LAB: Molar Mass by Freezing Point Depression
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1 NAME: DATES: AP Chemistry LAB: Molar Mass by Freezin Point Depression Purpose The purpose of this experiment is to determine the molar mass of an unknown substance by measurin the freezin point depression of a solution of the unknown with BHT. Backround There are a number of ways of determinin the molar mass of a substance. One of the simplest involves findin the chane in the freezin point of a solvent when an unknown substance is dissolved into it. The chane in freezin point is directly proportional to the molality of the solution. This chane in colliative property depends on the number of dissolved particles in solution, not the type of particle. The solvent used in this experiment is a nonpolar substance with common name butylated hyroxytoluene (BHT). It is frequently used as an antioxidant in foods. The IUPAC name for BHT is 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol, and has the structural formula: The freezin point of BHT is approximately 70 C. Fiure 1 shows the coolin curves obtained for both the pure solvent and for the solution. Notice that super-coolin occurs in both the solvent and the solution. When supercoilin occurs, the temperature falls below the freezin point until the first crystal forms. The temperature then rises up and either stays at freezin point, or slowly falls as the solution freezes. The freezin point (T f ) of the solution is extrapolated from the raph.
2 Pre-Lab Questions 1. The molality (m) of a solution is calculated by: m = mol solute k solvent Molar mass (MM) of solute is defined as: MM = solute mol solute Rearrane the molar mass equation so that it can be substituted into the molality equation for the mol of solute. 2. Freezin point depression is calculated by: T f = k f m Substitute your equation for Question 1 for molality (m) and solve the equation for molar mass (MM). 3. What information will you need to obtain in lab in order to determine the molar mass of your unknown? 4. The followin data was obtained for an unknown solute and para-dichlorobenzene solvent. K f para-dichlorobenzene 7. 1 C m Freezin Point para-dichlorobenzene C Mass para-dichlorobenzene Mass of Unknown Solute Freezin Point Solution C a. What is the freezin point depression, ΔT f? b. What is the molar mass of the unknown? Molar Mass by Freezin Point Depression (adapted from Flinn Scientific) Pae 2
3 Materials Equipment Chemicals Balance Small Rubber Band Beaker, 250-mL BHT, 1.5 T I Weihin Boats Thermometer Hot Plate Cetyl Alcohol, 0.1 T I Mortar and Pestle Rubber Stopper Manetic Stirrer Unknown Solid, 0.1 T 3 Capillary Tubes Test-Tube Clamp Water, Tap (Water Bath) Bunsen Burner Rin Stand Safety Precautions I T I The BHT, moderately toxic by inestion and inhalation, and is a body tissue irritant. Cetyl alcohol, and unknown solid are slihtly toxic by inestion and are body tissue irritants. Follow open flame and heatin precautions. Hot lass looks exactly like cold lass. Eye safety and clothin precaution. Wash hands thorouhly with soap and water before leavin the laboratory. Procedure Part 1: Preparin the Capillary Tubes 1. Liht a Bunsen burner and adjust the flame so it is stron with a briht blue cone in the center. 2. Place the end of the capillary tube in the flame and rotate until the end is melted and sealed. Set on the table to cool completely. 3. Repeat with the other two capillary tubes. Part 2: Meltin Point of the Pure BHT 4. Label a weihin boat as BHT. Zero it on the balance and obtain 0.50 of BHT. 5. Transfer the BHT into the mortar and pestle and rind it into a fine powder. Push toether into a small pile 6. Pack the BHT into the capillary tube to a depth of about 1cm. This can be done by pushin the open end of the tube into the pile of BHT, then turnin it over and ently tappin it on the table. 7. Attach the capillary tube to the thermometer usin a rubber band as shown. 8. Use a universal clamp and slit rubber stopper to fasten the thermometer to the rin stand. (See setup in front of room.) Molar Mass by Freezin Point Depression (adapted from Flinn Scientific) Pae 3
4 9. Immerse the bottom of the capillary tube and thermometer in a beaker of water with the manetic stirrer. 10. Heat ently, usin the manetic stirrer settin to evenly distribute the water bath. When the temperature of the water approaches 60 C, turn down the heat and observe closely. 11. Record the temperature at which the BHT melts (the white powder will become clear). Record in the Data Table. Part 3: Determine the K f of BHT with Cetyl Alcohol 12. Weih out another 0.50 of BHT. Record the EXACT mass in the Data Table 13. Label a weihin boat as cetyl alcohol. Weiht out 0.10 of cetyl alcohol and record the EXACT mass in the Data Table. 14. Combine the BHT and cetyl alcohol in the mortar and pestle. Grind and mix them toether thorouhly, then ather in a small pile. 15. Repeat steps 6-11 with the BHT and cetyl alcohol mixture. Part 4: Determine the Molar Mass of an Unknown Solid 16. Weih out another 0.50 of BHT. Record the EXACT mass in the Data Table 17. Label a weihin boat as unknown. Weiht out 0.10 of the unknown and record the EXACT mass in the Data Table. 18. Combine the BHT and unknown in the mortar and pestle. Grind and mix them toether, then ather in a small pile. 19. Repeat steps 6-11 with the BHT and unknown mixture. Cleanup 20. Capillary tubes may be disposed in the broken lass containers. 21. Weihin boats o in the arbae. 22. Wash, dry, and put away all equipment. Wash down lab tables. Wash and dry hands. Molar Mass by Freezin Point Depression (adapted from Flinn Scientific) Pae 4
5 DATA TABLE Part 2: Meltin Point of the Pure BHT Meltin Point of BHT = C Part 3: Determine the K f of BHT with Cetyl Alcohol Mass BHT Mass Cetyl Alcohol Meltin Point BHT & CA C Part 4: Determine the Molar Mass of an Unknown Solid Mass BHT Mass Unknown Meltin Point BHT & Uknown C Calculations Part 3: Determine the K f of BHT with Cetyl Alcohol 1. What is the freezin point depression (ΔT f ) of the BHT and cetyl alcohol mixture? 2. What is the molality of the BHT and cetyl alcohol mixture? 3. What is the freezin point depression constant (k f ) of BHT? Part 4: Determine the Molar Mass of an Unknown Solid 1. Usin you equation from the pre-lab, determine the molar mass of you unknown. 2. Obtain the accepted value, and calculate your percent error for this lab. Molar Mass by Freezin Point Depression (adapted from Flinn Scientific) Pae 5
6 Post Lab Analysis 1. List two possible sources of error for you lab, and explain how those errors affected your accuracy. 2. How would you have improved your execution of the lab? 3. Draw a series of molecular models showin how: a. BHT underoes the physical chane of meltin when it is pure b. BHT underoes the physical chane of meltin when mixed with cetyl alcohol Molar Mass by Freezin Point Depression (adapted from Flinn Scientific) Pae 6
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