of the existing PNI facilities as well as planning, construction and operation of the new facilities are carried out in close collaboration with the user communities. The corresponding user organisations have recently published their view on the status and future perspectives of research with photons, neutrons and ions and formulated recommendations which form the basis of the strategy pursued by the different PNI facilities. PNI 100% Photons Neutrons Ions FTEs % 48.5% 12.4% DESY FZK FZJ GKSS HMI GSI HMI FTEs % 3.3% 19.2% 8.7% 20.6% 6.8% 5.6% The PNI facilities have very close links with their sister laboratories abroad. These connections are of crucial importance for an effective R&D programme for the new facilities, their instrumentation and the preparation of future experiments. The facilities consider themselves as motors of these collaborations and at the same time as anchor points for university based research groups interested in these new developments. The potential of the PNI facilities offers also major opportunities for industrial research which needs to be further exploited. This requires not only specific access rules for industry which take care of the needs for proprietary research. Special requirements have to be fulfilled concerning standardisation and certification of measurement and analysis procedures. The aim must be to provide service structures, instrumentation and software which deliver certified results. All PNI facilities will strengthen the mutual coordination of their strategies for operation and upgrading of their facilities with representatives of the concerned user community being involved in this process. Establishing common programmes for instrumentation including PNI facilities from other 4 Table 3-1 Distribution of Research and Development Personnel in the PNI Programme among the contributing HGF centres (LKI + LKII).

21 Research with Photons, Neutrons and Ions topic parts and sharing of know-how and technical expertise will be one of the most important goals of this PNI programme. With respect to in-house research the PNI facilities will keep special links to the programmes in the research fields "Structure of Matter" and "Key Technologies". The facilities will continue to organise user meetings as well as methodological and thematic workshops. The European dimension of this networking will be further strengthened. More efforts will be made to stimulate synergies between the different PNI user communities a very promising example is the work on nano-scale materials where all three probes complement each other very well. In addition the work with lasers at DESY and GSI will further promote synergies between the X-ray, the ion-beam and the large optical laser community. 3.1 Programme Topic Photons (DESY, FZK) Germany has a long tradition in the development and application of synchrotron radiation. Work started with the establishment of the first laboratory at the DESY synchrotron accelerator in Today, including the BESSY facility, more than 2700 scientists and engineers make use of the synchrotron radiation facilities in Germany. DESY's Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory HASYLAB has a very significant impact on synchrotron radiation research and with 40 beamlines and about 2000 users per year it is considered the national facility for hard X-rays. It is complemented by the storage ring facility ANKA at FZK with today 9 beamlines, which provides the somewhat lower X-ray energy range including soft X-ray and IR applications and which became operational in The ANKA facility is embedded in a large interdisciplinary research centre and its beamlines are partly connected to the centre's activities in materials science, condensed matter research, nano-technology, chemistry, engineering, environmental and biological research. ANKA offers its synchrotron radiation facilities to external users together with support by the expertise of the related FZK research groups. Furthermore ANKA has the mission to meet the needs of industry and will thereto make special efforts with respect to organisation, beamline layout and operation. DESY's mission is the development, construction and operation of high energy particle accelerators and their exploitation for elementary particle physics and for synchrotron radiation based research in collaboration with university based groups. With the recent decisions made by the German government research with photons at DESY in the years will be based on 4 pillars: The DORIS III storage ring mainly for experiments needing high photon flux. The PETRA III storage ring optimized for the lowest emittance and highest brilliance. The VUV-FEL user facility providing laterally coherent laser radiation at extreme intensities in pulses of ~100 fs duration in the wavelength range from 6 to 100 nm. The European X-ray Laser Project XFEL with an expected start of construction in 2006 and commissioning of beamlines in DESY will thus provide a unique spectrum of outstanding facilities for research with photons to the national and international science communities. DESY's accelerator department will focus more and more on the development, construction and operation of accelerator based light sources. Together with its international partners, especially in the TESLA collaboration, DESY has an extraordinary potential to promote progress in accelerator based light sources and photon sciences as a whole. 5

22 Research with Photons, Neutrons and Ions 3.2 Programme Topic Neutrons (FZJ, GKSS, HMI) Germany hosts one of the world s largest, most experienced and most broadly based communities of neutron beam users and may legitimately claim a significant strategic advantage in this field of research. The excellence of this community rests on a network of a number of world class medium flux neutron sources and the access to the high flux reactor of the ILL in Grenoble. The three HGFsources feature strong user programmes which are reinforced by high-level scientific advice from experts who dwell on intensive in-house research. Neutron research cannot resort to laboratory scale equipment and crucially needs the interplay between the front running facility at the ILL and a network of medium sized sources to serve the community as a home base for the large class of experiments which do not need the highest flux, for the development of new techniques and for the education of young scientists and new users. As a result of its properties the neutron is a nearly ideal probe for the study of condensed matter problems in all their width and breadth. However, neutron scattering has always been an intensitylimited technique, a fact that has restricted its applications. The high flux reactors developed during the 1960s and 1970s operate at essentially the cost-effective limit for this technology. All of the gains since that time have been the result of ingenious instrumentation, which has increased the efficiency of neutron techniques. It will be the strategy of the HGF facilities to further enhance instrumentation capabilities with major progress envisaged in exploiting the vector property of the neutron spin, in advancing time-of-flight concepts which have seen significant methodological improvements at pulsed spallation sources, in providing sophisticated sample environment, in implementing novel in-pile neutron extraction and beam delivery schemes, cost-effective large area detectors etc. In the upcoming funding period focus areas for new instrumentation are: at FZJ to develop novel Larmor precision polarisation techniques, at GKSS to build novel instrumentation for strain and texture measurements, at HMI to provide a new facility for highest magnetic fields as well as a multi-spectral beamline. A key strategic element is the provision of access to the SNS spallation source in Oak Ridge, USA. In 2004 the new state-of-the-art research reactor FRM-II in Munich will start operation. Partly with external funding the HGF centres massively supported the instrumentation of this new facility. Nevertheless it is expected that most of the funding period will have passed before full scientific use of FRM-II will have been achieved. In order to benefit from synergies from the complementary use of synchrotron X-rays and neutrons, all three centres operate beamlines at various synchrotron radiation facilities. This provides the opportunity to offer neutron and synchrotron X-ray beamtime to external users out of one hand and further widens the experimental capabilities of the strong in-house research. 3.3 Programme Topic Ions (GSI, HMI) The accelerator facilities at GSI and HMI provide ion beams as unique tools for materials science, plasma physics, and atomic physics. A broad community uses projectiles of nearly all ion species in the energy range from 1 MeV/u up to 1 GeV/u. The two Helmholtz centres concentrate on the following scientific lines: 6 Basic research towards an understanding of the fundamental interactions of highly-charged ions with photons, electrons, atoms, molecules, clusters, plasmas, surfaces and solids and Application of ion beams in materials science, materials modification, analysis, and medicine. Ion research at HMI concentrates on the lower energy range, where the highest electronic energy density is deposited into matter. The ion research at GSI is focussed on higher energies, where interaction times become extremely short and the penetration depth large.

23 Research with Photons, Neutrons and Ions At HMI, the user facility ISL is exclusively dedicated to fundamental research and applications in medicine, solid-state physics, and materials science. High ion-beam intensities with unsurpassed longterm stability and great flexibility in varying ion species characterise the unique features of the facility. Recently installed experimental equipment, both at the accelerator ISL and at the synchrotron radiation facility BESSY allow the observation and characterisation of ion-beam induced and modified nanostructures. An ensemble of advanced analytic tools using fast ions allows the compositional characterisation of complex multi-layer structures and objects of cultural heritage. At GSI, about 25% of the available beamtime will be used for materials sciences, plasma physics, and atomic physics. The GSI Materials Science Department performs ion irradiations with energies in the range from 1.4 MeV/u up to 1 GeV/u and operates a worldwide unique microprobe at the UNILAC. Plasma physics at GSI focuses on basic thermophysical properties of intense heavy-ion and laser beam generated warm dense matter in parameter regimes that have never been accessed before. These investigations will strongly benefit from the kilojoule and petawatt laser PHELIX at GSI becoming operational in Atomic physics at GSI concentrates on the investigation of highly-charged ions, their structure and interaction dynamics with matter. Cold beams of highly charged heavy ions, a prerequisite for precision studies, are provided by the storage ring ESR in a wide energy range from MeV/u. The potential of the ESR will be further enhanced by the ion trap facility HITRAP which permits novel experiments with unprecedented accuracy. 4. Integrative Aspects 4.1 Promotion of young scientists and equal opportunities The HGF centres involved in the PNI programme are committed to promote young scientists in various ways. The instruments applied and quantitative data of the respective institutions are presented in the annex. When assessing the data, it must be taken into account that the proportion of female students in technical subjects, chemistry, and physics is comparatively small in Germany. The HGF centres involved in the programme offer diploma theses and their supervision and most of the leading senior scientists are involved in teaching at neighbouring universities. Pre-doctoral Students Programmes of three years duration ensure high-quality dissertations. Summer programmes for graduate students and schools for diploma and PhD students are carried out for an international audience, i.e. in general lectures are given in English. Under the Programme for the Promotion of Young Scientists, young female and male scientists, after having been awarded the doctorate, are promoted by a post-doctoral employment, in general over three years. Tenure-track programmes for the best post-doctoral scientists are a bridge to long term scientific careers in universities or research centres. Special efforts are made to attract young foreign scientists, thus enhancing the international character of the programme. The institutes working under the HGF programmes support their young scientists by taking personspecific measures. These include the introduction to and assignment of challenging tasks, participation in major projects up to the assignment of project responsibility, introduction to lecturing work, international presentations as well as delegations to exchange programmes with other organizations, both national and international. Another way of promoting young scientists is to make them familiar with the application for projects paid from third-party funds. Most HGF centres make big efforts to support or to establish Day-Care-Centres for children on or close to their site. These measures together with coaching and mentoring programmes for young women scientists and specific education events for women on themes of career planning should have special impact on the promotion of women scientists during the programme period. 7

24 Research with Photons, Neutrons and Ions The centres involved in the PNI programme pursue ambitious trainee programmes in fields with good job prospects. It has been realised that contact of practicing scientists with relatively young schoolchildren significantly promotes the interest of young people for an education in science and engineering and therefore more and more efforts are made to meet pupils in the school or to invite them for practical work in special training centres in the HGF research centres. 4.2 National and international links Close contact with the user communities is of first priority for the centres involved in the PNI programme. This is established by close collaboration with the users themselves, but also with the user organisations on the national and European level. The majority of the members of the panels for peer review of the research proposals are external users, some of them from abroad. Another, very successful link to the users is through the so-called "Verbundforschung", a special funding scheme of the German Ministry of Education and Research, which supports the activities of external, mainly university groups in construction and usage of novel instrumentation at the PNI facilities. On the European level the PNI facilities are in very close contact to the European facilities like the Institut Laue-Langevin ILL and the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility ESRF in Grenoble, France. Senior scientists of the PNI facilities are involved in the reviewing procedures of these flagship facilities and became very well acquainted with their research programmes and the user demands. On the management and leading senior scientist level a fruitful exchange of personnel between the institutions has been established. All PNI facilities are heavily involved in various Europe-wide networks. They take part in the ACCESS Programmes of the European Union and they are involved in the corresponding coordination schemes, in most cases so-called Round Table meetings. These links with the other European large scale facilities for research with photons, neutrons and ions are further enhanced in the 6 th framework programme of the EU starting in Already today about 1/3 of the users of the PNI facilities are from abroad establishing a very strong international dimension in the work at the facilities. 4.3 Coordination activities The PNI programme will be coordinated by a board including the two spokespersons and the scientists responsible for the different programme topics in the participating HGF centres. The spokesperson is the contact to the administration of the Helmholtz Association concerning all general matters of the programme. During the current preparation phase of the programme the members of the coordination board are PNI J.R. Schneider (DESY) A. Schreyer (GKSS) Photons J.R. Schneider (DESY) M. Hagelstein (FZK) Neutrons Th. Brückel (FZJ) A. Schreyer (GKSS) F. Mezei (HMI) Ions H.-J. Kluge (GSI) H. Homeyer (HMI) Starting in 2005 the coordination board will meet twice a year and discuss among others the following issues: Coordination of the reporting to the HGF and the activities in the "European Research Area". 8

25 Research with Photons, Neutrons and Ions Strategic considerations pursued at the different facilities with respect to major activities like construction of new beamlines, new research fields and formation of new research groups and engagements at external institutions will be presented to the coordination board well before decisions are taken by the HGF centres. The coordination of common programmes for instrumentation and the promotion of key applications for industrial use will be given special emphasis, as well as the organisation of schools, workshops and conferences. 5. Programme Topics The HGF centres taking part in the PNI programme combine two essentials of the HGF mission: long term strategic research and operation of large scale facilities. Their programmes are complementary to the European flagship activities at ESRF and ILL in Grenoble. The programme topic Photons includes the synchrotron radiation storage rings at DESY and FZK, as well as the Free-Electron Lasers at DESY, and is largely complementary to the activities at BESSY II (1.7 GeV), the national facility for the VUV and soft X-ray spectral range, and the regional facility DELTA (1.5 GeV) operated by the University of Dortmund which are both not members of the HGF. Similarly to the neutron facilities described above the storage ring ANKA combines the operation as a user facility for and to the demands of university groups and external institutions with the advantages of having strong links to the in-house research programmes of the large, multidisciplinary research centre FZK. According to its mission DESY operates its facilities mainly for university users and supports the community by highly professional staff and with science driven instrumentation. Furthermore DESY develops and builds novel accelerators and therefore in-house research in this field is of key importance for the success of the overall programme. As a result of the latest decision by the German government in support of the construction of the PETRA III storage ring and the X-ray Laser Project XFEL at DESY, the accelerator department will largely concentrate its activities on the development and construction of accelerator based light sources. As a further consequence DESY decided to build up a strong in-house research activity for preparation of the scientific programme at the XFEL as well as the related instrumentation. Within the programme topic "Neutrons" research reactor facilities are operated by the FZJ, GKSS and HMI which in addition provide an environment of related research activities and expert advice to the users. This creates important synergies, e.g. by driving new innovative instrumentation at the facilities and providing scientific expertise beyond scattering techniques for the benefit of the external users. By supporting a strong interrelation between in-house research and large scale facility operation, the HGF centres have created a strategic advantage compared to other large scale facilities mainly dedicated to user support. Because of the complementarity of neutron and synchrotron radiation research in an increasing number of fields the centres make available synchrotron radiation beamlines to their specific user communities. GKSS and HMI consider such activities as an integral part of their neutron research programme and describe them in the programme topic "Neutrons". The synchrotron radiation activities of the FZJ are linked to the programme "Condensed Matter". The programme topic "Ions" is in the hands of GSI and HMI. The ion beam laboratory ISL at HMI is exclusively dedicated to applications in medicine and materials science. At GSI, about 25% of the available beam time will be used for atomic physics, plasma physics and materials sciences. The German government also decided to start construction of the proposed European Future Heavy-Ion and Antiproton Facility at GSI in the years This facility will provide the scientific community with an unparalleled and technically innovative accelerator to perform forefront research in a wide range of research areas with heavy ions and antiprotons, including studies of exotic and antimatter. Preparation and construction of this large project is part of the programme "Physics of Hadrons and Nuclei". 9

26 Research with Photons, Neutrons and Ions 5.1 Programme Topic Photons Responsible: Prof. Dr. Jochen R. Schneider Institutional funding Third party funding FTE Scientists PhD Students Technicians Scientists PhD Students Technicians DESY FZK Personnel (LK I + II) for 2003 Introduction Photons interact with the electrons of atoms and probe in a unique way the geometric and electronic structure of matter. Up to now the pace of progress in the VUV and X-ray sciences has been closely tied to the development of synchrotron radiation sources. Since the early sixties the fast development of the storage ring technology led to the extraordinary gain of 3 orders of magnitude in average brilliance of the available synchrotron radiation beams every 10 years. Each new generation of facilities has brought up new, often not anticipated applications, without making established methods less valuable. Therefore the user community grew rapidly and is still growing. Fig : Spectral brilliance of typical insertion device X-ray sources offered by the PNI programme. Also shown is the brilliance of an undulator at the ESRF and the expected performance of insertion devices at PETRA III. 10 As a result of the enormous progress made with storage ring based synchrotron radiation sources this technique approaches the theoretical performance limit, namely with respect to brilliance, degree of coherence and shortest possible bunch length. However, recent progress made in accelerator developments opens up completely new perspectives offered by linear accelerator (linac) driven light sources, especially by the freeelectron lasers. For the first time it will become possible to probe the dynamic state of matter with atomic resolution in space and time in order to allow for studies of nonequilibrium states, and very fast transitions between the different states of matter. With the development of linac driven X-ray free electron lasers and the progress made with so-called "tabletop" lasers a most exciting symbiosis between synchrotron radiation research and optical laser sciences is expected for the near future. Today's synchrotron radiation sources provide well collimated beams of X-rays of very high intensity in a spectral range from the infrared to about 300 kev. The wavelength of the radiation can be tuned across absorption edges allowing for element specific structural studies in materials science including magnetic properties, as well as for solving the phase problem in protein crystallography. The use of intense circular polarized X-ray beams revolutionised the investigation of magnetic properties of

27 Research with Photons, Neutrons and Ions matter. Depending on the wavelength, the experiments can be made mainly surface, interface or bulk sensitive and samples can be probed under real conditions. Elastic and inelastic scattering experiments with mev, in special cases even with nev energy resolution, can be performed on small samples under extreme conditions. The coherent fraction of hard X-ray beams allows for studies of the dynamics of soft matter by means of intensity correlation spectroscopy, as well as for high resolution phase contrast imaging and micro-tomography of soft matter. This unique combination of the specific properties of synchrotron radiation attracts world-wide a very large user community from many different fields of science. Figures and show the spectral brilliance and the flux densities available at bending magnets and insertion devices at the storage rings DORIS III and PETRA II at DESY, at ANKA at FZK and at BESSY II operated and used by HMI. The "new HARWI" wiggler at DORIS III will produce high energy X-rays for the materials science centre operated by the GKSS. The superconducting undulator at ANKA is under construction and will be commissioned in For reference, the performance of a typical undulator at ESRF in Grenoble and that expected for two undulators at the PETRA III storage ring at DESY is also shown. Fig : Spectral flux density of typical insertion device X-ray sources offered by the PNI programme. Also shown is the flux density of an undulator at the ESRF and the expected performance of insertion devices at PETRA III. Because the DORIS storage ring is operated at 4.45 GeV energy, which is significantly higher than that of ANKA (2.5 GeV) and BESSY (1,7 GeV), the DORIS bending magnets and wigglers perform better at higher energies. This is especially true for experiments needing high spectral flux density. Concerning brilliance the cross-over between the 7 Tesla multipole wiggler at BESSY II and the new GKSS-HARWI at DORIS III is at 45 kev. Comparing the SUL wiggler at ANKA with the BW2 wiggler at DORIS III the cross-over energy is 25 kev. For synchrotron radiation usage the PETRA II ring, which is primarily used as injector for the HERA storage ring, is operated at positron energies of 12 GeV which enhances the hard part of the spectrum at the PETRA test beamline. This beamline is operated about 25% of the running time of HERA in a parasitic mode and will stop operation in the first half of 2007 when the conversion of the ring into PETRA III will start. The HMI UE46 undulator is one of the best insertion devices for polarized soft X-rays at BESSY II. These opportunities at national facilities are very well complemented by the ESRF in Grenoble, which again will be complemented by PETRA III at the end of It is suggested to organise a review of the storage ring based synchrotron radiation facilities in Germany, including BESSY II and DELTA, in the year