CHEMISTRY. Ions are formed when sulfur dioxide reacts with water. Write an equation for this reaction. SO 2 + H 2 O H + + HSO 3 Allow 2H + + SO 3

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1 Phosphorus(V) oxide is classified as an acidic oxide. Write an equation for its reaction with sodium hydroxide. Ions are formed when sulfur dioxide reacts with water. Write an equation for this reaction. Suggest why silicon dioxide is described as an acidic oxide even though it is insoluble in water. P 4 O NaOH 4Na 3 PO 4 + 6H O SO + H O H + + HSO 3 llow H + + SO 3 SiO reacts with bases / NaOH / CaO / CaCO 3 Phosphorus(V) oxide is is classified as Suggest why as an white acidic oxide. Write phosphorus an equation is stored for its reaction with under water. sodium hydroxide. Suggest why phosphorus(v) oxide it is usually represented by P 4 O 10 rather than by P O 5 reaction between phosphoric acid and magnesium oxide. To prevent it reacting with oxygen in the air. Because it exists as P 4 O 10 3MgO + H 3 PO 4 Mg 3 (PO 4 ) + 3H O

2 Explain why the use of an excess of sodium hydroxide to neutralise acid solution might lead to environmental problems. acid base reaction that occurs when Na O reacts with P 4 O 10 in the absence of water. Suggest one reason why a thin layer of aluminium oxide protects aluminium from corrosion in moist air. The resulting solution would be highly alkaline and be toxic to wildlife. 6Na O + P 4 O 10 4Na 3 PO 4 It is insoluble in water. Phosphorus(V) oxide is is classified as Write an as ionic an equation acidic oxide. Write an equation for for the reaction of l its reaction with O 3 with HCl. sodium hydroxide. Write an ionic equation for the reaction of l O 3 with NaOH. Explain why the melting point of phosphorus(v) oxide is low. l O 3 + 6H + l H O. l O 3 + OH +3H O l(oh) 4 or l O 3 + 6OH +3H O l(oh) 6 3 Weak van der Waals forces and/or dipoledipole forces between molecules

3 State the type of bonding in aluminium oxide. reaction of aluminium with oxygen. Suggest one property of the aluminium oxide coating that causes aluminium to resist corrosion in water. Ionic. llow ionic + covalent/ionic with covalent character. l + 3/O l O 3 It is insoluble in water. Phosphorus(V) oxide is is classified as Write an as equation an acidic to oxide. Write an equation for show how sodium oxide its reaction with reacts with water. sodium hydroxide. Write an ionic equation for the reaction of Sulfur with oxygen. Explain why SiO does not react with water. Na O + H O NaOH S + O SO. The covalent bonds in SiO are too strong to be broken by the water molecules.

4 Write an equation for a reaction that shows MgO acting as a base. marks Explain in terms of structure and bonding why sodium oxide has a high melting point. Explain why sulfur trioxide has a higher melting point than sulfur dioxide. marks marks Reagent must be water or an acid. Correctly balanced equation. Forms a giant ionic lattice with many strong ionic bonds. Sulfur trioxide is a bigger molecule and has stronger van der Waals forces between the molecules. reaction of water with P 4 O 10 and give the final ph of the solution formed. marks Explain why sulfur dioxide has a low melting point. Outline an experiment that shows Na O, MgO and l O 3 are ionic substances. marks marks ph = -1 to P 4 O H O 4H 3 PO 4 It forms molecules with weak van der Waals forces between the molecules. pply heat to melt the substances and show they conduct an electric current.

5 State the structure and bonding in phosphorus(v) oxide. marks SiO does not react with HCl; reaction between Na O it does react with NaOH. and P 4 O State 1 property of SiO that 10 State the general type of can be deduced from this and write an equation for its reaction illustrated by this reaction with NaOH. example. marks marks Molecular. Covalent bonding. 6Na O + P 4 O 10 4Na 3 PO 4 cid-base SiO is acidic. SiO + NaOH Na SiO 3 + H O Which period 3 oxides form a solution with a ph below 3? Which period 3 oxides are insoluble in water? Deduce the oxidation states of the period 3 elements in Na O and marks l O 3. marks marks P 4 O 10 or SO 3 luminium oxide and silicon dioxide. +1 and +3

6 By reference to structure and bonding, explain why SiO is insoluble in water. 3 marks Compare the difference in melting points between P 4 O 10 and SiO. State the bonding present in basic oxides and explain what causes them to be basic. 3 marks 3 marks Macromolecular with strong covalent bonding. Water cannot break the covalent lattice/bonds. High Mp for SiO due to giant macromolecule where many strong covalent bonds need to be broken. P 4 O 10 forms small molecules held together by weak van der Waals forces. Ionic bonding. They contain O - ions which can react with H + ions to form water or OH - ions. Predict whether the melting point of Li O is higher than, the same as, or lower than that of Na O and explain your prediction. 3 marks Give the formula of a period 3 oxide in which the element is not in its highest oxidation state. Give the oxidation state in the oxide. The chloride and oxide of X have high Mpts. The oxide reacts readily with water. What is X? What is the bonding in X? 3 marks 3 marks Higher as the Li + ion is smaller than the Na + ion so it attracts the O - ion more strongly. SO ; +4 Higher oxidation state +6 in SO 3. Metallic bonding. X is Na.

7 Give equations for the reactions of Na O and P 4 O 10 with water. Give the ph of the solutions formed. 4 marks Describe what you would observe when Mg burns in oxygen. Write an equation for the reaction and state the bonding in the oxide formed. Describe what you would observe when S burns in oxygen. Write an equation for the reaction and state the bonding in the oxide formed. 4 marks 4 marks Na O + H O NaOH; ph = 14 P 4 O H O 4H 3 PO 4 ; ph = -1 to Bright white flame and white solid fumes. Mg + O MgO Ionic bonding Blue flame. Choking gas released. S + O SO Covalent bonding In terms of structure and bonding explain why the melting points of sodium oxide and silicon dioxide are high. 4 marks Strong ionic bonds in giant ionic sodium oxide lattice. Strong covalent bonds in macromolecular silicon dioxide. State and explain the trend in electronegativity across period 3. Electronegativity increase. Proton number increases, shielding of outer electrons remains the same, attraction between nucleus and bonding pair of electrons increases. Explain, in terms of their type of structure and bonding, why P 4 O 10 can be vaporised by gentle heat but SiO cannot. 4 marks 4 marks P 4 O 10 is a molecular Weak intermolecular forces or van der Waals forces between molecules SiO is a macromolecule (Strong) covalent bonds must be broken.

8 P is an oxides of Period 3 elements. It is a solid with a high melting point. It does not conduct electricity when solid but does conduct when molten or when dissolved in water. Oxide P reacts with water forming a solution with a high ph. Identify P. State the type of bonding present in P and explain its electrical conductivity. reaction of P with water. (5) Your response Q is an oxides of Period 3 elements. Oxide Q is a colourless gas at room temperature. It dissolves in water to give a solution with a low ph. Identify Q. State the type of bonding present in Q and explain why it is a gas at room temperature. reaction of Q with water. (4) Your response Ionic (1) Ions not free to move in the solid state (1) Ions free to move when molten or in aqueous solution (1) Identity of P: Na O or sodium oxide (1) * Equation: Na O + H O NaOH (1) If a formula given this must be correct Reference to electrons instead of ions is incorrect and will be considered a chemical error. Mark scheme Comment Covalent (1) van der Waals forces, or dipole-dipole forces are weak(1) Identity of Q: SO or sulphur dioxide (1) Draw and name the shape of a TlBr - Draw and name the shape of a TlBr - Equation: SO 5 5 ion. ion. + H O H SO 3 (1) N.B. ny answer including a reference to hydrogen bonding is incorrect Mark scheme Comment

9 R is a hydroxide of a Period 3 element. It is insoluble in water but dissolves in both aqueous sodium hydroxide and aqueous sulphuric acid. Give the name used to describe this behaviour of the hydroxide. Write equations for the reactions occurring. Suggest why R is insoluble in water. (6) Your response The oxide of element Z is a crystalline solid with a very high melting point. This oxide is classified as an acidic oxide but it is not soluble in water. Deduce the type of crystal shown by the oxide of element Z. Identify element Z. Write an equation for a reaction which illustrates the acidic nature of the oxide of element Z. (4) Your response mphoteric. l(oh) 3 + NaOH Nal(OH) 4 R identified as l(oh) 3 or l(oh) 3 (H O) 3 l(oh) 3 + 3H SO 4 l (SO 4 ) 3 + 6H O Large lattice energy great deal of energy is needed to break down the bonding in the hydroxide and hydration will not supply sufficient energy for this change to occur Mark scheme Comment Macromolecular. Silicon CaO + SiO CaSiO 3 Draw and name the shape of a TlBr - Draw and name the shape of a TlBr ion. ion. ny equation stated must be balanced for marks. is for a suitable base. Mark scheme Comment

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