Organic Chemistry CHEM 30S Learning Booklet

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Organic Chemistry CHEM 30S Learning Booklet"

Transcription

1 Organic Chemistry CHEM 30S Learning Booklet Name:

2 What is organic chemistry? The word organic has been used widely in food that has been grown without the aid of fertilizers or chemicals enhancements. In chemistry, organic compounds are compounds that contain the element carbon. However, not all compounds that contain carbon are organic compounds. Compounds such as carbon oxides, carbides (found mostly as geological rocks), and carbonates are considered inorganic or (non-living). The unique property of carbon being able to form 4 covalent bonds allows carbon to be very versatile. In organic chemistry, carbon is mostly combined with hydrogen (if not bonded with anything else), oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus and the halogens. Biochemical molecules such as carbohydrates, fats such as lipids, and nitrogenous bases (forms DNA) are all organic molecules. The interesting thing about organic chemistry is that the carbon can form from chains of 2 to thousands. It can also form complex ring structures or even cage like structures. Friedrich Wohler The term organic came into use in the early 1700s, and people believed that in order to create organic compounds (compounds that life uses), a vital force must be present. Because it was believed a vital force must be present in order for organic chemicals to form, the organic molecules are only isolated or collected and cannot be synthesized. It was not until Wohler where he disproved of this theory by producing an organic compound by synthesis. Wohler was into synthesizing inorganic compounds until his experiments led him in discovering the possibility of creating organic compounds. Wohler reacted ammonium chloride and silver cyanate in a double displacement reaction hoping to create ammonium cyanate, but instead he created urea, an organic compound found in urine. NH4Cl + AgOCN AgCl + CH4N2O (Urea) By producing urea, he proved that a vital force was not needed to create organic compounds. Start: One of the most basic organic compounds is the hydrocarbons. These are simple aliphatic (long chains) of carbons bonded with hydrogen hence HYDRO-CARBON. Hydrocarbons are non-polar molecules, and insoluble in water. They are flammable in oxygen to form water and carbon dioxide. An example is propane.

3 Molecular Formula Structural Formula Stick Formula Ball and Stick formula CH4 Cannot be drawn Space-filling model Hydrocarbons can be alkanes, alkenes or alkynes, the ending of the name (-ane,-ene,-yne) suggests the type of bonding between the carbon atoms in the chain. Alkanes represents single bonds between the carbon atoms. Alkenes represents a double bond(s) between the carbon atoms. Alkynes represent a triple bond(s) between the carbon atoms. A key to remember is that a carbon can form 4 covalent bonds, so you cannot have more than 4 atoms bonded to 1 single atom. Drawing models to represent organic compounds: (Example Methane) The structural formula is the most used depiction of a formula in organic chemistry. The single dash lines represent single bonds, while 2 dashes represent a double bond and 3 dashes represent a triple bond. The ball

4 and stick model demonstrates the geometry (bonding angles) of the compounds while the space-filling model show a more realistic picture of the molecule. Alkanes: Alkanes are single bonded chains of carbon and hydrogen atoms. In order to name them, a set of rules established by IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) is there to dictate the naming order. Number 1 rule: All alkanes will end with ane as their ending Number 2 rule: The prefixes will depend on the number of carbons there are based on the table below. Example: There are 5 carbons, and they all have single bonds. Thus, Pentane! Example 2: Number of Carbons Prefix Number of Carbons Prefix 1 meth- 6 hex- 2 eth- 7 hept- 3 prop- 8 oct- 4 but- 9 non- 5 pent- 10 dec- Name: Example 3:

5 Name: Example 4: Name: To simplify the drawings without writing out all the C and Hs, the stick model is used. To use the stick model, you draw a straight line, and each END represents a CARBON atom. Hydrogen atoms are not drawn and are assumed to be at all the carbon atoms. Since methane only has 1 carbon, stick model cannot be used. But if we look at ethane, which has 2 carbon atoms, it can be drawn as a straight line. The stick model is often used for longer chains where you have over 2 carbon atoms. STRUCTURAL FORMULA STICK MODEL OF ETHANE Example 5: Something interesting about refining hydrocarbons or separating petroleum Hydrocarbons are obtained from petroleum (a fossile fuel). Unrefined petroleum (raw petroleum) is a thick mixture containing more than a thousand different compounds. In order to make the petroleum useful, it has to be separated into the separate components. Separation is through a processed called Fractional distillation, where the petroleum is boiled and based on the boiling points of the different compounds in the mixture similar components with reasonably similar boiling points are collected. As the molecules are boiled in the

6 chamber, there is a cooling temperature gradient where the smaller molecules condense at lower temperatures. Fractional distillation produces more of the heavier compounds than the lighter ones. Chemists and engineer developed the method of cracking where the larger molecules are broken down into smaller molecules. Alkyl Groups: Straight hydrocarbon chains do not just have a straight line of carbon and hydrogen atoms. Sometimes they will have a branch of another chain that stems from the main chain. These branched single bonded groups are called alkyl groups. The branch will also have single bonds only and the prefix of these groups will still follow

7 the IUPAC naming of the number of carbon atoms (ie. Meth 1 carbon, eth- 2 carbon etc..). However, the suffix or the ending will have yl instead. Methyl Ethyl Pentyl Octyl -CH3 -CH2-CH4 -CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH4 -CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH4 Naming branched-chain alkanes with alkyl groups: Step 1: Count the number of carbon atoms in the longest continuous chain Step 2: Number each carbon in parent chain where the carbon closest to the substituent (alkyl) group is position 1. Step 3: Name each alkyl group substituent by placing the name of the group BEFORE the name of the parent chain. Step 4: If the same alkyl group occurs more than once as a branch on the parent structure, use a prefix (di-, tri-, tetra-, and so on) before its name to indicate how many times it appears. Ex: di-methyl 1,4 for methyl group on carbon 1 and 4 Step 5: When different alkyl groups are attached to the same parent structure, place their names in alphabetical order. Do not consider prefixes when determining order. Step 6: Write the entire name, using hyphens to separate numbers from words and commas to separate numbers. Do not add a space between the substituent name and the name of the parent chain. WOW Example 1: Count the number of carbons in the longest continuous chain. Thus, this is a HEPTANE Now, add the substituents, we have 3 substituents, 1 ethyl, and 2 methyl groups.

8 We need to name them with the smallest carbon atom position as possible. If we were to start from the left side, the groups would be 4 and 6 not 2 and 4. Now, since we have 2 methyl groups, we need the prefix di- to indicate 2 methyls. Ethyl is on the 4 th carbon so we put 4- in front of ethyl. Finally, include the parent chain, Example 2: The brackets represent branched substituents. Expand it! 4-ethyl-2,2-dimethyl 4-ethyl-2,2-dimethylheptane (notice no spaces) CH3CH(CH3)CH2CH(CH3)CH3 Count the longest carbon chain: PENTANE! Final name: 2,4-dimethylpentane Number the carbons

9 Example 3: Answer: 3,3,5-trimethyloctane Example 4: Answer: 3-methyl-4ethylheptane

10 Cyclohexane Due to the unique properties of carbon atoms, numerous varieties of organic compounds can exist. Carbon atoms not only can form aliphatic short or long chains but can also form ring structures called cyclic hydrocarbon. The prefix cyclo- is used with the hydrocarbon name. Thus, cyclic hydrocarbons containing only single bonds are called cycloalkanes. Cycloalkanes can have rings of 3, 4, 5, 6 or more carbon atoms, but more commonly cyclohexane is found. Structure of cyclohexane: Or commonly written as Naming cycloalkanes with substituents: Example: name the structure on the right. 1. Count the number of carbons and determine the kind of cyclohexane. In this case, it is a cyclohexane. 2. Number the ring, starting from one of the methyl groups. Find the numbering that gives the lowest possible set of numbers for the branches. 3. Name the substituents. All three are methyl groups 4. Add prefixes, since there are three methyls, we need tri- 5. Arrange in alphabetical order (cannot be done for this structure) 6. Put the name together Example 2: 1,2,4-trimethylcyclohexane 1. Count the number of carbons. It is a cyclohexane 2. Number the carbons. 3. Name the substituents. There are 2 methyl and 1 ethyl group 4. Add prefixes. So dimethyl 5. Arrange in alphabetical order. 4-ethyl-1,2-dimethyl 6. Finally, 4-ethyl-1,2-dimethylcyclohexane

11 Alkenes and alkynes Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons because there is a double bond between 2 of the carbons in the carbon chain. A double bond is drawn as C=C where two pairs of electrons are shared. Due to the two pairs of electrons sharing, there is only 1 hydrogen atom in each of the carbon atoms instead of two found in single bonded carbon chains. The formula for alkenes is C nh2n where n is the number of carbons in the chain. Naming alkenes: The steps are similar to alkanes except now you will need to identify where the double bond is in the carbon chain. Example: Name the structure CH2=CHCH2CH2CH3 1. Expand the structure. 2. Number the carbon chains starting from the side where the double bond is closest. 3. Thus, the compound is 1-pentene. Example 2: CH3CH=CHCH2CH3 1. The example is similar to example 1 except the double bond is now on the 2nd carbon. Thus, 2-pentene. Example 3: 1. Expand - This is done 2. Number the carbons from the carbon that is closest to the double bond Name the substituent. Here we have a methyl group on carbon #4 5. Therefore, 4-methyl-2-pentene.

12 Example 4: CH3CH2CH(CH3)CH=C(C2H5)CH2CH3 1. Expand 2. Find the longest carbon chain with the double bond. 3. Name the substituents. We have 1 methyl group on carbon 5 We have 1 ethyl group on carbon 3 4. Arrange in alphabetical order 5. Therefore, 3-ethyl-5-methyl-3-heptene Alkynes: ****Check for HYPHENS (between numbers and letters) and COMMAS (between numbers)**** Alkynes are also unsaturated hydrocarbons (does not have all single bonds). In alkynes, there is at least a triple bond between two carbon atoms. To denote a triple bond, C C is used. The general molecular formula for alkynes is CnH2n-2 where n is the number of carbons. These standard formulas will help you understand the number of carbons found in these hydrocarbons without counting them one by one. Naming alkynes is similar to alkenes but instead of using ene as the ending, the ending yne is used. Example: Name CH3 C C CH2 CH3 1. Number the carbons pentyne

13 Example 2: Name: HC CCH2C(C2H5)2CH2C(CH3)CH(CH3)CH3 1. Expand 2. Find the longest carbon chain with the triple bond 3. There are 4 substituent groups, 2 ethyl groups and 2 methyl groups 4. Use prefixes for the two ethyl groups and arrange them in alphabetical order 5. 4,4-diethyl-6,7-dimethyl 6. Put it all together: 4,4-diethyl-6,7dimethyl-1-octyne Example 1: Draw the structural formula for 1-butyne. 1. The prefix but- is for 4 carbon chain. 2. The suffix -yne is for alkynes 3. The 1 indicates the triple bond is on the 1 carbon. 4. Thus, HC C CH2 CH3 Example 2: Draw the structural formula for 2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-3-hexyne.

14 Answer: or CH3C(CH3)2C CC(CH3)2CH3 Hydrocarbon isomers Isomers are when two or more compounds have the same molecular formula but different molecular structures. It can be broken down further into different classes of isomers. We will focus on structural isomers and stereoisomers. Structural isomers are when the compounds have the same chemical formula, but their atoms are bonded in different arrangements. Analyze the diagram on the right, and you can see that both of the compounds have the same number of carbon atoms and hydrogen atoms, but the double bond is different. The change in the structure will play a role in the properties of the compound despite having the same formula. Butane 2-methylpropane Stereoisomers are isomers where all atoms are bonded in the same order but are arranged differently in space. The diagram on the right shows that the methyl groups can either be on the same side (cis) or across from (trans) from

15 each other. The bonds must be double bonds since it restricts the rotation of the bonds. The different arrangements can play a enormous role in biology such as drug effects. Drawing structural isomers When constructing or drawing structural isomers, it is a good idea to draw out all the carbon atoms without the hydrogen atoms first. After the carbon atoms have been drawn, rearrange the carbon atoms until you have found all the different combinations with the same molecular formula. Example 1. Draw and name 2 structural isomers of pentane, not including pentane. Step 1: Write the chemical formula Pentane is a 5-carbon alkane, so its molecular formula is C5H12. CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH3 Step 2: Draw different arrangements of carbons. We can start by taking one carbon off the end and making it a branch. Remember, we are just drawing the carbons. Then name it. One way is there are still 5 carbon atoms but now it is no longer a pentane. This is ok. 2- methylbutane. If we move the carbon to the next carbon atom, it is still the same as the one above. would not work. So, this Try taking another carbon atom from the end and attaching it to the internal carbon atoms. This will give 2,2-dimethylpropane. Therefore, there are 2 structural isomers.

16 Naming Cis and trans stereoisomers: 1. The longest carbon chain for the diagram on the right is 5, thus, pentane. 2. Because it has a double bond, the rotation of the methyl and ethyl group is restricted, thus, an stereoisomer. 3. For the cis the methyl and ethyl groups are on the same side, while the methyl and ethyl groups are across from each other for the trans. The 2-pentene is still the same between both of them, now we just have two new words (cis, and trans) to indicate where they are located. Example 1: Name both of the following: and 1. Both of them have 4 carbon atoms as their main chain, thus a butene. 2. The double bond is on the 2 nd carbon, thus, 2-butene. 3. The first one has the ends on opposite sides, while the second one has their ends on the same side. Therefore, trans-2-butene and cis-2-butene. Example 2: Name both of the following: 1. The longest carbon chain is 6 for both, thus a hexene. 2. The double bond is on carbon 3

17 3. Both of them have their methyl group on carbon 4 but the first one is trans, while the second one is cis st one is trans-3-methyl-3-hexene and the second one is cis-3-methyl-3-hexene. Aromatic hydrocarbons Aromatic hydrocarbons are unsaturated (contains at least a double or triple bond). Aromatic hydrocarbons are unusually stable compounds with ring structures in which electrons are shared by many atoms. Aromatic hydrocarbons are associated with the basic structure of benzene where it is a 6 carbon ring with double bonds. The molecular formula for benzene is C6H6. Aromatic hydrocarbons can give off wonderful odours such as cinnamon, wintergreen, vanilla etc The structure of Benzene or The stick structure can also be drawn as indicating an equal sharing of electrons around all the carbons. One unique feature of benzene is that experiments have indicated that the double bonds found in benzene isn t entirely double bonds but halfway between a single and double bond. Functional groups Now we will focus on the various derivatives that can be included in addition of hydrocarbons. These functional groups can replace one or more hydrogen atoms with another non-hydrocarbon group. These

18 functional groups are the ones that define alcohol, carboxylic acids, esters and many others. We will focus on alcohols, carboxylic acids and esters. Alcohols The functional group for alcohol is OH or the hydroxyl group. The functional group of alcohol defines what an alcohol is, thus, all alcohols whether methanol, propanol or ethanol, have the functional group OH in the carbon chain. The general formula for alcohol is R-OH, where R is the carbon chain. Naming alcohols: Step 1: Identify the parent chain and replace the -e with ol Step 2: Number the carbons so the carbon containing the hydroxyl group has the lowest number. Step 3: Name any substituent groups (alkyl) based on alphabetical order Example 1: CH3CH2OH 1. It has an OH, therefore it is an alcohol 2. There are 2 carbons, so it is an ethane 3. There are not other groups to add so we will skip step 3 4. The name is ethanol Example 2: 1. It has an OH so it is an alcohol 2. It has 5 carbons as the longest chain, so it is a pentane 3. Number the carbons with the OH as the lowest carbon atom 4. Name any other alkyl group, in this case, the methyl group on carbon 4

19 5. 4-methyl-2-pentanol Practice CH3CH(CH3)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH(OH)CH3 Draw the structural formula for each of the following. a) 3-ethyl-3-methyl-1-hexanol b) b) 2,3-dimethyl-2-butanol c) c) 3,3,4,5-tetramethyl-2-heptanol

20 Carboxylic acids Carboyxlic acids contain the carboxyl functional group, -COOH. The COOH is actually the condensed version of and are soluble in water.. Small carboyxlic acids molecules are very polar Naming carboxylic acids Similar to alcohol, there are some common names. When naming carboxylic acids, replace the e with oic acid. Numbering the carbon chain always begins with the carbon containing the carboxyl group, but because the functional group is attached to the carbon, we do not write the 1 for the functional group. Example 1 1. There are two carbons, thus it will start with ethan- 2. Add oic acid at the end to make ethanoic acid, or commonly known as acetic acid. Example 2 CH3CH(CH3)CH2CH2COOH or 1. There are 5 carbons in the longest chain.

21 2. There is a methyl group on carbon 4, so it will be 4-methylpentanoic acid. Esters Esters are the result of a reaction between and organic acid and alcohol. The acid and alcohol are heated in the presence of a catalyst, usually concentrated sulfuric acid to dehydrate the reaction. Esters usually give off a variety of scents. In the reaction, the OH from carboxylic acid combines with the H from the alcohol to form water. Thus, the basic formula for esters is R-COO-R Naming esters When naming esters, the alkyl group joined to the single bonded oxygen is named first, replacing the ol (of alcohol) with yl. In a separate word, the acid is named with oic acid ending to oate. Example 1:

22 or CH3COOCH2CH2CH3 1. This compound has R-COO R so it is an ester. 2. In the alcohol (the one with the single oxygen), used to be propanol, so we will change the propanol to propyl. 3. The acid has 2 carbons, so it was ethanoic acid, now we change it to ethanoate. 4. Finally, it is propyl ethanoate. Example 2: 1. It is an ester because it is separated by a COO 2. On the alcohol side, there are 4 carbons, so it will be butyl (changing from butanol to butyl) 3. On the acid side, there are 6 carbons, so it will be hexanoate (changing from hexanoic acid to hexanoate). 4. Finally, it will be butyl hexanoate. Interesting facts Ethyl butanoate smells like pineapple, while pentyl ethanoate smells like bananas and octyl ethanoate smells like oranges. Break down summary: Organic Chemistry Alkanes Alcohol Functional Aliphatic Carboxylic Alkenes Naming Isomers groups chains Esters Alkynes acid Hydrocarbon chains Benzene Aromatic

23 Number of Carbons Name of Alkane Molecular Formula Structural Formula Condensed Structural Formula 1 2 Practic e Day 1 Exercise: 1. Complete the chart below

24 The first 10 alkanes above follow a particular general formula. Write the general formula below? What do the symbols in the formula tell you (i.e. what do they mean?)

25 3. What would be the molecular formulas for a 14-carbon alkane, a 100-carbon alkane, and a 50-carbon alkane? 4. Are any of the alkanes in your chart considered unsaturated (containing at least one double or triple bond)? Why or Why not? 5. List the prefixes used to name alkanes from 1 carbon to 10 carbons? 6. What is organic chemistry? 7. Draw out the various models in how a molecule can be expressed. Day 2 Exercise

26

27

28 Day 2 Homework Exercise

29 Draw out the following structures by using the stick model: 1. 4-ethyl-octane 2. 2-methyl-nonane 3. 2-ethyl-2-methyl-butane 4. 2,2,3-trimethyl-butane 5. 3-ethyl-2,2-dimethyl-hexane 6. 2,3,4,5,6,7-hexamethyl-nonane 7. 3-ethyl-pentane 8. 2-butyl-3-ethyl-4-methyl-hexane

30 Day 4 Naming Alkenes

31

32 Day 4 homework Naming alkynes

33

34 Day 5 In class assignment 1. Explain the process of refining hydrocarbons from petroleum. What is fractional distillation? 2. Draw the following structures a. Propane b. Nonane c. 2,2-dimethypentane d. methylcyclohexane e. 3-ethyl-2,4-dimethylpentane f. ethylcyclohexane

35 g. 2,3-dimethyl-1-pentene h. 2-methyl-1-butene i. 1,3-dimethylcyclobutane j. 3,4-dimethyl-3-pentyne k. 1-ethyl-2,3-dimethyl-5-nonyne Name the following structures:

36 Day 5 Homework:

37 2,2,3-trimethylbutane 3-ethyl-3-methyl-1-pentyne 2,3-dimethyl-2-butene Day 6 Exercise:

38

39 CH3CH2CH2OH HOCH2(CH2)2CH3 CH3CHOOH HCOOHCH2CH3 2-methyl-2-butanol 2,3,4-trimethyl-1-pentanol 3-ethly-2,4-dimethyl-1-hexanol 3,3-diethyl-2-hexanol

40 2,3-dimethyl-butanoic acid 2-methyl-propanoic acid Day 7 Naming esters

41

42 Remaining days: Organic review Draw the molecule for the following organic compounds in the space provided. (a) 2,2 dimethylbutanoic acid (b) 4-methyl-3-hexanol (c) 2-methyl-3-hexyne (d) 2,3,3-trimethyl-pentane 1. Which of the following are structural isomers of hexane? Name or draw the following: CH2=CHCH2CH2OH

43 Methyl propanoate Ethanoic acid

44 2-methylbutanoic acid

Organic Chemistry CHEM 30S Learning Booklet

Organic Chemistry CHEM 30S Learning Booklet Organic Chemistry CHEM 30S Learning Booklet Name: What is organic chemistry? The word organic has been used widely in food that has been grown without the aid of fertilizers or chemicals enhancements.

More information

Unit 5: Organic Chemistry

Unit 5: Organic Chemistry Unit 5: Organic Chemistry Organic chemistry: discipline in chemistry focussing strictly on the study of hydrocarbons compounds made up of carbon & hydrogen Organic compounds can contain other elements

More information

Organic Chemistry. A. Introduction

Organic Chemistry. A. Introduction Organic Chemistry A. Introduction 1. Organic chemistry is defined as the chemistry of CARBON compounds. There are a huge number of organic compounds. This results from the fact that carbon forms chains

More information

Hydrocarbons. Chapter 22-23

Hydrocarbons. Chapter 22-23 Chapter 22-23 Hydrocarbons Organic Compounds All Carbon containing compounds Except carbon oxides, carbides, and carbonates which are inorganic. CO & CO2 Na4C CaCO3 +8 oxidation change CH 4 + O 2 CO 2

More information

Objectives. Organic molecules. Carbon. Hydrocarbon Properties. Organic Chemistry Introduction. Organic versus Hydrocarbon 1/1/17

Objectives. Organic molecules. Carbon. Hydrocarbon Properties. Organic Chemistry Introduction. Organic versus Hydrocarbon 1/1/17 Objectives Organic Chemistry Introduction 8.1 To determine the properties of organic molecules and recognize a hydrocarbon. Use table P and Q to write structural and molecular formulas for hydrocarbons.

More information

Organic Chemistry. February 18, 2014

Organic Chemistry. February 18, 2014 Organic Chemistry February 18, 2014 What does organic mean? Organic Describes products Grown through natural biological process Without synthetic materials In the 18 th century Produced by a living system

More information

Organic Chemistry. Introduction to Organic Chemistry 01/03/2018. Organic Chemistry

Organic Chemistry. Introduction to Organic Chemistry 01/03/2018. Organic Chemistry Organic Chemistry Chemistry 30 Ms. Hayduk Introduction to Organic Chemistry https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i9r1dmhh2m0 Organic Chemistry Study of compounds that contain carbon as the main element Relevant

More information

National 5 Chemistry. Unit 2 Nature s Chemistry Summary Notes

National 5 Chemistry. Unit 2 Nature s Chemistry Summary Notes National 5 Chemistry Unit 2 Nature s Chemistry Summary Notes Success Criteria I am confident that I understand this and I can apply this to problems? I have some understanding but I need to revise this

More information

FAMILIES of ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

FAMILIES of ORGANIC COMPOUNDS 1 SCH4U October 2016 Organic Chemistry Chemistry of compounds that contain carbon (except: CO, CO 2, HCN, CO 3 - ) Carbon is covalently bonded to another carbon, hydrogen and possibly to oxygen, a halogen

More information

Organic Chemistry. FAMILIES of ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

Organic Chemistry. FAMILIES of ORGANIC COMPOUNDS 1 SCH4U September 2017 Organic Chemistry Is the chemistry of compounds that contain carbon (except: CO, CO 2, HCN, CO 3 2- ) Carbon is covalently bonded to another carbon, hydrogen and possibly to oxygen,

More information

BRCC CHM 102 Class Notes Chapter 11 Page 1 of 9

BRCC CHM 102 Class Notes Chapter 11 Page 1 of 9 BRCC CHM 102 Class Notes Chapter 11 Page 1 of 9 Chapter 11 Alkanes and Cycloalkanes hydrocarbons compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen * 4 families: 1) alkanes only single bonds (includes cycloalkanes)

More information

Chapter 22. Organic and Biological Molecules

Chapter 22. Organic and Biological Molecules Chapter 22 Organic and Biological Molecules The Bonding of Carbon Organic chemistry is the chemistry of compounds containing carbon. Because carbon can form single, double, and triple bonds, the following

More information

Chapter 21: Hydrocarbons Section 21.3 Alkenes and Alkynes

Chapter 21: Hydrocarbons Section 21.3 Alkenes and Alkynes Section 21.1 Introduction to Hydrocarbons Section 1 Objectives: Explain the terms organic compound and organic chemistry. Section 21.2 Alkanes Chapter 21: Hydrocarbons Section 21.3 Alkenes and Alkynes

More information

Chemistry 20 Chapters 2 Alkanes

Chemistry 20 Chapters 2 Alkanes Chemistry 20 Chapters 2 Alkanes ydrocarbons: a large family of organic compounds and they contain only carbon and hydrogen. ydrocarbons are divided into two groups: 1. Saturated hydrocarbon: a hydrocarbon

More information

A. They all have a benzene ring structure in the molecule. B. They all have the same molecular formula. C. They all have carbon and hydrogen only

A. They all have a benzene ring structure in the molecule. B. They all have the same molecular formula. C. They all have carbon and hydrogen only Ch 21 G12 CoreI- Choose the best answer, then transfer your answers to page (1) [32 marks; 2 each] 1. What characteristic do all aromatic hydrocarbons share? A. They all have a benzene ring structure in

More information

Functional Groups. Functional groups: special groups of atoms attached to a hydrocarbon skeleton; the most common sites of chemical reactivity.

Functional Groups. Functional groups: special groups of atoms attached to a hydrocarbon skeleton; the most common sites of chemical reactivity. Functional Groups Functional groups: special groups of atoms attached to a hydrocarbon skeleton; the most common sites of chemical reactivity. Organic halides: a hydrogen is replaced by a halogen fluoro-,

More information

Organic Chemistry Notes. Chapter 23

Organic Chemistry Notes. Chapter 23 Organic Chemistry Notes Chapter 23 What is so special about carbon? Carbon has 4 valence electrons so carbon will always form 4 covalent bonds The simplest organic compound is a hydrocarbon Hydrocarbon

More information

Unit 12 Organic Chemistry

Unit 12 Organic Chemistry Unit 12 Organic Chemistry Day 138 5/5/14 QOD: What is Organic Chemistry? Do Now: True or false? 1. Electrochemical cells generate electricity. 2. Electrons flow from left to right in a battery. 3. Redox

More information

Unit 3- Organic Chemistry

Unit 3- Organic Chemistry ` Unit 3- Organic Chemistry Lesson 1 Introduction to Organic Chemistry Feb 15 8:58 PM 1 Your First Mission Drawing upon your own chemical knowledge and everyday life, come up with the names of five compounds

More information

Hydrocarbons and their Functional Groups

Hydrocarbons and their Functional Groups Hydrocarbons and their Functional Groups Organic chemistry is the study of compounds in which carbon is the principal element. carbon atoms form four bonds long chains, rings, spheres, sheets, and tubes

More information

Naming for Chem 201 CH 4

Naming for Chem 201 CH 4 Naming for Chem 201 Functional groups are referred to as such because they function or react differently and give the molecule different properties. Here s a list of the groups you need to be able to name

More information

NAME PER DATE DUE ACTIVE LEARNING IN CHEMISTRY EDUCATION CHAPTER 25 INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIC COMPOUNDS. (Part 1) , A.J.

NAME PER DATE DUE ACTIVE LEARNING IN CHEMISTRY EDUCATION CHAPTER 25 INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIC COMPOUNDS. (Part 1) , A.J. NAME PER DATE DUE ACTIVE LEARNING IN CHEMISTRY EDUCATION CHAPTER 25 INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (Part 1) 25-1 1997, A.J. Girondi NOTICE OF RIGHTS All rights reserved. No part of this document may

More information

Chapter 11. Introduction to Organic Chemistry

Chapter 11. Introduction to Organic Chemistry hapter 11 Introduction to rganic hemistry Properties of arbon and its compounds 2 Properties of arbon and its compounds 3 Properties of arbon and its compounds 4 Properties of arbon and its compounds 5

More information

Organic Chemistry - Introduction

Organic Chemistry - Introduction It s All About Carbon! Unit 15: Organic Chemistry Lesson 15.1: Hydrocarbons Organic Chemistry - Introduction Organic chemistry is the study of compounds containing carbon. Animals, plants, and other forms

More information

HONORS: Naming Organic Compounds

HONORS: Naming Organic Compounds HONORS: Naming Organic Compounds Organic chemistry centers around the element carbon. Hydrocarbons (compounds made of the elements hydrogen and carbon are the basic building foundation of organic chemistry.

More information

Alkanes 3/27/17. Hydrocarbons: Compounds made of hydrogen and carbon only. Aliphatic (means fat ) - Open chain Aromatic - ring. Alkane Alkene Alkyne

Alkanes 3/27/17. Hydrocarbons: Compounds made of hydrogen and carbon only. Aliphatic (means fat ) - Open chain Aromatic - ring. Alkane Alkene Alkyne Alkanes EQ 1. How will I define Hydrocarbons? 2. Compare and contrast the 3 types of hydrocarbons (Alkanes, alkenes, alkynes). Hydrocarbons: Compounds made of hydrogen and carbon only. Aliphatic (means

More information

Chemistry B11 Chapters Alkanes, Alkenes, Alkynes and Benzene

Chemistry B11 Chapters Alkanes, Alkenes, Alkynes and Benzene Chapters 10-11 Alkanes, Alkenes, Alkynes and Benzene Organic compounds: organic chemistry is the chemistry of carbon and only a few other elements-chiefly, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, halogens,

More information

Carbon Bonding Isomers Naming Reference Tables Functional Groups. Reactions

Carbon Bonding Isomers Naming Reference Tables Functional Groups. Reactions arbon Bonding Isomers Naming Reference Tables Functional Groups 2 Reactions Not electrolytes; they do not generally conduct electricity. Low melting points; they are nonpolar with weak forces of attraction.

More information

12.01 Organic Chemistry

12.01 Organic Chemistry 12.01 rganic hemistry hemistry of arbon An Introduction to nomenclatures, structures and reactions Dr. Fred mega Garces hemistry 100 Miramar ollege 1 rganic hemistry What is rganic hemistry? rganic hemistry:

More information

Basic Organic Chemistry Nomenclature CHEM 104 B

Basic Organic Chemistry Nomenclature CHEM 104 B Basic Organic Chemistry Nomenclature CHEM 104 B I have gone ahead and compiled all of the basic naming rules that we will be dealing with into one worksheet. I hope this will be helpful to you as you work

More information

CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 OH

CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 OH 03SEP 18:00 19:00 ORGANIC MOLECULES STUDY NOTES ORGANIC MOLECULES Important features of Carbon Carbon has a valency of 4 (can form 4 bonds), and has 4 valence electrons (outermost energy level). Carbon

More information

Unit 2, Lesson 01: Introduction to Organic Chemistry and Hydrocarbons

Unit 2, Lesson 01: Introduction to Organic Chemistry and Hydrocarbons Unit 2, Lesson 01: Introduction to Organic Chemistry and Hydrocarbons Organic Chemistry: is the branch of chemistry that deals with carbon-based covalent compounds. living organisms are made up of a huge

More information

Alkanes and Cycloalkanes

Alkanes and Cycloalkanes Alkanes and Cycloalkanes Families of Organic Compounds Organic compounds can be grouped into families by their common structural features We shall survey the nature of the compounds in a tour of the families

More information

Name Date Class HYDROCARBONS

Name Date Class HYDROCARBONS 22.1 HYDROCARBONS Section Review Objectives Describe the relationship between number of valence electrons and bonding in carbon Define and describe alkanes Relate the polarity of hydrocarbons to their

More information

The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry has developed a system of rules for naming organic molecules.

The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry has developed a system of rules for naming organic molecules. HYDRCARBNS AND THEIR DERIVATIVES The field of organic chemistry includes the study of hydrocarbons (compounds composed of carbon and hydrogen atoms covalently bonded together) and their derivatives (variations

More information

CHEMISTRY Matter and Change

CHEMISTRY Matter and Change CHEMISTRY Matter and Change CHAPTER 21 Table Of Contents Section Section Chapter 21: Hydrocarbons Section 21.3 Alkenes and Alkynes Section Section 21.5 Aromatic Hydrocarbons Explainthe terms organic compound

More information

Chem 1075 Chapter 19 Organic Chemistry Lecture Outline

Chem 1075 Chapter 19 Organic Chemistry Lecture Outline Chem 1075 Chapter 19 Organic Chemistry Lecture Outline Slide 2 Introduction Organic chemistry is the study of and its compounds. The major sources of carbon are the fossil fuels: petroleum, natural gas,

More information

Alkenes. Alkenes are unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons.

Alkenes. Alkenes are unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons. Alkenes Alkenes Each member contains one double covalent bond between two C atoms. Draw condensed structural formulas of first three members of alkenes family. Alkenes are unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons.

More information

Chemistry 11 Hydrocarbon Alkane Notes. In this unit, we will be primarily focusing on the chemistry of carbon compounds, also known as.

Chemistry 11 Hydrocarbon Alkane Notes. In this unit, we will be primarily focusing on the chemistry of carbon compounds, also known as. 1 Chemistry 11 Hydrocarbon Alkane Notes In this unit, we will be primarily focusing on the chemistry of carbon compounds, also known as. Why is organic chemistry so important? Many of the compounds that

More information

Alkanes and Cycloalkanes

Alkanes and Cycloalkanes Chapter 3 Alkanes and Cycloalkanes Two types Saturated hydrocarbons Unsaturated hydrocarbons 3.1 Alkanes Also referred as aliphatic hydrocarbons General formula: CnH2n+2 (straight chain) and CnH2n (cyclic)

More information

Introduction to Organic Chemistry: Hydrocarbons

Introduction to Organic Chemistry: Hydrocarbons Introduction to Organic Chemistry: Hydrocarbons Chapter 12 Chapter 12 12.1 Organic Compounds 12.2 Alkanes 12.3 Alkanes with Substituents 12.4 Properties of Alkanes 12.5 Alkenes and Alkynes 12.6 Cis-Trans

More information

Organic Compounds. Introduction to Organic Chemistry: Hydrocarbons. also contain other nonmetals such as oxygen, nitrogen,

Organic Compounds. Introduction to Organic Chemistry: Hydrocarbons. also contain other nonmetals such as oxygen, nitrogen, Introduction to Organic Chemistry: Hydrocarbons Chapter 12 12.1 Organic Compounds Identify properties characteristic of organic or inorganic compounds. Chapter 12 12.1 Organic Compounds 12.2 Alkanes 12.3

More information

Organic Chemistry. Organic chemistry is the chemistry of compounds containing carbon.

Organic Chemistry. Organic chemistry is the chemistry of compounds containing carbon. Organic Chemistry Organic Chemistry Organic chemistry is the chemistry of compounds containing carbon. In this chapter we will discuss the structural features of organic molecules, nomenclature, and a

More information

Practice Packet Unit 11: Organic Chemistry

Practice Packet Unit 11: Organic Chemistry Regents Chemistry: Mr. Palermo Practice Packet Unit 11: Organic Chemistry www.mrpalermo.com 1 LESSON 1: Introduction to Organic Chemistry 1. How many times does carbon bond and why? 2. A student investigated

More information

Organic Chemistry. Nomenclature: Alkanes

Organic Chemistry. Nomenclature: Alkanes Organic Chemistry Nomenclature: Alkanes Alkanes Hydrocarbon chains where all the bonds between carbons are SINGLE bonds Name uses the ending ane Examples: Methane, Propane, Butane, Octane, 2-methylpentane

More information

Unit 9. Organic compounds

Unit 9. Organic compounds Unit 9. Organic compounds Index 1.- How to Name Organic Compounds...2 2.- Types of Compounds...3 Exercises...6 Practice exam...9 Page 1 of 11 The IUPAC Naming (nomenclature) System 1.- How to Name Organic

More information

2. Large biomolecules ( ) can be constructed!

2. Large biomolecules ( ) can be constructed! Ch. 22 Organic Chemistry I. The chemistry of II. Carbon can bond with up to four other atoms 1. Because of this, many combinations can occur. 2. Large biomolecules ( ) can be constructed! III. Properties

More information

AP Chemistry Chapter 22 - Organic and Biological Molecules

AP Chemistry Chapter 22 - Organic and Biological Molecules AP Chemistry Chapter - Organic and Biological Molecules.1 Alkanes: Saturated Hydrocarbons A. Straight-chain Hydrocarbons 1. Straight-chain alkanes have the formula C n H n+. Carbons are sp hybridized The

More information

Lab Workshop 1: Nomenclature of alkane and cycloalkanes

Lab Workshop 1: Nomenclature of alkane and cycloalkanes Lab Workshop 1: Nomenclature of alkane and cycloalkanes Each student work group choose a Leader (reads activity out loud, poses questions to group), Facilitator (makes sure everyone is participating equally,

More information

Summary Chapter 13-14

Summary Chapter 13-14 Summary Chapter 1-1 Nomenclature 1 prefix + + prefix,- dimethyl 1,5- First give locajon and type of subsjtuents Second give locajon of double bond How many carbons in longest chain? How many of the funcjonal

More information

4.1.1 Organic: Basic Concepts

4.1.1 Organic: Basic Concepts .. rganic: Basic oncepts ydrocarbon is a compound consisting of hydrogen and carbon only Basic definitions to know Saturated: ontain single carbon-carbon bonds only Unsaturated : ontains a = double bond

More information

Unit 7 ~ Learning Guide Name:

Unit 7 ~ Learning Guide Name: Unit 7 ~ Learning Guide : Instructions: Using a pencil, complete the following notes as you work through the related lessons. Show ALL work as is explained in the lessons. You are required to have this

More information

4.1.1 Organic: Basic Concepts

4.1.1 Organic: Basic Concepts .. rganic: Basic oncepts ydrocarbon is a compound consisting of hydrogen and carbon only Basic definitions to know Saturated: ontain single carbon-carbon bonds only Unsaturated : ontains a = double bond

More information

Chapter 12 Alkanes Based on Material Prepared by Andrea D. Leonard University of Louisiana at Lafayette

Chapter 12 Alkanes Based on Material Prepared by Andrea D. Leonard University of Louisiana at Lafayette Chapter 12 Alkanes Based on Material Prepared by Andrea D. Leonard University of Louisiana at Lafayette Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1 Introduction

More information

Unit 14: Organic Chemistry REGENTS CHEMISTRY

Unit 14: Organic Chemistry REGENTS CHEMISTRY REGENTS CHEMISTRY 1 Organic compounds contain carbon atoms which bond to one another in chains, rings, and networks to form a variety of structures. Organic compounds can be named using the IUPAC system.

More information

Chapter 22 Hydrocarbon Compounds

Chapter 22 Hydrocarbon Compounds Chapter 22 Hydrocarbon Compounds 1 ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Organic compounds are carbon compounds and there are over a million. The simplest organic compounds are hydrocarbons and they are composed of hydrogen

More information

Unit 3 Organic Chemistry. Chemistry 2202

Unit 3 Organic Chemistry. Chemistry 2202 Unit 3 Organic hemistry hemistry 2202 Introduction Organic hemistry is the study of the molecular compounds of carbon. eg. 4 3 O 3 N 2 Organic compounds exclude oxides of carbon and ions containing carbon.

More information

# C Name Structural Diagram The simplest hydrocarbon has one carbon atom.

# C Name Structural Diagram The simplest hydrocarbon has one carbon atom. Organic Chem Class notes name: 1. is the first atom of organic chemistry. 2. Carbon can make bonds to other carbon atoms. 3. There are metals in organic chem 4. Count out loud to ten in organic prefixes

More information

3. Organic Compounds: Alkanes and Cycloalkanes

3. Organic Compounds: Alkanes and Cycloalkanes 3. Organic Compounds: Alkanes and Cycloalkanes Based on McMurry s Organic Chemistry, 6 th edition, Chapter 3 2003 Ronald Kluger Department of Chemistry University of Toronto 1 Families of Organic Compounds!

More information

HYDROCARBON COMPOUNDS

HYDROCARBON COMPOUNDS YDROARBON OMPOUNDS hapter Quiz lassify each of these statements as always true, AT; sometimes true, ST; or never true, NT. 1. ydrocarbons are unsaturated. 22.2 2. The IUPA name for 3(2)33 is butane. 22.1

More information

UNIT (7) ORGANIC COMPOUNDS: HYDROCARBONS

UNIT (7) ORGANIC COMPOUNDS: HYDROCARBONS UNIT (7) RGANI MPUNDS: YDRARBNS rganic chemistry is the study carbon containing compounds. 7.1 Bonding in rganic ompounds rganic compounds are made up of only a few elements and the bonding is almost entirely

More information

Alkanes, Alkenes and Alkynes

Alkanes, Alkenes and Alkynes Alkanes, Alkenes and Alkynes Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbons generally fall into 2 general groupings, aliphatic hydrocarbons and aromatic hydrocarbons. Aliphatic hydrocarbons contain chains and rings of hydrocarbons,

More information

QuickTime and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Organic Chemistry. QuickTime and a are needed to see this picture.

QuickTime and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Organic Chemistry. QuickTime and a are needed to see this picture. QuickTime and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Organic Chemistry QuickTime and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Organic Chemistry Has

More information

Topic 10.1: Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry Notes

Topic 10.1: Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry Notes Topic 10.1: Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry Notes Terminology Hydrocarbon: compounds that contain mostly hydrogen and carbon Homologous Series: compounds with the same general formula Molecular Formula:

More information

Basic Organic Nomenclature Packet Chemistry Level II

Basic Organic Nomenclature Packet Chemistry Level II Basic Organic Nomenclature Packet Chemistry Level II Name: Period: Use this packet and your book to answer the questions throughout this packet. Organic Nomenclature - Alkanes, Alkenes, Alkynes Naming

More information

Nomenclature of Organic Compounds Identification of Functional Groups

Nomenclature of Organic Compounds Identification of Functional Groups Hydrocarbons Nomenclature of Organic ompounds Identification of Functional Groups Alkanes - also known as saturated hydrocarbons or the paraffin series because all bond sites between carbon atoms and between

More information

ORGANIC MOLECULES (LIVE) 10 APRIL 2015 Section A: Summary Notes and Examples Naming and Functional Groups

ORGANIC MOLECULES (LIVE) 10 APRIL 2015 Section A: Summary Notes and Examples Naming and Functional Groups ORGANIC MOLECULES (LIVE) 10 APRIL 2015 Section A: Summary Notes and Examples Naming and Functional Groups Important Features of Carbon There are different allotropes (same element, same phase, different

More information

Chapter 15 Answers to Questions

Chapter 15 Answers to Questions Chapter 15 Answers to Questions 1. Structural formulas show all the covalent bonds between atoms. In condensed formulas, the lines depicting carbon-hydrogen bonds are removed. 2. Space-filling models provide

More information

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY. Classification of organic compounds

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY. Classification of organic compounds ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Organic chemistry is very important branch of chemistry and it study the compounds which contain carbon (C) and hydrogen (H), in general, and may contains other atoms such as oxygen (O),

More information

Alkanes and Cycloalkanes

Alkanes and Cycloalkanes Alkanes and Cycloalkanes Alkanes molecules consisting of carbons and hydrogens in the following ratio: C n H 2n+2 Therefore, an alkane having 4 carbons would have 2(4) + 2 hydrogens, which equals 10 hydrogens.

More information

Getting Started. IUPAC Nomenclature. Basic Part - Suffixes. The Three Basic Parts. Parent and suffix. Basic Part the Parent 2/12/14 CH 4

Getting Started. IUPAC Nomenclature. Basic Part - Suffixes. The Three Basic Parts. Parent and suffix. Basic Part the Parent 2/12/14 CH 4 Getting Started IUPAC Nomenclature Naming Molecules by Following the Rules You first have to identify the family that your molecule belongs to So, check for functional groups If there are none, then your

More information

Organic Chemistry. Dr. Catherine Tan. (IGCSE Chemistry Syllabus )

Organic Chemistry. Dr. Catherine Tan. (IGCSE Chemistry Syllabus ) Organic Chemistry (IGCSE Chemistry Syllabus 2016-2018) Number of carbon(s) Root Alkanes Alkenes Alcohols Carboxylic acids 1 Meth- Methane Methene Methanol Methanoic acid 2 Eth- Ethane Ethene Ethanol Ethanoic

More information

Chemistry 131 Lectures 3: The Shapes of Organic Molecules, Naming Alkanes Sections in McMurry, Ballantie, et. al.

Chemistry 131 Lectures 3: The Shapes of Organic Molecules, Naming Alkanes Sections in McMurry, Ballantie, et. al. Chemistry 131 Lectures 3: The Shapes of Organic Molecules, Naming Alkanes Sections 12.5 12.6 in McMurry, Ballantie, et. al. 7 th edition HW #1: 12.30, 12.32, 12.34, 12.44, 12.48, 12.52, 12.64, 12.66, 12.68,

More information

HYDROCARBONS ALKANES

HYDROCARBONS ALKANES SCH4U1 OC01 HYDROCARBONS Name: Date: Certain organic compounds contain only two elements - hydrogen and carbon. These are known as hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbons are divided into two main classes - aliphatics

More information

Chemistry 11. Organic Chemistry

Chemistry 11. Organic Chemistry hemistry 11 _ Organic hemistry Name: Block: 8.1 Simple ydrocarbons and somerism Warm Up 1. Draw the Lewis dot structure for carbon. 2. ow many valence electrons does a carbon atom have? 3. lassify the

More information

Organic Chemistry 17.1

Organic Chemistry 17.1 Organic Chemistry 17.1 Introduction to Organic Compounds Naming Alkanes Isomers of Alkanes Naming Cycloalkanes What are Organic Compounds? (1807) The term organic compound originated Meant compounds derived

More information

Chemistry 2202 Unit 3 Test Section 1 &

Chemistry 2202 Unit 3 Test Section 1 & Chemistry 2202 Unit 2 Test 2 Section 1 & 2 Page 1 of 6 Chemistry 2202 Unit 3 Test Section 1 & 2-2006 Part 1 Multiple Choice: Complete using the answer form on page 4. (20 points) 1. What is the main idea

More information

1.8. Organic Chemistry. Practice Exam Organic Chem. System LENGTH: VOLUME MASS Temperature. 1 gal = 4 qt. 1 lb = 16 oz.

1.8. Organic Chemistry. Practice Exam Organic Chem. System LENGTH: VOLUME MASS Temperature. 1 gal = 4 qt. 1 lb = 16 oz. rganic hemistry Practice Exam rganic hem Name (last) (First) Read all questions before you start. Show all work and explain your answers to receive full credit. Report all numerical answers to the proper

More information

National 5 Chemistry

National 5 Chemistry DUNCANRIG SECONDARY SCHOOL CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT National 5 Chemistry Unit 2 Nature s Chemistry Key Facts and Theory Hydrocarbons, Homologous Series, Alcohols, Carboxylic Acids, and Energy from fuels May

More information

3.1 Introduction to Organic Chemistry

3.1 Introduction to Organic Chemistry 3.1 Introduction to Organic hemistry Organic hemistry is the study of carbon chemistry as carbon has the ability to join together in chains, rings, balls etc. arbon also joins with other elements easily

More information

Summary Chapter General, Organic, & Biological Chemistry Janice Gorzynski Smith

Summary Chapter General, Organic, & Biological Chemistry Janice Gorzynski Smith Summary Chapter 11-12 General, Organic, & Biological Chemistry Janice Gorzynski Smith Organic Chem Review: Valence Electrons Example: Determine the valence electrons of Selenium (Se): 1. Find Se on the

More information

General Chemistry Unit 7A ( )

General Chemistry Unit 7A ( ) Organic Chemistry Allotropes Isomers Hydrocarbons o Alkanes o Alkenes o Alkynes o Aromatics Alkyl Halides General Chemistry Unit 7A (2017-2018) 1 2 3 4 Parent Chain: Methane Ethane CH4 C2H6 Propane C3H8

More information

Naming Organic Compounds: Alkanes

Naming Organic Compounds: Alkanes Naming Organic Compounds: Alkanes Chemical nomenclature assigns compounds a unique name that allows them to be easily identified and structurally understood. The International Union of Pure and Applied

More information

APPENDIX 1 INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

APPENDIX 1 INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIC CHEMISTRY APPENDIX 1 INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIC CHEMISTRY For most courses, organic chemistry is a Semester 2 topic and generally presupposes little previous knowledge. However, reference is frequently made to organic

More information

Drawing Hydrocarbons. Classifying Hydrocarbons. Four types of diagrams can be used to represent the structure of a hydrocarbon: e.g.

Drawing Hydrocarbons. Classifying Hydrocarbons. Four types of diagrams can be used to represent the structure of a hydrocarbon: e.g. Classifying Hydrocarbons alkanes- single C-C bonds, if all C s have H s attached, molecules are called hydrocarbons alkenes- have one or more C=C bonds alkynes- have one or more CΞC bonds alkenes & alkynes

More information

Chapter 22. Organic and Biological Molecules

Chapter 22. Organic and Biological Molecules hapter 22 Organic and Biological Molecules hapter 22 Preview Organic and Biological Molecules Alkanes: Saturated ydrocarbons Isomerism, Nomenclature, Reactions of alkanes, yclic alkanes Alkenes, Alkynes,

More information

Packet 11 Unit 7 Chapters 22 & 23 Lessons 62 67

Packet 11 Unit 7 Chapters 22 & 23 Lessons 62 67 Lesson Topic Chapter Sections Assignment Material 62 7 22 22.1 & 22.3 WorksheetLesson64 (Includesbookquestions) Worksheets29-4through29-7 (Classify& name) 63 7 22 22.2-22.4 Q 13, 14, 15, 26, 28, 29, 30,

More information

MOLECULER MODELS/ISOMERS ORGANIC STRUCTURES AND NAMING

MOLECULER MODELS/ISOMERS ORGANIC STRUCTURES AND NAMING REVISED 10/14 EMISTRY 1101L MOLEULER MODELS/ISOMERS ORGANI STRUTURES AND NAMING NOTE: This lab does not require safety glasses or lab coats. INTRODUTION Electron Dot Structures: Electron dot structures,

More information

Organic Chemistry Worksheets

Organic Chemistry Worksheets Highlight the single longest, continuous carbon-carbon chain. Note the alkyl branches that are connected to the root chain. Count the carbons in the root chain, starting from the end closest to the alkyl

More information

3.1 Organic: Basic Concepts

3.1 Organic: Basic Concepts . rganic: Basic oncepts ydrocarbon is a compound consisting of hydrogen and carbon only Basic definitions to know Saturated: ontain single carbon-carbon bonds only Unsaturated : ontains a = double bond

More information

Page 1. Name: 1) What element is present in all organic compounds? A) hydrogen B) nitrogen

Page 1. Name: 1) What element is present in all organic compounds? A) hydrogen B) nitrogen Name: 1) What element is present in all organic compounds? A) hydrogen B) nitrogen C) carbon D) oxygen 2) A molecule of a compound contains a total of 10 hydrogen atoms and has the general formula C n

More information

MODULE-16 HYDROCARBONS. Hydrocarbons can be classified according to the types of bonds between the carbon atoms:

MODULE-16 HYDROCARBONS. Hydrocarbons can be classified according to the types of bonds between the carbon atoms: MODULE-16 YDROARBONS SATURATED AND UNSATURATED YDROARBONS:- ydrocarbons can be classified according to the types of bonds between the carbon atoms: (i) Saturated hydrocarbons have only single bonds between

More information

Explain how the structure and bonding of carbon lead to the diversity and number of organic compounds.

Explain how the structure and bonding of carbon lead to the diversity and number of organic compounds. Section 1 Organic ompounds Objectives Explain how the structure and bonding of carbon lead to the diversity and number of organic compounds. ompare the use of molecular and structural formulas to represent

More information

Organic Chemistry is the chemistry of compounds containing.

Organic Chemistry is the chemistry of compounds containing. Chapter 21 Lecture Notes Organic Chemistry Intro Organic Chemistry is the chemistry of compounds containing. The Bonding of Carbon Because carbon has four valence electrons, it can form covalent bonds.

More information

CfE Chemistry. Nature s Chemistry. Alkanes, Alkenes and Cycloalkanes

CfE Chemistry. Nature s Chemistry. Alkanes, Alkenes and Cycloalkanes fe hemistry Nature s hemistry Alkanes, Alkenes and ycloalkanes ovalent Bonding The hydrogen and carbon in hydrocarbons are bonded covalently. A covalent bond is formed between non metal atoms. These atoms

More information

Chapter 20 (part 2) Organic Chemistry

Chapter 20 (part 2) Organic Chemistry Chapter 20 (part 2) Organic Chemistry Section 20.7 Alkenes and Alkynes Alkenes: hydrocarbons that contain a carbon carbon double bond. [C n H 2n ] CH 3 CH=CH 2 propene Alkynes: hydrocarbons containing

More information

Classifying Hydrocarbons

Classifying Hydrocarbons Classifying Hydrocarbons alkanes- single C-C bonds, if all C s have H s attached, molecules are called saturated hydrocarbons alkenes- have one or more C=C double bonds alkynes- have one or more CΞC triple

More information

We refer to alkanes as hydrocarbons because they contain only C (carbon) and H(hydrogen) atoms. Since alkanes are the major components of petroleum

We refer to alkanes as hydrocarbons because they contain only C (carbon) and H(hydrogen) atoms. Since alkanes are the major components of petroleum د.لمى سامي احمد كيمياء عضوية كورس اول المرحلة الثانية Alkanes We refer to alkanes as hydrocarbons because they contain only C (carbon) and H(hydrogen) atoms. Since alkanes are the major components of petroleum

More information

CHEM 203 Exam 1. Name Multiple Choice Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

CHEM 203 Exam 1. Name Multiple Choice Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. CHEM 203 Exam 1 Name Multiple Choice Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. Which of the following elements is a large percentage of both the earth's

More information

5.3 Systematic Nomenclature of Alkanes. Focus On. The Energy Content of Fuels

5.3 Systematic Nomenclature of Alkanes. Focus On. The Energy Content of Fuels 146 CHAPTER 5 FUNCTIONAL GROUPS AND NOMENCLATURE I Furthermore, the task of learning all these prefixes would be daunting indeed. Decane has 75 isomers! Obviously, a systematic nomenclature is needed.

More information