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1 Question number a MgO is ionic Answer Marks Guidance Melt it If solution mentioned, cannot score M2 or M3 Molten oxide conducts electricity b Macromolecular structure Allow acts as an electrolyte CE 0 if ionic, metallic or molecular Allow giant molecule Covalent bonding Giant covalent scores M and M2 Water cannot supply enough energy to break the covalent bonds c Phosphorus pentoxide s melting point is lower Molecular structure with covalent bonding Not much energy needed to break the weak intermolecular forces d Reagent (water or acid) Equation, e.g. MgO 2HCl MgCl 2 H 2 O OR MgO H 2 O Mg(OH) 2 Equations can be ionic but must show all of the reagent e.g. H Cl Simplified ionic equation without full reagent can score M2 only Allow: 6MgO P O 0 2Mg 3 (PO ) 2 e P O 0 2NaOH Na 3 PO 6H 2 O Allow P 2 O 5 and acid salts Must be NaOH not just hydroxide ions 2 a Na 2 O is an ionic lattice/giant ionic/ionic crystal CE 0 if molecules, atoms, metallic mentioned With strong forces of attraction between ions 2 b SO 3 is a larger molecule than SO 2 Allow strong ionic bonds/lots of energy to separate ions Allow greater M r /surface area So van der Waals forces between molecules are stronger Any mention of ions, CE 0 Oxford University Press This resource sheet may have been changed from the original
2 2 c Ionic Contains O 2 ions/oxide ions Equations of the form O 2 H OH /O 2 2H H 2 O/O 2 H 2 O 2OH score M2 and M3 O 2 ions accept protons to form OH /hydroxide /water 2 d i SO 2 H 2 O H 2 d ii Reaction is an equilibrium/reversible reaction displaced mainly to the left/partially ionised/ dissociated HSO 3 Allow 2H 2 e SiO 2 reacts with bases/naoh/cao/caco 3 2 SO 3 but no ions, no mark Only score ii if i is correct Allow reaction does not go to completion 3 a i White flame/white light Solid/powder/smoke/ash/white fumes Penalise precipitate Penalise wrong colour If more than one observation for M2 apply list principle (If an observation is incorrect, the incorrect observation negates a correct one) 2Mg O 2 2MgO Allow multiples Ionic 3 a ii Blue flame Do not allow reference to covalent character Do not allow any other colour Fumes or misty or pungent/choking/smelly gas Do not allow incorrect smell (e.g. bad eggs) Apply list principle as in a i Do not allow just gas or colourless gas S O 2 SO 2 Allow multiples and S 8 Covalent Penalise giant covalent Oxford University Press This resource sheet may have been changed from the original 2
3 3 b Ionic If covalent, can only score M3 O 2 /oxide ion reacts with water/accepts a proton M2 requires reference to O 2 / oxide ion. Forming OH ions or forms NaOH 3 c Heat until molten OR dissolve in molten cryolite Allow O 2 H 2 O 2OH or O 2 H OH to score M2 and M3 Allow equations with spectator Na ions on both sides Do not allow solution in water Molten aluminium oxide conducts electricity/ can be electrolysed 3 d The oxide is insoluble in water Allow oxide impermeable to air/water or oxide is unreactive/inert 3 e i Al 2 O 3 6H 2Al 3 3H 2 O Allow O 2 2H H 2 O and formation of aquated Al 3 species Allow spectator Cl ions penalise HCl (not ionic) 3 e ii Al 2 O 3 2OH 3H 2 O OR Al 2 O 3 6OH 3H 2 O a Macromolecular OR giant molecule OR giant covalent 2Al(OH) 3 2Al(OH) 6 Allow formation of Al(H2O) 2(OH) Allow Na spectator ions Penalise NaOH (not ionic) Covalent bonding (between atoms) Ionic/metallic CE 0 for all 3 marks Many/strong bonds to be broken or lots of energy required to break strong covalent bonds Do not allow if between molecules b Al 2 O 3 ionic Allow ionic covalent/ionic with covalent character c 2Al 3 2 O 2 Al 2 O 3 Allow multiples d Insoluble/impermeable/non-porous OR does not react/inert Do not allow thick layer Must imply property of Al 2 O 3 not Al Oxford University Press This resource sheet may have been changed from the original 3
4 e Na 2 O H 2 O 2NaOH OR Na 2 O H 2 O 2Na 2OH f i Al 2 O 3 6HCl 2AlCl 3 3H 2 O Ionic equations with Al 2 O 3 Al 2 O 3 6H 2Al 3 3H 2 O Do not allow formation of Al 2 Cl 6 f ii Al 2 O 3 2NaOH 3H 2 O 2NaAl(OH) Other equations with Al 2 O 3 are Al 2 O 3 2OH 3H 2 O 2[Al(OH) ] Al 2 O 3 2OH 7H 2 O 2[Al(H 2 O) 2 (OH) ] g SiO 2 is acidic or is a Lewis acid or is an electron pair acceptor Allow SiO 2 not amphoteric Do not allow Brønsted Lowry acid 5 a Na 2 O ionic SiO 2 2NaOH Na 2 SiO 3 H 2 O Other equations with SiO 2 are SiO 2 2OH 2 SiO3 H 2 O SiO 2 2OH 2H 2 O Si(OH) 2 6 Mention of molecules/ intermolecular forces/ delocalised electrons, CE 0 Strong forces between ions/strong ionic bonding Allow lots of energy to break bonds provided M scored SiO 2 macromolecular Allow giant molecular/giant covalent. If ions mentioned, CE 0 5 b Higher Strong covalent bonds between atoms Allow lots of energy to break covalent bonds If breaking intermolecular forces are mentioned, CE 0 for M Li ion smaller than Na Allow Li has higher charge/size ratio not charge/mass Attracts O 2 ion more strongly Allow stronger ionic bonding Allow additional attraction due to polarisation in Li 2 O M3 can only be scored if M2 gained Oxford University Press This resource sheet may have been changed from the original
5 5 c i Molecular Do not allow simple covalent but simple covalent molecule scores M and M2 Covalent bonds (between P and O) 5 c ii Weak van der Waals forces and/or dipole dipole forces between molecules 5 d Allow to 2 Allow weak intermolecular forces can score between molecules in c i CE 0 if ionic or macromolecular mentioned in c i Must state van der Waals forces are weak OR low energy needed to break van der Waals forces P O 0 6H 2 O 2H Allow 2 to Na 2 O H 2 O 2Na 2OH 5 e 6Na 2 O P O 0 Na 3 PO 3 PO (or H 3 PO ) Allow balanced equations to form HPO or H PO 2 2 Allow 2Na O 2 on LHS, 2NaOH on RHS, ignore state symbols Acid-base or neutralisation Do not allow Acid Base Salt Water Oxford University Press This resource sheet may have been changed from the original 5
With strong forces of attraction between ions Allow strong ionic bonds / lots of energy to separate ions 1
M.(a) Na 2O is an ionic lattice / giant ionic / ionic crystal CE= 0 if molecules, atoms, metallic mentioned Mention of electronegativity max out of 2 With strong forces of attraction between ions Allow
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