Course Book of Properties of Oil

Transcription

1 Course Book of Properties of Oil By Mr. Brosk Frya Ali Zangana Assistant Lecturer Faculty of Engineering Koya University BSc. Fuel and Energy Engineering Kirkuk/ Iraq MSc. Environmental and Energy Engineering Sheffield/ UK Properties of oil Mr. Brosk F. A. Zangana 1

2 Table of Contents Coordinator and Lecturer of the course... 3 Course Overview... 4 Course ObjectivesSyllabus... 4 Syllabus... 5 Topics covered... 6 Sample of Examination Student Feedback Properties of oil Mr. Brosk F. A. Zangana 2

3 Coordinator and Lecturer of the course Course name: Properties of Oil Lecturer of the course: Mr. Brosk Frya Ali Zangana University: Koya Faculty: Engineering Department: Petroleum Engineering address: Course coordinator: address: Mr. Pshtiwan Tahsin Mohammed Jaf Course website: Properties of oil Mr. Brosk F. A. Zangana 3

4 Course Overview Petroleum is a complex mixture containing thousands of different organic hydrocarbon molecules (83-87) % Carbon, (11-15) % Hydrogen, and (1-6) % Sulfur. Our modern technological society relies very heavily on fossil fuels as an important source of energy. Crude oil is produced from the deep underground reservoir and must undergo a series of refining processes which converts it into a variety of products - petrol for cars, fuel oil for heating, diesel fuels for transportation means, bitumen for roads. This being the case, this course is aimed Course at students objectives of petroleum engineering, namely, second year, and it is designed to provide them with an understanding of the crude oil and its origins and how it can classified to its original bases (paraffinic base, naphthenic base or aromatic base) and some related topics such as classification of crude oil and studying its physical properties on laboratorial base (e.g. water content, flash point and fire point, smoke point & etc. Course Objectives During the properties of oil course students will be introduced to the origin of oil, theories of formation oil and gas, how oil forms, crude oil chemistry and composition; hydrocarbons and non-hydrocarbons, classification of crude oil according to type and also by some characterization methods and laboratorial experiments for physical properties of crude oil or its derivatives, for example API degree, water content, flash point and fire point etc. In addition, it is important to study the physical and chemical properties of the petroleum products, which is necessary for an understanding of the need for the various refinery processes. Properties of oil Mr. Brosk F. A. Zangana 4

5 Syllabus Weeks Contents Origin of oil: Introduction, Theories of formation oil and gas, Inorganic theories, Organic theories Crude oil chemistry and composition, General composition of petroleum, Hydrocarbons: Alcanes ( paraffin), Cycloalcanes, Alcanes, Arenes or Aromatics, Alkynes, Cycloalkaneo arenes Non hydrocarbons: Sulphur compound, Nitrogen compound, Oxygen compound, Metallic compound Refinery Products: Introduction, Distillation tower, Basic arrangement of towers Classification of crude oils: Class. According to typed compound, Class. According to correlation index (CI), The IFP specific gravity method of classification of crude oil. Classification of laboratory test & physical properties of crude oil: Volatility, Combustion, Viscosity, Melting point, Oxidation, Corrosion and protection Classification of laboratory test & physical properties of crude oil: API Gravity and Specific Gravity, Reid Vapor Pressure, ASTM Distillation, Flash point and Fire point, Slat Content, The weight percentage of sulfur content, Pour point and Cloud point, Ash Content Classification of laboratory test & physical properties of crude oil: Sediments and water content, Self Ignition point, Thermal decomposition point, Viscosity, The Carbon residue, The acidity, Octane number, Cetane number, Aniline point Properties of oil Mr. Brosk F. A. Zangana 5

6 Lecture no. 1 Original of Oil Topics covered Overview Petroleum, derivative, means rock oil it is a natural organic material composed principally of hydrocarbons which occur in the gaseous or liquid state in geological traps. The liquid part obtained after removal of dissolved gas in commonly referred to as crude petroleum or crude oil or simply crude. [1] The occurrence of crude oil without gas is rare. On the contrary, largest deposits of gas occur without oil, such as Sind (Pakistan), PO (Italy) and Siberia (Russia). Oil is usually associated with gas in varying proportions known as gas/oil ratio depending upon its chemical nature and physical conditions of its occurrence like trap (natural barriers that prevent further flow of oil), depth and temperature. Presence of gas in oil makes oil mobile and easily recoverable. [1] Theories of formation oil and gas There are two theories of the geneses of petroleum:- the organic theories and Non organic theories. The non-organic theory that was much prevalent earlier suggests that oil is formed by the action of water on metallic carbides or by atmospheric radioactivity or by cosmic radiation. The organic theory, which is most prevalent today, suggests that the petroleum formed from remains of plants and animals that died millions of years ago and accumulated on ocean floors. [1] Ref. [1] Petroluem Refinery Technology and economic /2nd edition James H.Gary, Glenn E.Handwerk Example of Examination 1- What are the theories of formation of oil? Properties of oil Mr. Brosk F. A. Zangana 6

7 Lecture no.2 Crude oil chemistry and composition, General composition of petroleum, Hydrocarbons: Overview This lecture includes study the composition of crude oil then studies the physical and chemical properties of hydrocarbons that include alkanes, alkenes and alkynes Compounds. Introduction The crude oil mixture is composed of the following groups:- Hydrocarbon compounds ( Compound made of carbon and hydrogen) Non-hydrocarbon compounds( Sulfur, oxygen, nitrogen) Organometallic compounds and in organic salts ( metallic Compounds such as V, NI, Na, Fe, pb, AS). Hydrocarbons The Principle substitutes of most crude oils are hydrocarbons compounds. All hydrocarbon classes are present in the crude mixture, except alkenes and alkynes. On the basis of structure, hydrocarbons are divided into main classes as follow:- [2] Hydrocarbons acyclic cyclic unsaturated saturated unsaturated saturated aromatic Alkanes Cycloalkenes Or Cyclopolyenes Cycloalkanes Benzen eene Polyenes Alkynes Alkenes A family of organic chemicals is known as a homogenous series. Members of a homogenous series have similar structures and have graded physical properties which differ from one another according to the number of carbon atoms in the structure. Properties of oil Mr. Brosk F. A. Zangana 7

8 Alkanes The homogenous series of hydrocarbons designated by the name alkanes has the general formula C n H 2n+2. Compounds of this family sometimes are called saturated hydrocarbons. These alkanes also are called Paraffin [3] Physical and chemical properties of Alkanes The 1 st four alkanes are gases at normal temperature and pressure. The next 13, pentane through heptadecane are liquid. Alkanes containing 18 or more carbon atoms are solid at normal temperature and pressure. Difference in structure cause differences in intermolecular forces. Thus there are differences in boiling point and melting point between isomers of any particular alkane. An increase in branching cause a decrease in intermolecular attraction, which results in a lower boiling point and lower melting point. Chemically, alkane are particularly un reaction. The strong single bonds between carbon and hydrogen and between carbon and carbon are attacked only by very strong reactions at ordinary temperatures. [3] The reaction of an alkane with O 2 occurs during the combustion in an engine on furnace when alkane is used as a fuel. Carbon dioxide and water are formed as products, and a large amount of the heat is released, for example methane ( natural gas) reacts with oxygen according to the equation:-[3] CH 4 + 2O 2 CO 2 + 2H 2 O + 890kj (213kcal.) Alkenes The homogenous series known as alkenes is also called unsaturated hydrocarbons 0r olefins. The general formula for the alkenes family is C n H 2n.The distinguishing feature of the alkenes structure is the carbon carbon double bound which, as we have discussed previously, is four electrons from each of two carbon atom.[3] Physical and chemical Properties of Alkenes:- Alkenes, because of their double bonds, are more reactive than alkanes. Most alkenes reactions involve the elimination of the double bond and the formation of two strong single bonds.[3] Alkadienes, Alkatrienes, and Alkatetraenes Many hydrocarbons compounds contain two or more double bounds. These are known a Alkadienes, Alkatrienes, and Alkatetraenes, with the suffix denoting the number of the double bonds The location of double bond is specified by appropriate numbers as illustrated below:- CH 2 C CH CH 3 CH 2 CH CH CH 2 1, 2-butadiene 1, 3-butadiene Properties of oil Mr. Brosk F. A. Zangana 8

9 These Compounds are known as diolefins, triolefins, etc. The general formula of diolefins is C n H 2n-2. Chemically, these compounds are as reactive as alkenes.[3] Alkynes The distinguishing feature of the alkyne structure is the carbon-carbon triple bond. The general formula for the alkynes is C n H 2n-2 which is the same as the genral formula for the dienes. However, alkynes and diolefines have different functional groups and hence different properties.[3] Physical and Chemical Properties Chemically the alkynes have physical like the alkenes. Both families are much more reactive than alkenes. However, for reasons that are not fully understood, the carboncarbon triple bond is less reactive than the carbon-carbon double bond toward some reactants and is more reactive toward other reactants. As with alkenes, most chemical reactions of alkynes involve the elimination of the triple in favor of a double and single bonds. The first four are gases and the next four (C 5 to C 8 ) are liquid and the other are solid at normal pressure and temperature. [3] Ref [1] Petroluem Refinery Technology and economic /2nd edition James H.Gary, Glenn E.Handwerk [3] Physical Chemistry Example of Examination 1- n-butane have higher boiling point than iso-butan? True or false, correct if false 2-2- An increase the branching of alkanes compound cause a decrease , which results in a and Sketch the structural composition of hydrocarbons? Lecture no.3 Crude oil chemistry and composition, General composition of petroleum, Hydrocarbons: Overview This lecture includes study the physical and chemical properties another types of hydrocarbons like Polyenes Or Cyclopolenes, Cycloalkanes, Cycloalkenes and Cycloalkadienes and Aromatic Compounds. Polyenes Or Cyclopolenes The properties of polymers determine whether they can be used as a plastic, a fiber, an elastomer, an adhesive, or a paint. Important physical properties include the density, melt flow index, crystallinity, and average molecular weight. Properties of oil Mr. Brosk F. A. Zangana 9

10 Mechanical properties of a polymer, such as modulus (the ratio of stress to strain), elasticity, and breaking strength, essentially follow from the physical properties.[4] Cycloaliphatic Hydrocarbons In many hydrocarbon compounds the carbon atoms are arranged in rings. These are called cyclic compounds. This section considers cycloalkanes and cycloalkenes.[3] Cycloalkanes The cycloalkanes also are known as naphthenes, cycloparaffins, or alicyclic hydrocarbons. Naphthenes have saturated rings. The general formula for the ring with out substituents is C n H 2n.This is the same general formula for the alkene series. The most common cycloalkanes are cyclohexane and cyclopentane.[3] CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 Physical and Chemical Properties Unlike most homologous series, the different members of the cycloparaffins family exhibit different chemical reactivity depending on the on the angle between carboncarbon bond [3] Condensed Rings Cycloparaffins can have more than one rings sharing carbon atoms. These are called condensed rings. One common compound of this type is bicyclic bicyclohexane Cycloalkenes and Cycloalkadienes Organic Compounds in which the carbon atoms are bonded together to form a ring with one or two double bonds present in the are known as cycloalkenes and cycloalkadienes. These hydrocarbons are named by prefixing cyclo-to the names of corresponding openchain hydrocarbons have the same number of carbon atoms and the same number of double bond. The carbon atoms in the ring are numbered so a double bond is considered to occupy position 1 and 2 [3] Aromatic Compounds The simplest mononuclear aromatic compound is benzene (C 6 H 6 ). Toluene (C 7 H 8 ) and xylene (C 8 H 10 ) and also called (BTX) compound. Properties of oil Mr. Brosk F. A. Zangana 11

11 Separating BTX aromatics from crude oil distillates is not feasible because they are present in low concentrations. Enriching a naphtha fraction with these aromatics is possible through a catalytic reforming process. Binuclear aromatic hydrocarbons are found in heavier fractions than naphtha. Trinuclear and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, in combination with heterocyclic compounds, are major constituents of heavy crudes and crude residues.[5 Cycloalkanoromatics Many of the large molecules found in petroleum are condensed rings consisting of cycloparaffins and aromatics, these compound are called cycloalkanoaromatics or naphtheno-aromatic. The two smallest compound of this class are lindane and (tetralin) Lindane tetralin Compounds of this type often have a paraffinic component CH 3 Methyl fluorene CH 3 methylcyclopentanophenanthrene Properties of oil Mr. Brosk F. A. Zangana 11

12 Other Organic Compounds Bellow a list of these families along with the functional groups which characterize the families. Table (2-6) Structural of some organic compounds Class name Functional group Simple example Name Alcohol OH OH Cyclobutanol Ether O CH 3 O CH 2CH 3 Methyl ethyl ether Cl Halide ( F,Br,Cl,I ) Cyclopentyl chloride Aldehyde C H O CH 3CH 2CHO Propioaldyhide Ketone Carboxylic acid Amine Nitro component O C O CH 2-butabone 3CCH 2CH 3 O C CH 3CH 2CH 2CH 2COOH n-pentanoic acid OH CH NH 3NH 2 Methyl amine 2 O N NO 2 2-nitropropane O CH 3CHCH 3 Nitrile C N CH 3CN Acetonitrile Organometalic C metal CH3CH2CH2CH 2 Li n-butyllithium Ref. [3] Ref. [3] physical Chemistry [4] Rodriguez, F., Principles of Polymer Systems, 3rd Ed., Hemisphere Publishing Corp., New York, 1989, p [5] Petroleum Refining,Technology and Economics,Fourt Edition,James H. Gary Colorado School of Mines Golden, Colorado,Glenn E. Handwerk Consulting Chemical Engineer Golden, Colorado Example of Examination 1- Condensed aromatic have a general formula Define the following; Cycloalkanoromatics, Condensed Rings Lecture no. 4 & 5 Non hydrocarbons compounds Overview This lecture includes study the physical and chemical properties of the second type composition of crude oil, which is non-hydrocarbon compound (organic sulfur, nitrogen, and oxygen compounds), and the third type (metallic compound). Properties of oil Mr. Brosk F. A. Zangana 12

13 Non-hydrocarbon compound The most important of Various types of non-hydrocarbon compounds occur in crude oils and refinery streams are the organic sulfur, nitrogen, and oxygen compounds Sulfur compounds The quantity of sulfur increase as the density of the crude increased and it has a very bad effect thus the refiner must remove or destroy the sulfur compounds in the crude oil. The sulfur can exist in the following forms: Ref. [5] 1- Hydrogen sulfide, 2- Mercaptans, 3- Alkyl Sulfide 4- Other sulfur Compounds Sulfur can also be present in complex ring structure found in crude oils. The sulfur atoms can either be a part of the ring or to be attached to the ring. These molecules are usually very large, containing 30 or more carbon atoms S S S S CH 3 Thiocyclohexane thiobenzene dibenzothiophene methylbenzothiophene Oxygen Compounds Oxygen compounds in crude oils are more complex than the sulfur types. Their presence in petroleum streams is not poisonous to processing catalysts. There are two types of oxygen compounds that found in crude oil as the following 1- Acidic oxygen compound ( carboxylic acids, cresylic acid, phenol, and naphthenic acid. Naphthenic acids are mainly cyclopentane and cyclohexane.) 2- Non acidic oxygen compounds (esters, ketones, and amides are less abundant than acidic compounds) Ref [5] Nitrogen Compounds Organic nitrogen compounds occur in crude oils either in a simple heterocyclic form as in pyridine (C 5 H 5 N) and pyrrole (C 4 H 5 N), or in a complex structure as in porphyrin. The nitrogen content in most crudes is very low and does not exceed 0.1 wt%. In some heavy crudes, however, the nitrogen content may reach up to 0.9 wt %. Nitrogen compounds are more thermally stable than sulfur compounds and accordingly are concentrated in heavier petroleum fractions and residues. Light petroleum streams may contain trace amounts of nitrogen compounds, which should be removed because they poison many processing catalysts. Nitrogen compounds in crudes may generally be classified into basic compounds are mainly those having a pyridine ring and non-basic compounds have a pyrrole structure Ref [5] Properties of oil Mr. Brosk F. A. Zangana 13

14 Metallic Compounds Many metals occur in crude oils and they are sodium, calcium, magnesium, aluminium, iron, vanadium, and nickel They are present either as inorganic salts, such as sodium and magnesium chlorides, or in the form of organometallic compounds, such as those of nickel and vanadium (as in porphyrins). Calcium and magnesium can form salts or soaps with carboxylic acids. Although metals in crude are found in trace amounts, their presence is harmful and should be removed. Ref [5] Ref [5] Petroleum Refining,Technology and Economics,Fourt Edition,James H. Gary Colorado School of Mines Golden, Colorado,Glenn E. Handwerk Consulting Chemical Engineer Golden, Colorado Example of Examination 1- What are types of Oxygen compounds in crude oil? 2- During hydrotreatment of petroleum fraction, pyridine is denitrogenated to and Lecture no. 6 Refinery Products Overview This lecture includes study the physical and chemical properties of refinery product from crude oil that distillate in distillation tower as petroleum gas, naphtha and gasoline and the major uses of these component. 1-Petroleum gas (low-boiling products) The classification low-boiling products encompass the compounds which are in the gas phase at ambient temperatures and pressures: methane, ethane, propane, butane, and the corresponding olefins. Used for heating, cooking, making plastics. It is small alkanes (1 to 4 carbon atoms) ( C 1 -C 4 ). Commonly known by the names methane, ethane, propane, butane. The boiling point range 104 F ( 40 C). Often liquefied under pressure to create LPG (liquefied petroleum gas). Ref [5] 2- Naphtha:-It is a generic given to light hydrocarbons boiling in the gasoline range. mix of (5 to 9 carbon atom alkanes) (C 5 -C 9 ) Naphthas are usually classified as light, intermediate and heavy naphthas. If the naphtha fraction boils below 100 C, it is classified as light naphtha. Heavy naphtha boils above 150 C. For intermediate naphtha the boiling range lies between 100 C and150 C. [6] The major end-uses of naphthas are listed in table 4-1 Properties of oil Mr. Brosk F. A. Zangana 14

15 Tabe (4-1) Major end- uses of Naphthas Type of naphtha Light naphtha Intermediate naphtha Heavy naptha Ref. [1] End- uses a- Gas making gasoline b-special gasoline a-aviation gasoline b-motor gasoline c- Marine gasoline d- Commercial solvent- Rubber, lacquer and pesticide diluens e-benzene-high octane gasoline component, solvent petrochemical manufacture f-xaylene- High octane gasoline component, lacquer and enamels, chemical intermediate g-toluene- Solvent, high octane gasoline component, chemical intermediate, explosive h- Olefins and diolefins i- Ammonia production a- VM&P(Varnish manufacture and paints) naphtha b- Thinner for paints, varnishes, lacquers c-standard solvent Special solvent for dry cleaning trade d- Mineral spirits- Thinner for paints and varnishes, turpentine substitute. 3. Gasoline:-It is call motor fuel or patrol and it is employ in spark-ignition engines. It is a light distillate and consists of the fractions within the boiling point range (40 C to 205 C) Mix of alkanes ( normal and iso paraffins), cycloparaffins and aromatics that they consist (5 to 12 carbon atoms) as show in the table (4-2) [6] Ref [1] Petroluem Refinery Technology and economic /2nd edition James H.Gary, Glenn E.Handwerk [5] Petroleum Refining,Technology and Economics,Fourt Edition,James H. Gary Colorado School of Mines Golden, Colorado,Glenn E. Handwerk Consulting Chemical Engineer Golden, Colorado [6] Petroleum Refinery Engineering /Fourth edition (W.L.Nelson) Example of Examination 1- In one of uses of heavy naphtha are Gasoline fraction is mix. Of alkanes (normal and iso paraffins), cycloparaffins and aromatics, True or false? Correct if false Properties of oil Mr. Brosk F. A. Zangana 15

16 Lecture no. 7 Refinery Products Overview This lecture includes study the physical and chemical properties of refinery product from crude oil that distillate in distillation tower as Kerosene, Gas oil or diesel oil, Lubricating oil, Heavy gas or fuel oil, Residuals, Petroleum wax, Betumen, Asphelt and the major uses of these component. 4- Kerosene :- It is used as domestic fuel. it is used for cooking and lighting. Kerosene are distillate fraction of crude oil and it cannot be burning in the liquid state. It has to be in the form of vapor and mixed with the oxygen in the air in the correct ratio to form a combustible ratio. Boiling point range ( 150 C to 250 C) Various type of hydrocarbons present in kerosene are:-(paraffins, naphthenes, aromatics and non- hydrocarbons compounds containing sulphur, oxygen and metals Carbon number of the hydrocarbons present varies from(10 to 14) For the same carbon number, paraffins have the least tendency towards smoke formation and aromatics the greatest. Nephthenes are intermediate between the other two so hence a good quality kerosene must contain a sufficiently high proportion of paraffinic hydrocarbons relative to aromatics [6] 5. Gas oil or diesel oil Gas oil ( high speed oil(hsd)) is widely used in diesel engines for automotive purposes, as in buses, lorries, diesel locomotives, while the diesel distillate used for stationary and marine diesel engines as installed in ships or used for electricity generation. Boiling point range (250 C to 350 C) The hydrocarbonspresent in the diesel fuels include paraffins, naphthenes, olefins, and aromatics Carbon number of these fuels range from 12 to 18 Diesel fuel can contain both saturated and straight or unbranched chain unsaturated hydrocarbons, but the latter are not present in large enough amounts to make fuel oxidation a problem The aromatics that are present generally are oxidation resistant [6] 6. Lubricating oil Used for motor oil, grease, other lubricants Boiling point range ( 300 C to 370 C) The hydrocarbons present in the lubricating oil include paraffins, naphthenes and aromatics Carbon number of these fuels range from 20 to 50 [6] 7. Heavy gas or fuel oil: Fuel oil are essentially made up of remaining from atmospheric, vacuum distillation and conversation processes after the removal of the lighter hydrocarbons. Fuel oils used in industrial furnace and boilers. Properties of oil Mr. Brosk F. A. Zangana 16

17 Boiling point range ( 370 C to 600 C) The hydrocarbons present in the fuel oil include paraffins, naphthenes and aromatics Carbon number of these fuels range from 20 to 70 [6] 8. Residuals consist of wax, coke, asphalt, tar 1.Petroleum wax i. These are hydrocarbons waxes and consist of normal and iso-paraffins and alkylated naphthenes range of C 18 -C 70 ii. The commercial petroleum waxes can be broadly classified as paraffin waxes, microcrystalline wax and petrolatum(vaseline) Ref [6]. 2. Betumen:- is a viscous liquid or a soild consisting essentially hydrocarbons and their derivatives which is soluble in carbon disulphide. It is substantially non-voatile and softens gradually when heated. It is black or black brown in color and possesses waterproofing and adhesive properties. [6] 3.Asphelt:- Is a combination of bitumen and mineral matter [6] Ref [6] Petroleum Refinery Engineering /Fourth edition (W.L.Nelson) Example of Examination 1- Define the asphalt? 2- The boiling point of gas oil is large than the boiling point of kerosene?, True or false? Correct if false Lecture no. 8 & 9 Classification of Crude oil Overview This lecture include study the methods of classification of crude oil by several methods (e.g. Correlation Index) to the original base which classified as Paraffinic base, Naphthenic, Intermediate base and Aromatic base. Introduction Crude oils which on distillation yield residues containing paraffin waxes are called paraffinic crude. If the residues on atmospheric distillation of crude oil contain asphaltic material, the crude oil are classified as aromatic base. Many crude on atmospheric distillation yield residue contain both paraffin waxes and aromatic material, these termed as intermediate base crude Naphthenic base crude are those crude whose residue on atmospheric distillation contain aromatic material with small amount of paraffin wax. [6] Properties of oil Mr. Brosk F. A. Zangana 17

18 Classification of crude oil by Correlation Index Correlation Index The correlation index (CI) developed by US Bureau of mines, is given by the following empirical: CI 473.7G T B Where T B is the average boiling point, K determined by the standard Bureau of mine as distillation method and G is the specific gravity at ( 60/60) F or ( 15.6/15.6) C CI values of petroleum fraction between (0-15) indicate that the components of the fraction are paraffinic in nature, CI values between 15 and 50 indicate a predominance either of naphthenes or mix of paraffins, naphthenes and aromatics in petroleum fraction. CI values above 50 indicate a predominance of aromatics in the fraction Example BPD of crude oil have the given TBP data is available from box type furnace at 650 ºF and to be produced in an atmospheric distillation column Where spg at 45 ºC equal to 0.75 TBP (ºC) Vol. distillate Classify the crude oil according to API degree using The Correlation index Solution CI 473.7G T B Where T B = K sp. gr. at (15.6 C) CI 473.7* CI values between 15 and 50 indicate a predominance either of naphthenes or mix of paraffins, naphthenes and aromatics in petroleum fraction The IFP specific gravity method of classification of crude oil Ref [6] Petroleum Refinery Engineering /Fourth edition (W.L.Nelson) Properties of oil Mr. Brosk F. A. Zangana 18

19 Example of Examination BPD of crude oil have the given TBP data is available from box type Furnace at 600 ºF and to be produced in an atmospheric distillation column Where spg at 20 ºC equal to 0.88 TBP (ºC) Vol. distillate Classify the crude oil according to API degree using The Correlation index Lecture no.10 & 11 Classification of laboratory test & physical properties of crude oil: Volatility, Combustion, Viscosity, Melting point, Oxidation, Corrosion and protection Lecture no.12 & 13 Classification of laboratory test & physical properties of crude oil Overview This lecture include study the physical properties of crude oil and its derivatives by some of laboratory tests such as API Gravity and Specific Gravity, Reid Vapor Pressure, ASTM Distillation, Flash point and Fire point, etc. So the laboratory tests can be site as the following; 1. API Gravity and Specific Gravity 2. Reid Vapor Pressure 3. ASTM Distillation 4. Flash point and Fire point 5. Salt Content 6. The weight percentage of sulfur content 7. Pour point and Cloud point. 8. Ash Content Ref [5] Petroleum Refining,Technology and Economics,Fourt Edition,James H. Gary Colorado School of Mines Golden, Colorado,Glenn E. Handwerk Consulting Chemical Engineer Golden, Colorado Example of Examination 1- Closed Penesk-Maertens test is use to determine flash point for heavy cuts? True or false? Correct if false 2- Ried vapor pressure test is important with respect to , , Properties of oil Mr. Brosk F. A. Zangana 19

20 Lecture no.14 & 15 Classification of laboratory test & physical properties of crude oil Overview 9. Sediments and water content 10. Self Ignition point 11. Thermal decomposition point 12. Viscosity Viscosity:-It is a very important of physical properties for attentive petroleum, especially for greasy oil, and it is mean or internal friction for liquid on the liquid resistance to displace one of layer in order to another layer under effect of external force. There are two type of viscosity:- 1-Absolute viscosity:-and there are two type a-kinematics viscosity b-dynamic viscosity 2-Relative viscosity There ar some types of relative viscosity as explain below a-engler Viscosity : it is the ratio between the time of flow 200ml of sample in the test of temperature (20 C) and the time of flow the same size of distillate water. b- Saybolt second : It is the time, measurement in seconds, required to flow 60 cm 3 of oil at a constant temperature by using the Saybolt universal viscosity instrument or by furol that have large calibrated orifice. c- Redwood second : It is the time, measurement in seconds, required to flow 50 cm 3 of oil at constant temperature by using the redwood universal viscosity instrument I or II that have large calibrated orifice. There is relation between kinematics viscosity and saybolt universal viscosity as the following equation:- kinematicvis cos ity Where:- t : Saybolt Universal Viscosity (sec) z : viscosity in centipoise ( absolute viscosity) S : Specific gravity All these factors taken at the same temperature z s absolute visosity Sp. Gr t t Properties of oil Mr. Brosk F. A. Zangana 21

21 Example1 The saybolt viscosity is 1000 sec at 210 F, what is the furol viscosity at 210 F ( use the viscosity conversion chat Fig. * The lower and the left scales are used for saybolt universal viscosity up 8000, for higher viscosity the upper and right scales are used. Solution: Trace the 1000 time line to the intersection with the saybolt universal line. Follow the horizontal line ( kinematics viscosity of approximately 215) to the saybolt furol line. Read down from the intersection the saybolt fuorl line at 210 F is approximately 103 sec Viscosity Index This index is a series of numbers ranging from 0 to 100 which indicate the rate of change of viscosity with temperature. A viscosity index of 100 indicates oil that does not tend to become viscous at low temperatures or become thin at elevated temperatures. Typically paraffin base lubricating oils exhibit a viscosity index of nearly 100 Naphthene base oils on the market show about 40 viscosity index Some naphthene oils have a viscosity index of zero or lower. Properties of oil Mr. Brosk F. A. Zangana 21

22 Fig. (4-2) indicate the relationship between viscosity index and saybolt universal viscosity at 100 F and 210 F Example 2 Oil has a viscosity of 1600 sec at 100 F and 80 sec at 210 F. determine the viscosity index Solution Reading from 1600 on the left to the slanting line marked 80 at the right, the viscosity index on the bottom scale will be seen to be about The Carbon residue 14- The acidity 15- Octane number 16-Cetane number 17- Aniline point Properties of oil Mr. Brosk F. A. Zangana 22

23 References 1-Petroluem Refinery Technology and economic /2nd edition James H.Gary, Glenn E.Handwerk 2-Internet / 3- Physical Chemistry 4-Rodriguez, F., Principles of Polymer Systems, 3rd Ed., Hemisphere Publishing Corp., New York, 1989, p Petroleum Refining,Technology and Economics,Fourt Edition,James H. Gary Colorado School of Mines Golden, Colorado,Glenn E. Handwerk Consulting Chemical Engineer Golden, Colorado 6-Petroleum Refinery Engineering /Fourth edition (W.L.Nelson) Sample of Examination Q.1/ Define the following (25 M) Paraffin hydrocarbon, condensed rings, BTX aromatic component, Cis-2-Butene, olefins Q.2/ Answer only (two) of the following? (25 M) 1-What are the factors that the proportions of gas/oil ratio depending on them? 2-What is the composition of crude oil? 3-What are the theories of formation oil and gas? Q.3 / Fill the following blanks :- (25 M) 1- Heavy oil has an unpleasant odor (garlic like) due to The general formula of condensed aromatic is Asphaltenes material is a complex of and heterocyclic ? 4- In Sulaimania 2 gas fields, which are and The greatest Oil reserves and production from the developed current field are finding in Province which have number of field Q.4/ Put true or false and correct the false for the following (25 M) 1- n-butane have higher boiling point than iso-butan 2- Binuclear aromatic hydrocarbons are finding in heavier fractions than naptha? 3- Ibrahim and Butma fields locate in Dahouk Province? 4- Acyclic unsaturated hydrocarbons can be branched to polyenes, alkynes and alkenes? 5- The first four of alkenes (C 1- C 4 ) are liquid at normal pressure and temperature? Properties of oil Mr. Brosk F. A. Zangana 23

24 Student Feedback بەروار: كۆرس: ساڵى: مامۆستا: بروسك فريا على ناونيشانى بابەت: Properties of Oil ثرسياري هةل سةنطاندن ئاسيت بابةت تي بيين زياتر بةشي وةيةكي 5-1 بابةتيانة ئاماجنةكان و ثوختةي ثةيامةكاني بابةتةكة ر وون وئاشكرا بوون ناوةرؤكي بابةتةكة سوودبةخش بوو و ثةيوةندي بة ئاماجني سةرةكي كؤر سةكةوة هةبوو ثةر اوي بابةتةكة بة ثي ي ثي ويست ئامادة كرابوو مامؤستاكة لة كاتي وانة وتنةوةدا هةول ي دا ثرينسيث و ناوةرؤك و خال ة طرنطةكاني بابةتةكة بة جواني و بة سادةيي شي بكاتةوة مامؤستا هةول ي دا تةركيزم لةسةر بابةتةكة النةكةوي مامؤستا لة كاتي خؤيدا هاتة وانةكة و لة كاتي خؤيدا وانةكةي تةواو كرد مامؤستاكة بة نةرمي و بة هي مين و بة ر ي زلي نانةوة لة كاتي وانة طوتنةوةدا هةل سوكةوتي دةكرد ساليدةكاني بةكار هي نران ر وون و ئاشكرا و سةرنج ر اكي ش بوون مامؤستا كاتي ثرسيار كردني هي شتةوة و هةول ي دا ثرسيارةكان بة تي رو تةسةلي وةآلم بداتةوة سةرضاوةكاني خوي ندنةوة نوي ن و لةطةل ناوةرؤكي بابةتةكة دةطوجني ن كؤي ئاستةكان ثي وةري هةل سةنطاندني ئاسيت ناوةرؤك زؤر خراث خراث مام ناوةندي باش زؤر باش Properties of oil Mr. Brosk F. A. Zangana 24