5 th INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE Contemporary achievements in civil engineering 21. April Subotica, SERBIA

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1 Contemporary achevements n cvl engneerng 21. Aprl Subotca, SERBIA RESEARCH OF A CONCRETE STONE BY METHODS OF X-RAY PHASE AND SPECTRAL ANALYSIS Ekaterna Pakhomova 1 Natala Bredkhna 2 Ekaterna Guteneva 3 Natala Semcheva 4 UDK: 691; DOI: /konferencjaGFS Summary: Currently, there are a varety of test methods for products and constructons made of concrete. X-ray phase and spectral analyss are qualtatve characterstcs of the materal, whch allows to know the structure of the sample. Ths versatle and rapd methods of the analyss. Keywords: сoncrete, X-ray phase method, spectral method. 1. INTRODUCTION In recent years, the annual producton of concrete for constructon n the world exceeds 1.5 bllon cubc meters, whch ndcates ts superorty over other buldng materals. Currently, there s a varety of test methods n products and structures made of concrete. One of these s X-ray phase analyss. The purpose of the X-ray phase analyss s the dentfcaton of the substance n the mxture by the set of ts nterplanar dstances (d) and the relatve ntenstes (I) of the correspondng lnes on the X-ray dffracton pattern. For ths, accordng to the Bragg-Wolf law, t s necessary to determne the reflecton angles θ. 2d sn n, (1) where d - spacngs, θ - glancng angle (Bragg angle), n - order dffracton peak, λ - wavelength. The man task of XFA s the dentfcaton of dfferent phases from the mxture on the bass of the analyss of the dffracton pattern gven by the sample under study. At the heart of the RFA are the followng prncples: 1 Ekaterna Pakhomova, canddate of techncal Scences, assocate professor, Dean of the Faculty of Cvl Engneerng and Archtecture, Southwest State Unversty, Faculty of Constructon and Archtecture, 50 years of October 94, Kursk, Russa, tel: , e mal: egpakhomova@yandex.ru 2 Natala Bredkhna, senor teacher, Southwest State Unversty, Law Faculty, 50 years of October 94, Kursk, Russa, tel: , e mal: natalybredkhn@yandex.ru 3 Ekaterna Guteneva, graduate student, Southwest State Unversty, Law Faculty, 50 years of October 94, Kursk, Russa, tel: , e mal: parfenova-e@mal.ru 4 Natala Semcheva, canddate of techncal Scences, assocate professor, Southwest State Unversty, Faculty of Constructon and Archtecture, 50 years of October 94, Kursk, Russa, tel: , e mal: nsemcheva@yandex.ru CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE (2017) 405

2 5. МЕЂУНАРОДНА КОНФЕРЕНЦИЈА Савремена достигнућа у грађевинарству 21. април Суботица, СРБИЈА - the powder dffracton pattern s, so-called, a pecular characterstc of crystallne matter; - each crystallne phase always gves dentcal dffracton spectrum whch s characterzed by a set of nterplanar dstances d (hkl) lnes and relatve ntenstes I (hkl), nherent n a partcular crystallne phase; - X-ray dffracton spectrum from a mxture of ndvdual phases s a superposton of ther dffracton spectra; - from the dffracton spectrum of the mxture, a quanttatve estmate of the rato of the crystallne phases that are present n the sample under study s permssble. The rato of the ntenstes of crystallne phases present n a partcular sample s proportonal to the content of the phases n t [1]. Qualtatvely and quanttatvely, any radaton s characterzed by the wavelength (wth dfferent radaton energy) and ts ntensty. To characterze any nhomogeneous radaton, one must consder ts spectrum, that s, the dependence of the ntensty on the wavelength of the radaton. X-ray emsson occurs as a result of the collson of electrons flyng at hgh veloctes wth the anode materal of the X-ray tube. Electron flyng wth velocty U, when httng the tube anode s nhbted, the energy (p) spent on nteracton wth the anode materal, and the remanng energy s converted nto electromagnetc radaton energy dependence of the wavelength of the electron energy s expressed by the Ensten equaton: hc mu 2 2 p (2) If the p - value s small compared to the energy electron and t can be neglected, then the resultng radaton wll have a maxmum energy,.e., the mnmum wavelength. If the p- value s non-zero, then the mage of the radaton has a longer wavelength. Of all the possble wavelengths, a contnuous emsson spectrum conssts. The X-ray method of phase analyss s based on the fact that the crystal lattce s dffractve for x-rays. If the object under nvestgaton conssts of several phases, then each phase wll have ts own dffracton pattern. In ths case, the dffractogram s the mposton of dffractograms of all phases n the sample under study. The ntensty of the reflexes of each phase wll depend on ts amount n the test mxture. Thus, from Fg. shows that the most ntense reflectons are Cu and weakest - Cu 2O. Therefore, n the sample contaned sgnfcantly more copper than CuO and Cu 2O [3]. X-ray dffracton method s often used n mneralogy. Ths s a unversal and fast method of analyss. The man feature of the crystallne state of a substance s the emphass I ordered arrangement of ts consttuent elements n the entre volume of the body. For the study of a large aggregate, 10 samples of a large aggregate, a multfunctonal complex under constructon were selected from grds Karl Marx n the cty of Kursk, 406 ЗБОРНИК РАДОВА МЕЂУНАРОДНЕ КОНФЕРЕНЦИЈЕ (2017)

3 Contemporary achevements n cvl engneerng 21. Aprl Subotca, SERBIA whch was carred out X-ray phase analyss of the composton of mnerals used as a major s and fller. Fgure 1. Samples of a large aggregate from the body of grllage for X-ray phase analyss. For the radographc analyss, samples were prepared, the samples were ground nto a powdered state n a laboratory porcelan mortar, and then seved through a seve. Analyss of the X-ray dffracton data were compared wth the Amercans and the Kan flng PDF software mnerals [4] * data - background * peaks Mult-phase profle Slcon Oxde Sodum Alumnum Slcate Sodum Alumnum Slcate Slcon Oxde Fgure 2. XRD pattern of the test samples of concrete blocks Samples dffractogram testfes a large number of peaks of hgh ntensty Na(AlS3O8) and Ca(AlS3O8) and ndcates that the samples are represented manly CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE (2017) 407

4 5. МЕЂУНАРОДНА КОНФЕРЕНЦИЈА Савремена достигнућа у грађевинарству 21. април Суботица, СРБИЈА Na(AlS 3O 8) and Ca(AlS 3O 8), the chemcal formula of whch corresponds to feldspar mnerals. To nvestgate the cement stone ten concrete samples were selected, whch was carred out X-ray analyss of the samples, selected from a body of grllages of the under constructon "Multfunctonal complex on the street Karl Marx n the cty of Kursk". The man feature of the crystallne state of a substance s the emphass I ordered arrangement of ts consttuent elements n the entre volume of the body [2, 3]. Analyss of the X-ray dffracton data were compared wth the Amercans and the Kan flng PDF software mnerals * data - background * peaks Mult-phase profle Quartz, syn Portandte, syn Portandte, syn Quartz, syn Fgure Dffracton pattern of the test cement stone samples Dffractogram samples ndcatng hgh Pxel Count peaks of hgh ntensty SO 2 and Ca(OH) 2 and ndcates that the samples are represented manly SO 2-58% and Ca(OH) 2-40%, the chemcal formula whch corresponds to SO 2 - sand and Ca(OH) 2 - portlandt. Accordng to the research t can be concluded dscrepancy concrete mx to requrements of techncal standards GOST Concrete hard and fne-graned. Spectral analyss occupes a specal place and s wdely used n practce for more than 100 years. It s based on the analyss of the emsson and absorpton of atoms, molecules and a sold. Such an analyss uses a wde range of wavelengths from X-ray to rado waves, but the greatest applcaton s analyss wthn the optcal wavelength range from 750 μm to 10 nm [1]. Dependng on the physcal phenomena dstngush the emsson, absorpton, Raman and lumnescent spectral analyss. Emssve spectral analyss s carred out on the emsson spectra. It nvolves the emsson of a certan amount of a sample n an electrc arc of drect or alternatng current, n a gas flame. In ths case the sample evaporates molecular compounds are usually broken down nto atoms, whch are excted n the same source of energy and provde llumnaton n the form of a lne spectrum. At the heart of the emsson method are two man provsons: 408 ЗБОРНИК РАДОВА МЕЂУНАРОДНЕ КОНФЕРЕНЦИЈЕ (2017)

5 Contemporary achevements n cvl engneerng 21. Aprl Subotca, SERBIA 1) The atoms of each element and dfferent molecules are characterzed by a certan set of spectral lnes and there are suffcently complete tables of these lnes the ntensty of each spectral lne depends on the concentraton of atoms and molecules n the plasma. These provsons are obvous, but ther use n practce meets a number of dffcultes. Absorpton analyss s carred out on the absorpton spectra of the sample n any aggregate state. In contrast to the emsson analyss, the substance does not decompose nto atoms n t, therefore, by means of an absorpton analyss, the problems of determnng the elemental and molecular composton of the sample, as well as the structural analyss of molecules and a sold are solved [3]. The bass for the absorpton analyss s the dependence of the absorpton coeffcent of the medum not only on the wavelength of the optcal radaton ncdent on the substance, but also on the concentraton of the partcles absorbng ths radaton. (, С) ( ) С (3) Here ( ) the lght absorpton coeffcent, calculated per unt concentraton of absorbng substance and per unt thckness of ts layer. It does not depend on the concentraton of matter and the ntensty of the ncdent lght, but depends only on ts wavelength (frequency). Wth such a recordng of the absorpton coeffcent, Bouguer law takes the form: ( ) С (, С) 0 ( ) е (4) And s called the Bouguer-Lambert-Beer law, t should be noted that the assumpton of proportonalty of the absorpton coeffcent of the concentraton s approxmate. Combnaton analyss s based on a study of Raman spectra and measurng the ntensty of ts component spectrum of Raman scatterng s a vbratonal-rotatonal spectrum of the molecule or the vbratonal spectrum of the sold, but not located n the IR regon, and n the wavelength of the exctaton lght [1]. Its appearance s due to a change n the dpole moment of the molecule or the lumnescence center nduced by the exctng lght. The magntude of ths moment s Р Е (5) Where Е Е cos( t ) module of the electrc vector of the exctng lght 0 cycle frequency and the ntal phase of oscllaton, - s the polarzablty of the molecule (cents lumnescence). The polarzablty depends on the nternuclear dstances. Therefore, the vbratons of molecules and lumnescence centers polarzablty and dpole moment wll change, e the polarzablty can be represented as a functon of confguraton (normal) coordnates of q, the atoms n a molecule or sold q c cos( t ) (6) c, and - ampltude, cycle frequency and the ntal phase of oscllaton of normal fluctuatons. Expandng ths functon n a Taylor seres n the normal coordnates and only the frst two terms of the expanson, we spend trgonometrc transformaton and CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE (2017) 409

6 5. МЕЂУНАРОДНА КОНФЕРЕНЦИЈА Савремена достигнућа у грађевинарству 21. април Суботица, СРБИЈА obtan an expresson for the nduced dpole moment of the module, dependng on the parameters of the normal vbratons: Р 1 Е cos( t ) Е 2 n d c dq cos t ] t cos } (7 ) Snce the nduced moment vares wth tme, scattered lght must be observed. The frst member (7) descrbes the Raylegh scatterng of lght by the frequency of the exctng radaton and the remanng terms descrbe the scatterng by the total frequency of the ncdent radaton and the normal vbratons - Raman scatterng. The account of the subsequent terms of the expanson yelds overtones and composte frequences. However, ther contrbuton to the ntensty s much less than the contrbuton of the fundamental frequences. These two spectral lnes are arranged symmetrcally wth respect to the spectral lne of the exctng lght [4]. Measurement of the ntensty and shft of these lnes relatve to the exctng lne makes t possble to obtan qualtatve and quanttatve nformaton on the type and concentraton of molecules n gas, lqud, and n a sold. Molecular analyss from Raman spectra s n many ways analogous to emsson analyss, n prncple t s even smpler, snce the complex queston of the nfluence of exctaton condtons n emsson analyss does not arse for Raman analyss. The combnaton analyss s smpler and the absorpton analyss performed on the vbratonalrotatonal spectra n the IR regon. As the Raman spectrum can be excted n any regon that s determned only by the wavelength of the exctng lght. The use of laser radaton to excte the Raman spectrum largely elmnates these dffcultes [5]. The man measured characterstcs are the frequences of Raman lnes, counted from the exctaton lne, the wdth and ntensty of the ndvdual components of the spectrum. Fgure 4. Graph about the hours of concrete when saturated wth water samples taken from the body grllages under constructon "Multpurpose center on Karl Marx street n the cty of Kursk" 410 ЗБОРНИК РАДОВА МЕЂУНАРОДНЕ КОНФЕРЕНЦИЈЕ (2017)

7 Contemporary achevements n cvl engneerng 21. Aprl Subotca, SERBIA Spectral analyss of the water was carred out on the devce "RAMAN spectrometer". After standng n the water for 48 hours concrete specmens from the body of grllages under constructon "Multpurpose center on Karl Marx street n the cty of Kursk" was observed turbdty, establshed Ph = 12, whch s typcal for a strongly alkalne medum. 2. CONCLUSION The results of the spectral analyss nstrument "RAMAN spectrometer" has shown that n the water, whch was kept for 48 hours concrete samples taken from the body grllages under constructon " Multpurpose center on the street Karl Marx n Kursk " s the hgh concentraton n the dssolved mnerals feldspar Na(AlS 3O 8). Ths ndcates the washng out of the concrete samples of mnerals belongng to the feldspar and ther dssoluton n water. REFERENCES [1] Merkulov S.I., Dvornkov V.M., Pakhomova E.G. Rabotosposobnost' zhelezobetona V uslovyakh vozdeystvya agressvnykh SRED. Strotel'nye materaly, oborudovane, tekhnolog XXI veka S. 25; S. 25. [2] Makarova I.A, Lokhova N.A. /Fzko-khmchesky metod ssledovanya strotel'nykh materalov./- B.: Izd. / B. Bratskogo gos. Unversteta, s.; s. [3] Merkulov S.I., Dvornkov V.M., Pakhomova E.G. Rabotosposobnost' zhelezobetona V uslovyakh vozdeystvya agressvnykh SRED. Strotel'nye materaly, oborudovane, tekhnolog XXI veka S. 25 ; S. 25. [4] Pakhomova, E.G. Prochnost' zgbaemykh zhelezobetonnykh konstruktsy pr korrozonnykh povrezhdenyakh: Orel, s. [5] Pndyuk T.F., Chulkova I.L.//Metody ssledovanya strotel'nykh materalov/ O.: Sbad, СТУДИЈА БЕТОНА КАМЕНА МЕТОДА РЕНДГЕНСКЕ ФАЗНЕ И СПЕКТРАЛНЕ АНАЛИЗЕ Резиме: У овом тренутку постоји разноврсност метода испитивања у производима и конструкције од бетона. Рентгенофазовый и спектралне анализе су квалитетним карактеристикама испитиваног материјала, које вам омогућавају да науче структуру узорка. То је универзални и брзе методе анализе. Кључне речи: бетон, рентгенофазовый метод, спектрална метод. CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE (2017) 411