Organic Chemistry Ch. 21 Notes:
|
|
- Todd Thompson
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 C h e m 1 B O r g a n i c C h e m i s t r y P a g e 1 Organic Chemistry Ch. 21 Notes: Homework: Read Chapter 21, Chapter 21 problems: 35, 37, 43, 45, 53, 57, 59, 67, 73, 77, 91, 95, 99 Check MasteringChemistry homework Organic Chemistry is the study of compounds containing the element carbon combined with one of more other elements (H, O, N, S, P ). Over 16 million carbon-containing compounds are known, and about 90% of the newly synthesized compounds contain carbon. Although most organic compounds contain only a few elements these compounds make up the majority of all known substances naturally found and synthesized. Most common smells are caused by organic molecules. Functional groups identify organic molecules by their center of reactivity. By understanding the functional group of organic molecules, you can predict how that molecule reacts. Solubility: Most organic compounds are nonpolar (the C-C and C-H bonds have low electronegativity difference) so these compounds are soluble in nonpolar solvents
2 C h e m 1 B O r g a n i c C h e m i s t r y P a g e 2 and not polar water. Some organic compounds have a polar area (C-O or C-N) and if the molecule is small, will be soluble in water. Most organics are neutral, the acidic organic compounds include carboxylic acids and the basic organic compounds include amines. Hydrocarbons are organic compounds containing only C and H and include alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and aromatics. These compounds are nonpolar. The intermolecular attractions are London Dispersion Forces so the boiling points are relatively low and increase as the molecular weight is increased. All hydrocarbons undergo combustion reactions with oxygen in air. Compounds: Organic compounds are easily decomposed into simpler substances by heating, but inorganic substances are not. Inorganic compounds historically were
3 C h e m 1 B O r g a n i c C h e m i s t r y P a g e 3 readily synthesized in the lab, but synthesis of organic compounds in the lab is harder. Carbon is unique: Carbon can bond to as many as four other atoms. Covalent bonds to carbon are very strong and nonreactive. Carbon atoms can attach together in long chains. Carbon atoms can attach together to form rings. Carbon atoms can form single, double, or triple bonds. Isomers: different molecules with the same molecular formula. Structural isomers attach atoms in a different pattern. Stereoisomers have the same atom attachments, but different spatial orientation; geometric stereoisomers are cis and trans, while optical stereoisomers (also called enantiomers) have a chiral carbonattached to 4 different items and make nonsuperimposeable mirror images. ALKANES: The general formula for an alkane is CnH2n+2 Alkanes contain only single bonds and are saturated hydrocarbons. Methane is the simplest alkane containing only 1 carbon. CH 4 has a tetrahedral structure with angles of The term normal alkane represents that the carbons are all in a row, the first carbon is attached to the second and so on without branching in various directions. The common reaction with alkanes is combustion with oxygen. The first 10 normal alkanes: Name Molecular formula drawing (stick) 1 methane CH 4 2 ethane 3 propane 4 butane 2 5 pentane 3 6 hexane 5 7 heptane 9 8 octane 18 9 nonane decane 75 # isomers Structural formulas can be written as two- dimensional Lewis Structure formula, condensed structural formula, and as three- dimensional Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) structure using a cabon skeleton formula, ball and stick
4 C h e m 1 B O r g a n i c C h e m i s t r y P a g e 4 model, or space filling model. In addition to normal alkanes, isomers are possible for all alkanes with 4 or more carbons. Example 1: Draw and name 9 possible structural isomers of C 7 H 16 as Lewis structures. Alkanes can branch off. a a a a carbon is attached to one other carbon. carbon is attached to two other carbons. carbon is attached to three other carbons. carbon is attached to four other carbons. CYCLOALKANES are alkanes that join the carbon chain together in a ring structure, (C n H 2n ). The smallest cycloalkane has 3 carbons and is called cyclopropane This structure may be drawn as a triangle in a condensed form where each point represents a carbon with the appropriate number of hydrogen atoms. Cycloalkanes with less than 5 carbons in a ring are strained since the angles are less than the ideal
5 C h e m 1 B O r g a n i c C h e m i s t r y P a g e 5 The most common and stable one is cyclohexane, C 6 H 12, which can flex into chair and boat configurations that keep angles at The most important chemical property of alkanes is combustion in oxygen to produce heat, carbon dioxide, and water. Apart from the above reaction alkanes are chemically inert. ALKENES (also known as olefins) The general formula for an alkene is CnH2n These unsaturated compounds contain a C=C double bond. The simplest alkene, called ethene or more commonly ethylene, contains 2 carbons, (C 2 H 4 ). Ethylene is a plant hormone and is important in the ripening process of fruit. Alkenes may have cis and trans isomers. Example 2: Draw the cis and trans isomers of 2-butene cis-2-butene trans-2-butene Example 3: Name the two structures below. Alkenes undergo Addition Reactions. Markovnikov's rule applies to reactions when there are two possible products. This rule states that the rich get richer carbon with more H preferably take an additional H. Example 4: Finish the reactions indicating the preferred product
6 C h e m 1 B O r g a n i c C h e m i s t r y P a g e 6 a) addition with H2 CH2=CH2 + H2 Pt, Pd or Ni 500 C b) addition with Cl2 or Br2 (the Br2 addition tests for unsaturation) CH2=CH2 + Br2 c) addition with HX where X is a halogen preferred What is the other possible product, explain why it is less likely? d) addition with H2O CH2=CH-CH3 + H2O _H 2 SO 4 ALKYNES The general formula for an alkyne is C n H 2n-2 These unsaturated hydrocarbons have a C C triple bond. The simplest alkyne contains 2 carbons and is called ethyne or more commonly acetylene. C 2 H 2. Alkynes also undergo addition reactions though less readily. Since the product still has a double bond, it is often possible to get a second addition reaction. Example 5: Draw the addition reaction of C 2 H 2 with HCl. AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS In an aromatic hydrocarbon, 6 carbon atoms are connected in a planar ring structure, joined by 6 sigma and 3 pi bonds (resonance) between carbon atoms. Benzene (C 6 H 6 ) is the simplest aromatic hydrocarbon.
7 C h e m 1 B O r g a n i c C h e m i s t r y P a g e 7 Aromatic hydrocarbons undergo Substitution Reactions. When two groups are attached on a benzene ring three isomers are possible. ortho meta para Example 6: a) Draw and name the three isomers of the benzene ring in which two hydrogen atoms have been replaced by chlorine atoms. b) Draw the aromatic substitution reaction whose reactants are benzene (C6H6) and nitric acid (HNO3) the catalyst is sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and the products are nitrobenzene (C6H5NO2) and water (H2O) c) Draw the substitution reactions on benzene with Br 2. (halogenation ) FUNCTIONAL GROUPS: Other organic compounds are hydrocarbons in which functional groups have been substituted for hydrogens
8 C h e m 1 B O r g a n i c C h e m i s t r y P a g e 8 A functional group is a group of atoms that show a characteristic influence on the properties of the molecule, generally, the reactions that a compound will perform are determined by what functional groups it has. Because the kind of hydrocarbon chain is irrelevant to the reactions, it may be indicated by the general symbol R. ALCOHOLS The general formula for an alcohol is R-OH R represents any alkyl group (C x H y ). The simplest alcohol contains 1 carbon and is called methanol Alcohols are neutral compounds. Small alcohols are soluble in water. They have relatively high boiling points when compared to alkanes or ethers. Ethanol is an important alcohol used in drinks and as an antiseptic. PHENOLS For a phenol, R-OH,the R is an aryl group (based on a benzene ring, C 6 H 5 OH). The simplest phenol is phenol (C 6 H 5 OH) where the group name comes from. ETHER The general formula for an ether is R-O-R The R and R' may be the same or different. The simplest ether is dimethyl ether For complicated ethers with more than one functional group we use the general name alkoxy, where alkoxy may be methoxy if there is 1 carbon, ethoxy if it has two carbons, etc. Ethers, like alkanes are virtually inert. This property makes them valuable as solvents. Two important chemical properties of ethers that laboratory workers must be aware of are 1) highly volatile and 2) highly flammable THIOLS, THIOETHERS The general formula for a thiol (mercapton) is R S H. The general formula for a thioether (sulfide) is R S R. In these compounds the oxygen in alcohols and ethers is replaced with a sulfur. Thiols smell like rotten eggs. ALDEHYDES and KETONES The general formula for an aldehyde is R CO H. The simplest aldehyde is called formaldehyde The general formula for an ketone is R CO R. The simplest ketone is called
9 C h e m 1 B O r g a n i c C h e m i s t r y P a g e 9 Propanone which is commonly called acetone. Aldehydes may be prepared by the oxidation of primary alcohols Ketones may be prepared by the oxidation of secondary alcohols. Reduction (addition of H2) of aldehydes and ketones make primary and secondary alcohols in that order. Aldehydes are easily oxidized even under mild conditions. Ketones resist oxidation. This fact allows simple tests to tell these compounds apart. Aldehyde odors and flavors: butanal = butter vanillin = vanilla benzaldehyde = almonds cinnamaldehyde=cinnamon Ketone odors and flavors: acetophenone = pistachio carvone = spearmint ionone = raspberries muscone = musk Carbonyl group C=O The carbonyl group may undergo addition reactions. Unlike the C=C double bond the C=O double bond is polar. Indicate the positive and negative ends of C=O and H-CN.
10 C h e m 1 B O r g a n i c C h e m i s t r y P a g e 10 CARBOXYLIC ACIDS and ESTERS Carboxylic acids are sour tasting weak acids. The general formula for a carboxylic acid is R COOH. The simplest carboxylic acid is called methanoic acid or formic acid Esters have a sweet odor. The general formula for a carboxylic ester is R COOR. The simplest carboxylic ester is called methyl formate It is useful to think of a carboxylic ester as being derived from a carboxylic acid part R-CO(OH) and an alcohol part (H)-O-R', as in the synthesis of aspirin In naming carboxylic esters, do not try to name the ester as a whole. Name the root carboxylic acid and change the suffix "ic acid" to "ate". For example acetic acid becomes acetate. The first word is the name of the R' group in alcohol part. Example 7: Name CH3-C-O-CH2CH3 O AMINES Amines smell bad. They form when proteins decompose. They are organic bases. Many amines are biologically active (dopamine, epinephrine) The general formula for an amine is R-NH2 The simplest amine is called methylamine
11 C h e m 1 B O r g a n i c C h e m i s t r y P a g e 11 AMIDES The general formula for an amide is R-CO-NH2 The simplest amide is called formamide POLYMERS: Polymers are very large molecules (macromolecules) made by repeated linking together of small molecules (monomers) Natural polymers are found in both the living and nonliving environment. Synthetic polymers are polymers made in a lab from one, two, or three small molecules linked in a repeating pattern (plastics, fabrics, adhesives) Composites are materials made of polymers mixed with various additives such as graphite, glass, metallic flakes Polymerization is the process of linking the monomer units together addition polymerization of vinyl chloride (CHCl=CH 2 ) PVC= polyvinylchloride condensation polymerization Example 8: Identify the functional groups in caffeine.
12 C h e m 1 B O r g a n i c C h e m i s t r y P a g e 12 Chirality in Organic Chemistry A molecule possessing a nonsuperimposeable mirror image is CHIRAL. These compounds must have 4 different attached groups to a carbon (chiral center). R (right-handed) and S (left handed) labels distinguish the two forms we call enantiomers. Enantiomers have identical physical properties and identical chemical behaviors in nonchiral environments. Racemic mixtures have equal amounts of both R and S enantiomers in a mixture. Many drugs have only one effective enantiomer and the other is inert, an example is R-Albuterol useful as a bronchodilator for asthmatics, the L Albuterol is not effective. Biochemistry Biochemistry is the chemistry of living organisms. Amino Acids, the building blocks of proteins, have an amine and a carboxylic acid. 22 amino acids are found in nature and 20 are involved in making the proteins in our body.
13 C h e m 1 B O r g a n i c C h e m i s t r y P a g e 13 Organic Nomenclature Rules: Saturated hydrocarbons - Alkanes: (CnH2n+2) 1) Find the longest continuous carbon chain and assign the parent name (1=methane, 2=ethane, 3=propane, 4=butane, 5=pentane, 6=hexane, 7=heptane, 8=octane, 9= nonane, 10= decane, 12=dodecane) i.e. if the longest chain is 5 carbons the end of the word will be pentane 2) Find groups not part of a chain and name as prefixed i.e. CH3 is methyl 3) Assign numbers to the carbons in the longest chain so attached groups have the lowest possible numbers i.e. if the choice is 2 or 4 choose 2 4) If 2 or more identical groups are on one compound use prefixes but remember to give a carbon chain number for each group; 2=di, 3=tri, 4=tetra, 5= penta, 6= hexa etc. 5) If 2 or more different groups are in the compound alphabetize i.e. chloro before fluoro and for carbon groups: ethyl before methyl 6) Halogens go by F = fluoro, Cl = chloro, Br = bromo, I = iodo 7) For cycloalkanes, (CnH2n) begin counting carbons at any position and proceed in either direction but you must end up with the lowest possible numbers. If only one substituent is connected in a cycloalkane there is no need to number the carbon 1 8) Also, for cycloalkanes there is a possible for stereoisomers since the ring structure will not permit free rotation. Stereoisomers may be labeled cis- for 2 groups on the same side and trans- for 2 groups on the opposite side. Unsaturated hydrocarbons - alkenes (CnH2n) and alkynes (CnH2n-2): 1) The suffix ene is used to represent a double bond between carbons the simplest is H2C=CH2 called ethene or more commonly ethylene (use the same prefixes as in the alkanes just change ane to ene. 2) The suffix yne is used to represent a triple bond between carbons the simplest is HC = CH called ethyne or more commonly acetylene 3) When the parent chain has more than 3 carbons a number position must identify where the double or triple bond is located using the lowest possible number i.e. if a double bond in a 5 carbon chain is located between the 2nd and 3rd carbon it is called 2-pentene 4) Branches and halogen substituents are names as in rules for alkanes 5) the longest continuous carbon chain must include the double or triple bonded carbons even though it may not be the longest chain. i.e. try to draw the structure for 2-methyl-1-butene 6) for cyclic compounds the double or triple bond will always be between carbon 1 and carbon 2. try drawing 4-bromo-2,3-dimethylcyclohexene 7) Compounds with 2 or more double bonds have prefixed suffixes; i.e. 2 double bonds will be - diene, 3 = triene. Try to draw 2-methyl-4-ethyl-1,3-heptadiene. 8) Since the C=C double bond cannot freely rotate one may get stereoisomers (this will not happen in triple bonds) indicate cis- (H on same side) or trans- (H on opposite side) just before the number position of the double bond if it is a geometric isomer. Try to draw cis-2 hexene and trans-2-hexene. Aromatic hydrocarbons - not unsaturated but has double bonds (includes a benzene ring) 1) The simplest is benzene (C6H6) which is a six carbon ring where every other C-C bond may be written as a double bond in resonance. In reality the pi bonding is equally shared among all carbons which makes a very stable compound not willing to undergo addition reaction. Aromatic carbons undergo substitution reactions.
14 C h e m 1 B O r g a n i c C h e m i s t r y P a g e 14 2) If only 1 group is attached no carbon numbers are needed 3) if 2 groups are attached the following rules apply a) if the groups are on neighboring carbons o- is used for ortho-, or may use the numbers1,2- b) m- is used for meta-, or use the numbers 1,3- c) p- is used for para-, or use the numbers 1,4-4) If more than 2 groups just use the numbers that give the lowest sum. Alcohols and Phenols: (R-OH) For common names give the name of the alkyl group followed by the word alcohol i.e. methyl alcohol = CH3OH For IUPAC naming use the following rules: 1) The longest chain must include the carbon bearing the OH group 2) the suffix ol represents the OH group and the lowest possible number is assigned to this carbon. Try to draw 2-butanol 3) Alcohols may be classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary alcohols depending on how many other C atoms are attached to the same carbon that the OH group is attached to. This classification is important in reactions. 4) Phenols are aromatic compounds (benzene ring) which have a OH group 5) In complex compounds that have other suffixes hydroxy is used to indicate the OH group Ethers: (R-O-R') 1) Give names of the R (organic) groups and add the word ether, i.e. ethyl methyl ether 2) If groups are the same use di ether, i.e. diethyl ether (some people omit the di) 3) For more complicated ethers use the alkyl group name followed by oxy then the other group. Try to draw 2-methoxycyclopentanol 4) Cyclic ethers do not have ether in there names and follow rule 3. Thiols (R-SH) and Thioethers (R-S-R) 1) These are analogous to the alcohols and ethers but S replaces the O. Naming is analogous but use the term thiol not ol or alcohol and thioether not ether (C=O is a carbonyl group that is found in aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, carboxylic esters, and amides) Aldehydes (R-CH=O) and Ketones (R-COR') 1) Same rules as apply for others above 2) suffix = al for aldehydes, Carbon number is ALWAYS 1 for the aldehyde carbon. if an alcohol of ether is also part of the compound then use hydroxy for the OH group and oxy for the ether. 3) suffix = one for ketones 4) If there is both a alkene or alkyne and a aldehyde or ketone both suffixes may be used. i.e. try to draw 1-chloro-4-penten-2-one where a chlorine atom is attached to the 1st carbon the double bond is between carbons 4 and 5 and the carbonyl (C=O) group is on the 2nd carbon. Carboxylic acids (R-COOH):
15 C h e m 1 B O r g a n i c C h e m i s t r y P a g e 15 1) Suffix oic acid other rules above are the same 2) the COOH carbon is always carbon number 1 3) The above IUPAC systematic naming is commonly used only for complicated compounds normally the common names are used examples: H-COOH Formic acid (Latin word for ant (formica) since 1st isolated from red ants) CH3COOH acetic acid CH3CH2COOH propionic acid CH3CH2CH2COOH butyric acid CH3(CH2)3COOH valeric acid CH3(CH2)16COOH stearic acid HOOC-COOH oxalic acid C6H5-COOH benzoic acid Carboxylic Esters (RCOOR'): 1) The first word comes from the Alcohol part of the word (The R' which is connected to by a single bond to an oxygen.) Name it as the alkyl group i.e. methyl 2) The second word is from the carboxylic part of the word ( the R which has the C=O carbonyl group) the "ic acid" in the common form becomes ate. acetic acid ==> acetate. Try to draw the structure methyl acetate. Amines (R-NH2, R-NHR', or NR3): 1) Add the suffix amine to the alkyl group i.e. CH3NH2 = methylamine 2) The simplest aromatic one is aniline C6H5NH2 3) For secondary and tertiary amines place all the R group names before the suffix amine and use di and tri as necessary. 4) When 1 R group is aromatic the amine is replaced with aniline 5) In complex compounds with competing suffixes the NH2 group is called "amino". Amides (R-CO-NH2, R-CO-NHR', R-CO-NR'2): (CO is a C=O) made by the dehydration of an amine and carboxylic acid Amides are named after there corresponding carboxylic acids; "ic acid" amide, i.e. CH3CO-NH2 is acetamide
16 C h e m 1 B O r g a n i c C h e m i s t r y P a g e 16 Practice Problems: 1. A primary carbon is bonded directly to: (a) 1 hydrogen (b) 1 carbon (c) 2 carbons (d) 3 carbons (e) 2 hydrogens 2. What functional groups are present in the following? CH3-C-CH2-CH-CH=CH-CH3? ll l O OH (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) ketone, alkene, alcohol carboxylic ester, alkene, alcohol aldehyde, alcohol, amine phenol, carboxylic acid, alkene amide, ether, thiol 3. What is the geometry of propane? a) Planar with bond angles of 120. b) Three-dimensional with bond angles of 90. c) Three-dimensional with bond angles of d) Three-dimensional with bond angles of 120. e) Three-dimensional with bond angles of Why is the following name incorrect? 4-ethyl-5-methylcyclohexane a) It is not named with the lowest possible numbers. b) Cycloalkanes do not contain alkyl groups attached to the ring. c) Ethyl and methyl groups are not found adjacent to one another on a ring. d) There is no such compound 5. How many hydrogen atoms are there in 1-chloro-2 methylbenzene a) 3 b) 4 c) 5 d) 6 e) 7 f) 8 g) 9 6. Alkenes may have cis and trans isomers. Draw and identify the cis and trans isomers of 3-heptene 7. How can one test for saturation or unsaturation of hydrocarbons, include observations one would see? 8. When is Markovnikov's rule needed and what does is say? 9. Draw and name all possible structural isomers with the formula C6H Reactions:
17 C h e m 1 B O r g a n i c C h e m i s t r y P a g e 17 Finish and balance the following reactions, classify type of reaction as Addition, Substitution, or Combustion, and if 2 possible products are formed indicate the preferred product. a) + HNO 3 H + Type b) CH2=CH2 + Br2 > Type c) C3H8 + O2 > Type d) CH3 _ CH=CH2 + H2O H 2 SO 4 > Type 11. Draw the Structures: If you skip the Hydrogens at least put a line to indicate where H belongs and how many. (a) m-dichlorobenzene or 1,3 - dichlorobenzene (b) 2,2,3,3-tetrabromo-4-methyl-1-octanol (c) methyl acetate (d) 3-ethyl-3,4,6-trimethyl-2-decanone 12. Name the Structures: (a) Cl O-H CH 3 l CH C C CH- CH2-CH3 l l l CH3 Cl CH3 C H2 - CH2-CH3 (b) CH3-O-CH2-CH3 (c) H-C-CH 2 -CH-CH2-CH 3 ll l O CH3 (d) CH3 - C - NH2 ll
18 C h e m 1 B O r g a n i c C h e m i s t r y P a g e 18 O 8. Circle and identify all the functional groups in the structural formula for the low-calorie sweetener aspartame below. List the functional groups here. For easier identification, number each circled group 9. Name the Structures: a) CH3 - O - CH3 b) O CH3 - C - O -CH3 10. Draw and name all of the structural isomers with the formula C6H14. Reactions: Finish the following reactions and classify type of reaction as Addition, Substitution or Combustion. 11. a) + HNO 3 H + b) CH3- CH2-C-H + H2 Ni > ll O Type Type 12. Draw the Structures: (a) 2-chloro-3-hydroxy-4-methyl octanal (b) ortho-dichlorobenze (c) 3-ethyl-2- hexanone
Chapter 25: The Chemistry of Life: Organic and Biological Chemistry
Chemistry: The Central Science Chapter 25: The Chemistry of Life: Organic and Biological Chemistry The study of carbon compounds constitutes a separate branch of chemistry known as organic chemistry The
More informationOrganic Chemistry. A. Introduction
Organic Chemistry A. Introduction 1. Organic chemistry is defined as the chemistry of CARBON compounds. There are a huge number of organic compounds. This results from the fact that carbon forms chains
More informationChem 1075 Chapter 19 Organic Chemistry Lecture Outline
Chem 1075 Chapter 19 Organic Chemistry Lecture Outline Slide 2 Introduction Organic chemistry is the study of and its compounds. The major sources of carbon are the fossil fuels: petroleum, natural gas,
More informationAP Chemistry Chapter 22 - Organic and Biological Molecules
AP Chemistry Chapter - Organic and Biological Molecules.1 Alkanes: Saturated Hydrocarbons A. Straight-chain Hydrocarbons 1. Straight-chain alkanes have the formula C n H n+. Carbons are sp hybridized The
More informationChapter 13 Alkenes and Alkynes & Aromatic Compounds
Chapter 13 Alkenes and Alkynes & Aromatic Compounds Chapter Outline 13.1 Alkenes and Alkynes 13.2 Nomenclature of Alkenes and Alkynes 13.3 Cis Trans Isomers 13.4 Alkenes in Food and Medicine 13.6 Reactions
More informationChapter 22. Organic and Biological Molecules
Chapter 22 Organic and Biological Molecules The Bonding of Carbon Organic chemistry is the chemistry of compounds containing carbon. Because carbon can form single, double, and triple bonds, the following
More informationHydrocarbons and their Functional Groups
Hydrocarbons and their Functional Groups Organic chemistry is the study of compounds in which carbon is the principal element. carbon atoms form four bonds long chains, rings, spheres, sheets, and tubes
More informationUnit 5: Organic Chemistry
Unit 5: Organic Chemistry Organic chemistry: discipline in chemistry focussing strictly on the study of hydrocarbons compounds made up of carbon & hydrogen Organic compounds can contain other elements
More informationOrganic Chemistry. FAMILIES of ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
1 SCH4U September 2017 Organic Chemistry Is the chemistry of compounds that contain carbon (except: CO, CO 2, HCN, CO 3 2- ) Carbon is covalently bonded to another carbon, hydrogen and possibly to oxygen,
More informationObjectives. Organic molecules. Carbon. Hydrocarbon Properties. Organic Chemistry Introduction. Organic versus Hydrocarbon 1/1/17
Objectives Organic Chemistry Introduction 8.1 To determine the properties of organic molecules and recognize a hydrocarbon. Use table P and Q to write structural and molecular formulas for hydrocarbons.
More informationChapter 11. Introduction to Organic Chemistry
hapter 11 Introduction to rganic hemistry Properties of arbon and its compounds 2 Properties of arbon and its compounds 3 Properties of arbon and its compounds 4 Properties of arbon and its compounds 5
More informationMolecular Geometry: VSEPR model stand for valence-shell electron-pair repulsion and predicts the 3D shape of molecules that are formed in bonding.
Molecular Geometry: VSEPR model stand for valence-shell electron-pair repulsion and predicts the 3D shape of molecules that are formed in bonding. Sigma and Pi Bonds: All single bonds are sigma(σ), that
More informationAlkanes and Cycloalkanes
Alkanes and Cycloalkanes Families of Organic Compounds Organic compounds can be grouped into families by their common structural features We shall survey the nature of the compounds in a tour of the families
More informationAlkanes 3/27/17. Hydrocarbons: Compounds made of hydrogen and carbon only. Aliphatic (means fat ) - Open chain Aromatic - ring. Alkane Alkene Alkyne
Alkanes EQ 1. How will I define Hydrocarbons? 2. Compare and contrast the 3 types of hydrocarbons (Alkanes, alkenes, alkynes). Hydrocarbons: Compounds made of hydrogen and carbon only. Aliphatic (means
More informationChapter 25 Organic and Biological Chemistry
Chapter 25 Organic and Biological Chemistry Organic Chemistry The chemistry of carbon compounds. Carbon has the ability to form long chains. Without this property, large biomolecules such as proteins,
More informationOrganic Chemistry. February 18, 2014
Organic Chemistry February 18, 2014 What does organic mean? Organic Describes products Grown through natural biological process Without synthetic materials In the 18 th century Produced by a living system
More informationChapter 9. Organic Chemistry: The Infinite Variety of Carbon Compounds. Organic Chemistry
Chapter 9 Organic Chemistry: The Infinite Variety of Carbon Compounds Organic Chemistry Organic chemistry is defined as the chemistry of carbon compounds. Of tens of millions of known chemical compounds,
More informationFAMILIES of ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
1 SCH4U October 2016 Organic Chemistry Chemistry of compounds that contain carbon (except: CO, CO 2, HCN, CO 3 - ) Carbon is covalently bonded to another carbon, hydrogen and possibly to oxygen, a halogen
More informationTopic 10.1: Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry Notes
Topic 10.1: Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry Notes Terminology Hydrocarbon: compounds that contain mostly hydrogen and carbon Homologous Series: compounds with the same general formula Molecular Formula:
More informationUNIT (7) ORGANIC COMPOUNDS: HYDROCARBONS
UNIT (7) RGANI MPUNDS: YDRARBNS rganic chemistry is the study carbon containing compounds. 7.1 Bonding in rganic ompounds rganic compounds are made up of only a few elements and the bonding is almost entirely
More information3. Organic Compounds: Alkanes and Cycloalkanes
3. Organic Compounds: Alkanes and Cycloalkanes Based on McMurry s Organic Chemistry, 6 th edition, Chapter 3 2003 Ronald Kluger Department of Chemistry University of Toronto 1 Families of Organic Compounds!
More informationOrganic Chemistry. Organic chemistry is the chemistry of compounds containing carbon.
Organic Chemistry Organic Chemistry Organic chemistry is the chemistry of compounds containing carbon. In this chapter we will discuss the structural features of organic molecules, nomenclature, and a
More informationUnit 14: Organic Chemistry REGENTS CHEMISTRY
REGENTS CHEMISTRY 1 Organic compounds contain carbon atoms which bond to one another in chains, rings, and networks to form a variety of structures. Organic compounds can be named using the IUPAC system.
More informationChapter 12: Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
Chapter 12: Unsaturated Hydrocarbons UNSATURATED HYDROCARBONS contain carbon-carbon multiple bonds. Alkenes C=C double bonds Alkynes triple bonds Aromatics benzene rings 1 2 NAMING ALKENES Step 1: Name
More informationClassifying Hydrocarbons
Classifying Hydrocarbons alkanes- single C-C bonds, if all C s have H s attached, molecules are called saturated hydrocarbons alkenes- have one or more C=C double bonds alkynes- have one or more CΞC triple
More informationChapter 22 Hydrocarbon Compounds
Chapter 22 Hydrocarbon Compounds 1 ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Organic compounds are carbon compounds and there are over a million. The simplest organic compounds are hydrocarbons and they are composed of hydrogen
More informationChemistry 11 Hydrocarbon Alkane Notes. In this unit, we will be primarily focusing on the chemistry of carbon compounds, also known as.
1 Chemistry 11 Hydrocarbon Alkane Notes In this unit, we will be primarily focusing on the chemistry of carbon compounds, also known as. Why is organic chemistry so important? Many of the compounds that
More informationOrganic Chemistry SL IB CHEMISTRY SL
Organic Chemistry SL IB CHEMISTRY SL 10.1 Fundamentals of organic chemistry Understandings: A homologous series is a series of compounds of the same family, with the same general formula, which differ
More informationIntroduction to Organic Chemistry. Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Introduction to Organic Chemistry Copyright The McGraw-ill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1 Common Elements in Organic Compounds 2 Classification of ydrocarbons ydrocarbons
More informationUnsaturated hydrocarbons. Chapter 13
Unsaturated hydrocarbons Chapter 13 Unsaturated hydrocarbons Hydrocarbons which contain at least one C-C multiple (double or triple) bond. The multiple bond is a site for chemical reactions in these molecules.
More informationOrganic Chemistry is the chemistry of compounds containing.
Chapter 21 Lecture Notes Organic Chemistry Intro Organic Chemistry is the chemistry of compounds containing. The Bonding of Carbon Because carbon has four valence electrons, it can form covalent bonds.
More informationChapter 13 Alkenes and Alkynes Based on Material Prepared by Andrea D. Leonard University of Louisiana at Lafayette
Chapter 13 Alkenes and Alkynes Based on Material Prepared by Andrea D. Leonard University of Louisiana at Lafayette 1 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
More informationAlkanes, Alkenes and Alkynes
Alkanes, Alkenes and Alkynes Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbons generally fall into 2 general groupings, aliphatic hydrocarbons and aromatic hydrocarbons. Aliphatic hydrocarbons contain chains and rings of hydrocarbons,
More informationINTRODUCTION TO ORGANIC CHEMISTRY: ALKANES
P a g e 1 Chapter 12 INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIC CHEMISTRY: ALKANES Organic chemistry: The study of carbon compounds. Carbon is tetravalent; it always forms four bonds. Organic molecules have covalent bonds.
More informationChapter 1 Reactions of Organic Compounds. Reactions Involving Hydrocarbons
Chapter 1 Reactions of Organic Compounds Reactions Involving Hydrocarbons Reactions of Alkanes Single bonds (C-C) are strong and very hard to break, therefore these compounds are relatively unreactive
More informationOrganic and Biochemical Molecules. 1. Compounds composed of carbon and hydrogen are called hydrocarbons.
Organic and Biochemical Molecules 1. Compounds composed of carbon and hydrogen are called hydrocarbons. 2. A compound is said to be saturated if it contains only singly bonded carbons. Such hydrocarbons
More informationOrganic Chemistry. Introduction to Organic Chemistry 01/03/2018. Organic Chemistry
Organic Chemistry Chemistry 30 Ms. Hayduk Introduction to Organic Chemistry https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i9r1dmhh2m0 Organic Chemistry Study of compounds that contain carbon as the main element Relevant
More informationORGANIC MOLECULES (LIVE) 10 APRIL 2015 Section A: Summary Notes and Examples Naming and Functional Groups
ORGANIC MOLECULES (LIVE) 10 APRIL 2015 Section A: Summary Notes and Examples Naming and Functional Groups Important Features of Carbon There are different allotropes (same element, same phase, different
More informationA. They all have a benzene ring structure in the molecule. B. They all have the same molecular formula. C. They all have carbon and hydrogen only
Ch 21 G12 CoreI- Choose the best answer, then transfer your answers to page (1) [32 marks; 2 each] 1. What characteristic do all aromatic hydrocarbons share? A. They all have a benzene ring structure in
More informationAlkanes and Cycloalkanes
Chapter 3 Alkanes and Cycloalkanes Two types Saturated hydrocarbons Unsaturated hydrocarbons 3.1 Alkanes Also referred as aliphatic hydrocarbons General formula: CnH2n+2 (straight chain) and CnH2n (cyclic)
More informationCH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 OH
03SEP 18:00 19:00 ORGANIC MOLECULES STUDY NOTES ORGANIC MOLECULES Important features of Carbon Carbon has a valency of 4 (can form 4 bonds), and has 4 valence electrons (outermost energy level). Carbon
More informationPractice Packet Unit 11: Organic Chemistry
Regents Chemistry: Mr. Palermo Practice Packet Unit 11: Organic Chemistry www.mrpalermo.com 1 LESSON 1: Introduction to Organic Chemistry 1. How many times does carbon bond and why? 2. A student investigated
More informationORGANIC CHEMISTRY. Classification of organic compounds
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Organic chemistry is very important branch of chemistry and it study the compounds which contain carbon (C) and hydrogen (H), in general, and may contains other atoms such as oxygen (O),
More informationMOLECULER MODELS/ISOMERS ORGANIC STRUCTURES AND NAMING
REVISED 10/14 EMISTRY 1101L MOLEULER MODELS/ISOMERS ORGANI STRUTURES AND NAMING NOTE: This lab does not require safety glasses or lab coats. INTRODUTION Electron Dot Structures: Electron dot structures,
More informationNational 5 Chemistry. Unit 2 Nature s Chemistry Summary Notes
National 5 Chemistry Unit 2 Nature s Chemistry Summary Notes Success Criteria I am confident that I understand this and I can apply this to problems? I have some understanding but I need to revise this
More informationvideo 14.4 isomers isomers Isomers have the molecular formula but are rearranged in a structure with different properties. Example: Both C 4 H 10
video 14.4 isomers isomers Isomers have the molecular formula but are rearranged in a structure with different properties. Example: Both C 4 H 10 Butane Methylpropane 1 match the isomers drawing an isomer
More informationFunctional Groups. Functional groups: special groups of atoms attached to a hydrocarbon skeleton; the most common sites of chemical reactivity.
Functional Groups Functional groups: special groups of atoms attached to a hydrocarbon skeleton; the most common sites of chemical reactivity. Organic halides: a hydrogen is replaced by a halogen fluoro-,
More informationCHEM 203 Exam 1. Name Multiple Choice Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
CHEM 203 Exam 1 Name Multiple Choice Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. Which of the following elements is a large percentage of both the earth's
More informationCarbon Bonding Isomers Naming Reference Tables Functional Groups. Reactions
arbon Bonding Isomers Naming Reference Tables Functional Groups 2 Reactions Not electrolytes; they do not generally conduct electricity. Low melting points; they are nonpolar with weak forces of attraction.
More informationSummary Chapter 13-14
Summary Chapter 1-1 Nomenclature 1 prefix + + prefix,- dimethyl 1,5- First give locajon and type of subsjtuents Second give locajon of double bond How many carbons in longest chain? How many of the funcjonal
More informationChapter 4. An Introduction to Organic Compounds
Chapter 4 An Introduction to Organic Compounds Chapter 4 Educational Goals 1. Given the formula of a molecule, the student will be able to draw the line bond structure. 2. Understand and construct condensed
More informationUnit 12 Organic Chemistry
Unit 12 Organic Chemistry Day 138 5/5/14 QOD: What is Organic Chemistry? Do Now: True or false? 1. Electrochemical cells generate electricity. 2. Electrons flow from left to right in a battery. 3. Redox
More informationChapter 21: Hydrocarbons Section 21.3 Alkenes and Alkynes
Section 21.1 Introduction to Hydrocarbons Section 1 Objectives: Explain the terms organic compound and organic chemistry. Section 21.2 Alkanes Chapter 21: Hydrocarbons Section 21.3 Alkenes and Alkynes
More informationDrawing Hydrocarbons. Classifying Hydrocarbons. Four types of diagrams can be used to represent the structure of a hydrocarbon: e.g.
Classifying Hydrocarbons alkanes- single C-C bonds, if all C s have H s attached, molecules are called hydrocarbons alkenes- have one or more C=C bonds alkynes- have one or more CΞC bonds alkenes & alkynes
More informationUnit 7 ~ Learning Guide Name:
Unit 7 ~ Learning Guide : Instructions: Using a pencil, complete the following notes as you work through the related lessons. Show ALL work as is explained in the lessons. You are required to have this
More informationChapter 22. Organic and Biological Molecules
Chapter 22 Organic and Biological Molecules 1 Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry The study of carbon-containing compounds and their properties. The vast majority of organic compounds contain chains or
More information2 ethane CH 3 CH 3. 3 propane CH 3 CH 2 CH 3
#100 Notes Unit 12: Introduction to Organic and Biochemistry Ch. Organic/ Biochemistry I. Alkanes, C n H 2n+2 (saturated hydrocarbons: no C=C or C C) *always 4 bonds on carbon # Carbons parent chain name
More informationTime Allowed: 60 minutes MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIC AND BIOCHEMISTRY QUIZ 5 Time Allowed: 60 minutes MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) What is the IUPAC name
More informationThe International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry has developed a system of rules for naming organic molecules.
HYDRCARBNS AND THEIR DERIVATIVES The field of organic chemistry includes the study of hydrocarbons (compounds composed of carbon and hydrogen atoms covalently bonded together) and their derivatives (variations
More informationCHAPTER 12 (MOORE) FUELS, ORGANIC CHEMICALS AND POLYMEYS
CHAPTER 12 (MOORE) FUELS, ORGANIC CHEMICALS AND POLYMEYS This chapter deals organic compounds. Organic chemistry is the chemistry of hydrocarbons, which have the general chemical formula, C X H Y, and
More informationWe refer to alkanes as hydrocarbons because they contain only C (carbon) and H(hydrogen) atoms. Since alkanes are the major components of petroleum
د.لمى سامي احمد كيمياء عضوية كورس اول المرحلة الثانية Alkanes We refer to alkanes as hydrocarbons because they contain only C (carbon) and H(hydrogen) atoms. Since alkanes are the major components of petroleum
More informationCh09. Alkenes & Alkynes. Unsaturated hydrocarbons. Double and triple bonds in our carbon backbone. version 1.0
Ch09 Alkenes & Alkynes Unsaturated hydrocarbons. Double and triple bonds in our carbon backbone. version 1.0 Nick DeMello, PhD. 2007-2015 Ch09 Alkenes & Alkynes Alkenes & Alkynes Definition and bond angles.
More informationNomenclature of Organic Compounds Identification of Functional Groups
Hydrocarbons Nomenclature of Organic ompounds Identification of Functional Groups Alkanes - also known as saturated hydrocarbons or the paraffin series because all bond sites between carbon atoms and between
More information12.01 Organic Chemistry
12.01 rganic hemistry hemistry of arbon An Introduction to nomenclatures, structures and reactions Dr. Fred mega Garces hemistry 100 Miramar ollege 1 rganic hemistry What is rganic hemistry? rganic hemistry:
More informationQuickTime and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Organic Chemistry. QuickTime and a are needed to see this picture.
QuickTime and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Organic Chemistry QuickTime and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Organic Chemistry Has
More informationNaming Organic Halides. Properties of Organic Halides
Organic Compounds Organic Halides A hydrocarbon in which one or more hydrogen atoms have been replaced by halogen atoms Freons (chlorofluorocarbons) in refrigeration and air conditioning Teflon (polytetrafluoroethane)
More informationOrganic Chemistry - Introduction
It s All About Carbon! Unit 15: Organic Chemistry Lesson 15.1: Hydrocarbons Organic Chemistry - Introduction Organic chemistry is the study of compounds containing carbon. Animals, plants, and other forms
More informationBRCC CHM 102 Class Notes Chapter 11 Page 1 of 9
BRCC CHM 102 Class Notes Chapter 11 Page 1 of 9 Chapter 11 Alkanes and Cycloalkanes hydrocarbons compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen * 4 families: 1) alkanes only single bonds (includes cycloalkanes)
More informationChapter 19 Introduction to Organic Chemistry
Chapter 19 Introduction to Organic Chemistry 1 19.1 The beginnings of organic chemistry large number of remarkably stable compounds consist of C, H, O and N organic compounds no organic compounds had been
More informationChapter 2: An Introduction to Organic Compounds
Chapter : An Introduction to Organic Compounds I. FUNCTIONAL GROUPS: Functional groups with similar structure/reactivity may be "grouped" together. A. Functional Groups With Carbon-Carbon Multiple Bonds.
More informationCHAPTER 24 Organic Chemistry
CHAPTER 24 rganic Chemistry 1. The general formula for alkenes is A. C n H 2n+2 B. C 2n H 2n C. C n H n+2 D. C n H 2n E. C n H 2n 2 2. The general formula of an alkane is A. C n H 2n B. C n H 2n+2 C. C
More informationIntroduction to Organic Chemistry: Hydrocarbons
Introduction to Organic Chemistry: Hydrocarbons Chapter 12 Chapter 12 12.1 Organic Compounds 12.2 Alkanes 12.3 Alkanes with Substituents 12.4 Properties of Alkanes 12.5 Alkenes and Alkynes 12.6 Cis-Trans
More informationOrganic Compounds. Introduction to Organic Chemistry: Hydrocarbons. also contain other nonmetals such as oxygen, nitrogen,
Introduction to Organic Chemistry: Hydrocarbons Chapter 12 12.1 Organic Compounds Identify properties characteristic of organic or inorganic compounds. Chapter 12 12.1 Organic Compounds 12.2 Alkanes 12.3
More informationElectronegativity Scale F > O > Cl, N > Br > C, H
Organic Chem Chapter 12 Alkanes Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds. Carbon has several properties that are worth discussing: Tetravalent Always forms 4 bonds Can form multiple bonds (double
More informationBasic Organic Chemistry Nomenclature CHEM 104 B
Basic Organic Chemistry Nomenclature CHEM 104 B I have gone ahead and compiled all of the basic naming rules that we will be dealing with into one worksheet. I hope this will be helpful to you as you work
More informationHydrocarbons. Chapter 22-23
Chapter 22-23 Hydrocarbons Organic Compounds All Carbon containing compounds Except carbon oxides, carbides, and carbonates which are inorganic. CO & CO2 Na4C CaCO3 +8 oxidation change CH 4 + O 2 CO 2
More informationHISTORY OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
hemistry 52 hapter 12 ISTORY OF ORGANI EMISTRY In the early days of chemistry, scientists classified chemical substances into 2 groups: 1. Inorganic: those that were composed of minerals, such as rocks
More informationChapter 23 Aldehydes and Ketones
Chapter 23 Aldehydes and Ketones Ketones are common solvents for quickdrying paints. Introduction to General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 10e John Wiley & Sons, Inc Morris Hein, Scott Pattison, and Susan
More informationDetailed Course Content
Detailed Course Content Chapter 1: Carbon Compounds and Chemical Bonds The Structural Theory of Organic Chemistry 4 Chemical Bonds: The Octet Rule 6 Lewis Structures 8 Formal Charge 11 Resonance 14 Quantum
More informationChapter 20 (part 2) Organic Chemistry
Chapter 20 (part 2) Organic Chemistry Section 20.7 Alkenes and Alkynes Alkenes: hydrocarbons that contain a carbon carbon double bond. [C n H 2n ] CH 3 CH=CH 2 propene Alkynes: hydrocarbons containing
More informationChapter 12 Alkenes and Alkynes
BR M 102 lass Notes hapter 12 Page 1 of 8 hapter 12 Alkenes and Alkynes * alkenes = double bonds * alkynes triple bonds * aromatics or arenes alternating double and single bonds such as in benzene * saturated
More informationCHEM 261 HOME WORK Lecture Topics: MODULE 1: The Basics: Bonding and Molecular Structure Text Sections (N0 1.9, 9-11) Homework: Chapter 1:
CHEM 261 HOME WORK Lecture Topics: MODULE 1: The Basics: Bonding and Molecular Structure Atomic Structure - Valence Electrons Chemical Bonds: The Octet Rule - Ionic bond - Covalent bond How to write Lewis
More informationStraight. C C bonds are sp 3 hybridized. Butane, C 4 H 10 H 3 C
Hydrocarbons Straight Chain Alkanes aren t Straight C C bonds are sp 3 hybridized Butane, C 4 H 10 Structural Shorthand Explicit hydrogens (those required to complete carbon s valence) are usually left
More informationChapter 2. Alkanes and Cycloalkanes; Conformational and Geometrical Isomerism
Chapter 2 Alkanes and Cycloalkanes; Conformational and Geometrical Isomerism Hydrocarbons are compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen. There are three main classes of hydrocarbons, based on the
More informationCHEMISTRY - TRO 4E CH.21 - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY.
!! www.clutchprep.com TOPI: ORGANI EMISTRY Organic hemistry is the study of carbon and the other common nonmetals it is connected to:,, &. Some organic molecules are made of just carbons and hydrogens
More informationOrganic Chemistry CHEM 30S Learning Booklet
Organic Chemistry CHEM 30S Learning Booklet Name: What is organic chemistry? The word organic has been used widely in food that has been grown without the aid of fertilizers or chemicals enhancements.
More informationOrganic Chemistry CHEM 30S Learning Booklet
Organic Chemistry CHEM 30S Learning Booklet Name: What is organic chemistry? The word organic has been used widely in food that has been grown without the aid of fertilizers or chemicals enhancements.
More informationOrganic Nomenclature
University of Puget Sound Department of Chemistry Chem 111 Spring, 2010 Organic Nomenclature LEARNING GOALS AND ASSESSMENTS 1. Be familiar with the structure and nomenclature of organic compounds. a. Identify
More informationORGANIC CHEMISTRY. Organic molecules are everywhere! The Alkanes (See pages 25-4 and 25-5) Naming Alkanes (See pages 25-7 to 25-10)
RGANI EMISTRY hemistry 11 rganic molecules are everywhere! Some common examples: Sucrose (sugar) Methane (natural gas) Butane (lighter fluid) Plastic Acetic Acid (vinegar) Ethanol (fuel additive) What
More informationUnit 2 Review: Organic Chemistry. 1. Terms for which you should be able to write or apply the definitions:
Unit 2 Review: Organic Chemistry 1. Terms for which you should be able to write or apply the definitions: organic compound aliphatic hydrocarbons saturated miscible functional group aromatic hydrocarbons
More informationORGANIC - BRUICE 8E CH.3 - AN INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
!! www.clutchprep.com CONCEPT: INDEX OF HYDROGEN DEFICIENCY (STRUCTURAL) A saturated molecule is any molecule that has the maximum number of hydrogens possible for its chemical structure. The rule that
More informationSlide 1 / 97. Organic Chemistry: Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life
Slide 1 / 97 Organic Chemistry: Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life Slide 2 / 97 Organic Chemistry Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds Organic compounds range from simple molecules
More informationExplain how the structure and bonding of carbon lead to the diversity and number of organic compounds.
Section 1 Organic ompounds Objectives Explain how the structure and bonding of carbon lead to the diversity and number of organic compounds. ompare the use of molecular and structural formulas to represent
More informationUnit 12: Organic Chemistry
Name Unit 12: Organic Chemistry Skills: 1. Review Properties of Polar/Non Polar Covalent Molecules 2. Identify Properties of Organic Compounds 3. Naming and Drawing Hydrocarbons 4. Saturated and Unsaturated
More informationSome Families of Organic Compounds HL
Name: Organic Chemistry 22. Some Families of Organic Compounds Objectives -define tetrahedral carbon -explain what is meant by the term alcohol -describe the alcohols as a homologous series of organic
More informationMULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Ch16_PT MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) Which type of compound does not contain a carbonyl group? ketone B) aldehyde C) amine D)
More informationunsaturated (one or more pi bonds) alkanes alkenes alkynes benzene naming alkanes C 4 H 10 C 5 H 12 C 6 H 14 C 7 H 16 C 8 H 18 C 9 H 20 C 10 H 22
hapter 4: Alkanes and ycloalkanes [Sections: 4.1-4.14] Basic Organic ompound Nomenclature hydrocarbons: comprised of just carbon and hydrogen saturated (no pi bonds) unsaturated (one or more pi bonds)
More informationSynthesis and Structure of Alcohols Alcohols can be considered organic analogues of water.
Synthesis and Structure of Alcohols Alcohols can be considered organic analogues of water. Alcohols are usually classified as primary, secondary and tertiary. Alcohols with the hydroxyl bound directly
More informationDefinition: A hydrocarbon is an organic compound which consists entirely of hydrogen and carbon.
Hydrocarbons Definition: A hydrocarbon is an organic compound which consists entirely of hydrogen and carbon. It is important to note that carbon atoms have 4 free bonds and that hydrogen has 1 free bond.
More informationMODULE-16 HYDROCARBONS. Hydrocarbons can be classified according to the types of bonds between the carbon atoms:
MODULE-16 YDROARBONS SATURATED AND UNSATURATED YDROARBONS:- ydrocarbons can be classified according to the types of bonds between the carbon atoms: (i) Saturated hydrocarbons have only single bonds between
More information