INVESTIGATIONS OF THE EFFECTS OF UV IRRADIATION ON THE ETCHING BEHAVIOR OF CR-39 SOLID STATE NUCLEAR TRACK TSE CHUN CHUN
|
|
- Aleesha Hensley
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 INVESTIGATIONS OF THE EFFECTS OF UV IRRADIATION ON THE ETCHING BEHAVIOR OF CR-39 SOLID STATE NUCLEAR TRACK TSE CHUN CHUN MASTER OF PHIOLOSOPHY CITY UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG MARCH 2007
2 CITY UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG 香港城市大學 Investigations of the Effects of UV Irradiation on the Etching Behavior of CR-39 Solid State Nuclear Track Detector 紫外線對侵蝕 CR-39 固態核徑跡探測器表現之影響 Submitted to Department of Physics and Materials Science 物理及材料科學系 in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Philosophy 哲學碩士學位 by Tse Chun Chun 謝珍珍 March 2007 二零零七年三月
3 Abstract During the last three decades, a number of papers have been published to discuss the effects of UV exposure on solid-state nuclear track detectors (SSNTDs). However, most of them differ in finer details, e.g., the particular wavelength and the extent of irradiation. For this reason the conclusions drawn are also sometimes quite different. The present study confirms that UV exposures can drastically change the bulk etch rate (V b ) and track etch rate (V t ) of CR-39 detectors at short UV wavelength. In this thesis, the changes in the chemical, physical and mechanical properties of CR-39 detectors under UV irradiation were studied together with the corresponding photo-degradation mechanisms in order to explain the variation of the etching behavior of CR-39 detectors in NaOH/H 2 O. The energy transfer to CR-39 detectors by UV irradiation leads to excitation and ionization of the molecular chains, hence to radical formation, main chain scission, and also to cross-linking of polymeric chains. On extended exposures to UV light, CR-39 detectors slowly degrade, turning progressively yellow and changes of its chemical and physical properties occur. The chemical modifications were studied by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrometry, UV-Visible (UV-VIS) spectrometry and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) whereas the physical modifications were determined by dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMA) and nano-hardness measurements.
4 The variation of the bulk etch rate V b of CR-39 detectors under UV irradiation with different wavelengths have been investigated in this thesis. It has been found that UVA causes no changes in both the net absorbance in IR spectra and the V b values. Both UVA+B and UVC irradiation caused scission of the chemical bonds, which was also manifested by the faster chemical etching rates. The scission process was revealed by the decreasing net absorbance at particular wavelengths in the infrared spectra. However, for prolonged UVC exposures, V b will no longer increase because of formation of a cross-linked layer on the surface of the CR-39 detectors. The cross-linking process was indicated by the increased hardness and elastic modulus determined with a nanoindenter and the increased glass transition temperature. In the early stage of UVC irradiation, the chain scission leading to free radical formation is the pre-dominant process which induced an increased V b. For prolonged UVC exposures, the free radicals created by scission may lead to intermolecular crosslinking which will hinder the penetration of oxygen into the bulk polymer and will thus retard the degradation rate. Oxidation of track detectors induced by UV-light results in the formation of oxygen-containing function groups. The FTIR spectral analysis has been made to investigate the structural changes induced in the CR-39 detectors due to UV irradiation of the polymers. The changes have been determined from the relative increase or decrease in the intensity of the peaks associated with the functional groups present in the CR-39 detectors. Photoproducts such as aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids and esters, which were produced during the UV irradiation, have been identified by FTIR analyses.
5 The effects on the track etch rate V t and the detector sensitivity (V t /V b ) of the CR-39 detector from UV irradiation at short wavelengths have also been investigated. The measurements of the diameters and depths of alpha-particle tracks were used to derive a V function (V t /V b ) for CR-39 detectors with and without UV irradiation. These results show that both V b and V t increase but the detector sensitivity (V t /V b ) decreases. The enhancements of V b and V t are explained by the additional chain scission and the increased formation of hydroxyl group.
6 List of Contents List of Figures... i List of Tables... vii CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER 2 Introduction...1 Literature review Description of solid-state nuclear track detectors (SSNTDs) Different types of track-storing materials Applications of SSNTDs Measurement of radon gas concentrations Track formation mechanisms in SSNTDs Interaction of charged particles with matter Radiation damage in polymers Energy-Range Relationship Principles of Track Etching Procedures for revelation of tracks Definition of Bulk etch rate V b and Track etch rate V t Track etching geometry Huygen s principle in track development Three phases in the track development Track etching geometry for constant V t with normal incidence Measurements of Bulk etch rate V b and Track etch rate V t Effect of ultraviolet irradiation on the nuclear track recording properties of CR-39 SSNTDs Property modifications in UV irradiated polymeric track detectors...21
7 Probable mechanisms of photo-oxidation of polymeric track detectors Variations of V b and V t of polymeric films under UV irradiation...23 CHAPTER 3 Bulk Etching behaviour of CR-39 in NaOH/H 2 O Description of CR-39 SSNTDs Methodology Measurement of the bulk etch rate V b of CR-39 SSNTDs Optical absorption characteristics of CR-39 SSNTDs with the use of Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy Identifications of the etch products of CR-39 SSNTDs in NaOH/H 2 O Instrumentation Form Talysurf PGI Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) Results and discussion Determination of bulk etch rate of CR-39 SSNTDs in NaOH/H 2 O Analyses of FTIR spectra of CR-39 SSNTDs Correlation between the net absorbance A and film thickness t Mechanisms of chemical etching of CR-39 SSNTDs in NaOH/H 2 O Identification of etch products (sodium carbonate) by two different techniques Conclusions...49
8 CHAPTER 4 Effects of UV irradiation on the etching behavior of CR-39 SSNTDs Introduction Methodology Preparation of UV-irradiated samples of CR-39 SSNTDs Determination of bulk etch rates of the UV-irradiated CR-39 SSNTDs Computational studies with the GAUSSIAN 98 computational package Chemical modification analyses Physical modification analyses Instrumentation UV-Visible (UV-VIS) spectroscopy X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) Dynamic Mechanical Analyzer (DMA) Nano-indenter Results and discussion Computational studies of bond dissociation energy Photo-oxidation mechanism of CR-39 SSNTDs at short UV wavelength Analysis of photo-oxidation by infrared spectroscopy Identification of oxidation products by derivatization reactions Surface analysis of untreated and UV-treated CR-39 SSNTDs by XPS UV-Vis analyses...91
9 Study of bulk etch rates of short-wavelength UV-irradiated CR-39 SSNTDs Explanation of increased bulk etch rate of UV-irradiated CR-39 SSNTDs at the beginning of UV exposure by determination of chain scission through IR analysis Explanation of saturation of bulk etch rate at prolonged exposure time by determination of crosslinking with analyses of mechanical and thermal properties Photo-oxidative degradation with depth for short-wavelength UV-irradiated CR-39 SSNTDs Photo-oxidation at different wavelengths Conclusions CHAPTER 5 Effects of UVC irradiation on alpha-particle track parameters in CR-39 SSNTDs Introduction Methodology Sample preparation and irradiation Measurement of the bulk etch rate V b Measurements of diameters and depths of alpha-particle tracks Determination of track etch rate V t and derivation of V function (V t /V b ) Results and discussion Chemical modifications of CR-39 SSNTDs by alpha particles and UV photons...123
10 Variation of bulk etch rate V b of UV-irradiated CR-39 detector Variation of diameters and observed depths of alpha-particle tracks Variation of track etch rate V t Conclusions REFERENCES Appendix A: Specification of Form Talysurf PGI (Taylor Hobson) Appendix B: Specification of Nanoindenter (Hysitron TriboScope) Appendix C: Stopping Range of alpha particle in CR-39 detector by SRIM-2003 Appendix D: The energies of alpha particles after traveling different air distance by using α spectroscopy system
11 i List of Figures Fig The breaking of the polymeric bonds by a charged particle....9 Fig The variation of the linear rate of energy loss de/dx as a function of the α-particle residual energy in a medium (Durrani, 1997)...10 Fig Geometry of the track development when the incidence is normal with respect to the detector surface and V t is constant...12 Fig Side view of the etched track. The etched cone of the charged particle is described by Huygen s principle (Enge, 1980)...13 Fig The evolution of an etch pit profile with prolonged etching...14 Fig The geometry of an etched track under normal incidence with constant V t (adopted from Durrani and Bull, 1987)...15 Fig Longitudinal section of an etched track when V t is variable Fig Repeating unit of polymer structure of CR-39 detector...26 Fig CR-39 SSNTDs with thickness of 1000 µm and a dimension of 3 cm 3 cm Fig A part of CR-39 detector was masked by epoxy before etching in NaOH/H 2 O Fig Determination of the difference in the heights of the exposed part and the masked part of the detector by using the Form Talysurf PGI...28 Fig Preparation of fine products of dried etchant before XRD analyses...30 Fig A typical commercial Form Talysurf PGI surface profilometer: (a) photo; (b) schematic diagram...32 Fig Schematic diagram of an FTIR spectrometer...33 Fig Characteristic stretching and bending vibrations in plane and out of plane...34
12 ii Fig Spectral correlation chart in the mid-infrared region for some representative vibrations...35 Fig Two-dimensional view of the geometry arrangement of the X-ray powder diffractometer Fig The scattered X-rays from the crystal when the Bragg s law is applied...37 Fig The relationship between the removed layer thickness (µm) and the etching time for different temperatures of the etchant solution (50, 60, 70 and 80 o C) in 6.25 N NaOH/H 2 O...38 Fig The data and the corresponding linear regression lines for etching the CR-39 SSNTDs in 6.25 N NaOH aqueous solution at 50, 60, 70 and 80 o C Fig The FTIR spectra of CR-39 detectors with the thickness of 5, 17, 100 and 1000 µm in percentage transmittance (%T). The absorption of radiant energy is therefore represented by a trough in the curve Fig Calibration curve of the thickness of the CR-39 film Fig FTIR spectra in transmission mode: (a) Experimental result of dried solute of 6.25 N NaOH/H 2 O after the reaction with CR-39 detector at 70 o C, (b) Result of computer-assisted identification of sodium carbonate...46 Fig XRD spectrum of the mineral Thermonatrite reported in literature Fig XRD spectrum of the crystalline etch products of CR-39 detectors in NaOH/H 2 O Fig Schematic representation of force-displacement curve for a nano-indentation procedure...58
13 iii Fig Schematic diagram of dual beam type UV-visible spectrometer Fig Origin of absorption in relation to molecular orbitals...60 Fig Schematic diagram of an X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy XPS system...61 Fig Schematic diagram of dynamic mechanical analysis instrumentation...64 Fig (a) The behavior of a viscoelastic material under oscillatory stress where the stress leads the strain by a phase angle (delta δ). (b) Complex modulus E* deconvoluted into storage E and loss modulus E...65 Fig A schematic diagram (a) and a photo (b) of a nano-indentation apparatus...68 Fig (a) Typical force displacement curve showing measured and derived parameters; (b) Schematic of indentation showing the displacements observed during an indentation experiment...69 Fig Repeating units of CR-39 detector with numbering Fig The FTIR spectra for the 5 µm CR-39 film before and after 20, 40, 100, 200, 300 and 400 h of UVC exposure in the presence of oxygen: (a) cm -1 (hydroxyl vibration region) and (b) cm -1 (C=O stretching vibration region), (c) cm -1 (C-O stretching vibration region)...81 Fig Subtracted FTIR spectra between the non-irradiated and the irradiated sample for 40, 100, 200, 300 and 400 h. (a) cm -1 (hydroxyl + hydrocarbon stretching vibration region), (b) cm -1 (C=O stretching vibration region) and (c) cm -1 (C-O stretching vibration region)...82
14 iv Fig FTIR spectra of (a) virgin sample and (b) UV-irradiated sample for 400 h before and after treatment with NH Fig Subtraction of the initial spectra of (a) virgin sample and (b) UV-irradiated sample for 400 h from the spectra recorded after NH 3 derivation Fig FTIR spectra of (a) virgin sample and (b) UV-irradiated sample for 100 h before and after treatment with 2,4- dinitrophenylhydrazine Fig XPS spectrum obtained from the unexposed CR-39 detector...87 Fig The variation of O/C ratio as a function of UVC exposure time Fig C1s peak for CR-39 detectors (a) before and (b) after UV treatment..89 Fig UV-Vis spectra of CR-39 detectors under UVC irradiation...93 Fig Induced changes in optical absorbance as a function of wavelength for the irradiated samples...93 Fig Representative example for Tauc s plot to derive the optical gap energy E g from the UV-Vis spectrum data: un-irradiated CR-39 detector Fig (a) The removed layer thickness and (b) the bulk etch rate V b of CR-39 detectors for different UVC exposure durations where represents etching time of 0.5 h, represents etching time of 1 h and represents etching time of 3 h...97 Fig The variation of net absorbance for different UVC exposure durations Fig The variation of the hardness and reduced modulus as a function of the UVC exposure duration. ( represents the hardness and represent the reduced elastic modulus)...102
15 v Fig Dynamic mechanical thermogram of blank CR-39 detectors Fig Schematic illustration of the effect of the degraded surface layer on the penetration of oxygen into the near surface layers: (a) crosslinked surface, (b) chain scission surfaces Fig The changes of the removed layer thickness of CR-39 detectors exposed to UVC for 10, 15 and 30 h as a function of the etching time Fig The calculated results from differentiation of changes of the removed layer of CR-39 detectors which have been exposed to UVC for 15 h Fig The variation of net absorbance for different UVA+B exposure durations Fig The bulk etch rate of CR-39 detectors for different UVA+B exposure times where the etching time was 3 h Fig The variation of net absorbance with different UVA exposure time..110 Fig The bulk etch rate of CR-39 detectors for different UVA exposure times where the etching time was 3 h Fig Experimental setup for alpha irradiation with normal incidence. A collimated beam of 241 Am α-particle was incident on CR-39 detectors after traversing different distances in air using several collimators of different thicknesses Fig The emission spectrum of a UV lamp with the peak at 257 nm Fig (a) Top view of a track opening and (b) longitudinal section of an etch pit in a CR-39 detector generated by 5 MeV alpha particles. Etching conditions: 6.25 N NaOH/H2O, at 70 o C for 8 h
16 vi Fig The illustration of the software ImageJ with the image of calibration ruler and cross-section of an etched pit Fig Geometry of the track development of 5 MeV alpha particle for an unexposed CR-39 detector when the incidence is normal with respect to the detector surface. Etching condition: 6.25 N NaOH/H 2 O, at 70 o C for (a) 6 h, (b) 10 h Fig Variation of the bulk etch rate of the CR-39 detector irradiated with UVC for 10 h as a function of etching time in 6.25 N NaOH/H 2 O Fig Variation of the 5 MeV alpha-particle track diameter as a function of (a) etching time and (b) removed layer thickness in CR-39 detectors with different UV treatments Fig Variation of observed 5 MeV alpha-particle track depth as a function of (a) etching time and (b) removed layer thickness in CR-39 detectors with different UV treatments Fig The experimentally obtained evolved profiles of an 5 MeV etch pit with prolonged etching in 6.25 N NaOH for (a) unirradiated, (b) pre-uv alpha-particle irradiated, and (c) post-uv alpha-particle irradiated CR-39 detectors Fig Variation of V t /V b as a function of the residual range of alpha particles in CR-39 detectors with different UV treatments Fig The variations of V t as a function of the residual range of alpha particles in CR-39 detectors with different UV treatments
17 vii List of Tables Table 3.1. The coefficients (A and B) for the linear regression equations (y = A + Bx) for the relationship between the removed layer thickness y (µm) and the etching time x (t) for different temperatures (50, 60, 70 and 80 o C) without stirring, and the corresponding determined etching rates (µm /h) in 6.25N NaOH/H 2 O Table 3.2. The coefficients (C and D) for the linear regression equation ln(v b ) = (C+D/T) for different etchant concentrations (4, 6.25 and 10 N) Table 3.3. The wave numbers of the more significant absorption peaks in the FTIR spectrum of CR-39 detector, and the corresponding assignment of the function groups and the modes of vibration...43 Table 4.1: Description of the wavelengths and corresponding energies of 3 different ultraviolet sources used in the present experiments...52 Table 4.2. Calculated bond dissociation enthalpies (kcal/mol) of CR-39 detector Table 4.3. XPS elemental composition on the un-exposed and UV-exposed CR-39 detectors...88 Table 4.4. Deconvoluted peak assignments with the corresponding theoretical binding energy and bond type of C 1s peak Table 4.5. The relative peak area calculated from the C1s XPS spectra of the virgin and UV-exposed CR-39 detectors...90 Table 4.6. Optical band gap energy E g of the virgin CR-39 and UV-irradiated CR-39 detectors...95 Table 4.7. Glass transition temperature on loss modulus and loss tangent curves as a function of UVC exposure time
CITY UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG 香港城市大學
CITY UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG 香港城市大學 Functionalized Luminescent Platinum(II) Molecular Hosts: Synthesis, Spectroscopic Characterization and Sensing Applications 功能性發光二價鉑分子主體 : 合成 光學表徵與傳感之應用 Submitted to
More informationPhoto-degradation of PADC by UV radiation at various wavelengths
Polymer Degradation and Stability 91 (26) 238e2388 www.elsevier.com/locate/polydegstab Photo-degradation of PAD by UV radiation at various wavelengths K... Tse, F.M.F. Ng, K.N. Yu* Department of Physics
More informationInfrared Spectroscopy: Identification of Unknown Substances
Infrared Spectroscopy: Identification of Unknown Substances Suppose a white powder is one of the four following molecules. How can they be differentiated? H N N H H H H Na H H H H H A technique that is
More informationStudy of CR-39 SSNDs irradiated with different types of radiation by FTIR spectroscopy and α-range determination
American Journal of Environmental Protection 2013; 2(2): 53-57 Published online May 30, 2013 (http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/j/ajep) doi: 10.11648/j.ajep.20130202.14 Study of CR-39 SSNDs irradiated
More informationSupporting Information s for
Supporting Information s for # Self-assembling of DNA-templated Au Nanoparticles into Nanowires and their enhanced SERS and Catalytic Applications Subrata Kundu* and M. Jayachandran Electrochemical Materials
More informationIntroduction. The analysis of the outcome of a reaction requires that we know the full structure of the products as well as the reactants
Introduction The analysis of the outcome of a reaction requires that we know the full structure of the products as well as the reactants Spectroscopy and the Electromagnetic Spectrum Unlike mass spectrometry,
More informationAdvanced Pharmaceutical Analysis
Lecture 2 Advanced Pharmaceutical Analysis IR spectroscopy Dr. Baraa Ramzi Infrared Spectroscopy It is a powerful tool for identifying pure organic and inorganic compounds. Every molecular compound has
More informationPhotocatalytic degradation of dyes over graphene-gold nanocomposites under visible light irradiation
Photocatalytic degradation of dyes over graphene-gold nanocomposites under visible light irradiation Zhigang Xiong, Li Li Zhang, Jizhen Ma, X. S. Zhao* Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering,
More informationLecture 23 X-Ray & UV Techniques
Lecture 23 X-Ray & UV Techniques Schroder: Chapter 11.3 1/50 Announcements Homework 6/6: Will be online on later today. Due Wednesday June 6th at 10:00am. I will return it at the final exam (14 th June).
More informationWelcome to Organic Chemistry II
Welcome to Organic Chemistry II Erika Bryant, Ph.D. erika.bryant@hccs.edu Class Syllabus 3 CHAPTER 12: STRUCTURE DETERMINATION 4 What is this solution Soda Tea Coffee??? 5 What is this solution Soda Tea
More informationInfrared Spectroscopy
Infrared Spectroscopy Introduction Spectroscopy is an analytical technique which helps determine structure. It destroys little or no sample. The amount of light absorbed by the sample is measured as wavelength
More informationMeasurement techniques
Measurement techniques 1 GPC GPC = gel permeation chromatography GPC a type of size exclusion chromatography (SEC), that separates analytes on the basis of size. The column used for GPC is filled with
More informationSpectroscopy. a laboratory method of analyzing matter using electromagnetic radiation.
Spectroscopy a laboratory method of analyzing matter using electromagnetic radiation. Mass Spectrometry Determines the relative abundance of the different isotopes of an element Used to determine the average
More informationSpectroscopy. a laboratory method of analyzing matter using electromagnetic radiation
Spectroscopy a laboratory method of analyzing matter using electromagnetic radiation The electromagnetic spectrum Radiation Scale of Absorption involves: Example of spectroscopy Gamma rays pm Nuclear reactions
More informationChapter 12 Mass Spectrometry and Infrared Spectroscopy
Organic Chemistry, 6 th Edition L. G. Wade, Jr. Chapter 12 Mass Spectrometry and Infrared Spectroscopy Jo Blackburn Richland College, Dallas, TX Dallas County Community College District 2006, Prentice
More informationTechniques useful in biodegradation tracking and biodegradable polymers characterization
Techniques useful in biodegradation tracking and biodegradable polymers characterization Version 1 Wanda Sikorska and Henryk Janeczek 1 Knowledge on biodegradable polymers structures is essential for the
More information12. Structure Determination: Mass Spectrometry and Infrared Spectroscopy
12. Structure Determination: Mass Spectrometry and Infrared Spectroscopy Determining the Structure of an Organic Compound The analysis of the outcome of a reaction requires that we know the full structure
More informationHomework 04 - Electromagnetic Radiation
HW04 - Electromagnetic Radiation This is a preview of the published version of the quiz Started: Jul 7 at 9:43am Quiz Instructions Homework 04 - Electromagnetic Radiation Question 1-7 What is the frequency
More informationThe design of an integrated XPS/Raman spectroscopy instrument for co-incident analysis
The design of an integrated XPS/Raman spectroscopy instrument for co-incident analysis Tim Nunney The world leader in serving science 2 XPS Surface Analysis XPS +... UV Photoelectron Spectroscopy UPS He(I)
More informationABLATION ON POLYMETHYLMETHACRYLATE BY ARGON FLOURIDE EXCIMER LASER ABSTRACT
ABLATION ON POLYMETHYLMETHACRYLATE BY ARGON FLOURIDE EXCIMER LASER Aishah Zarzali Shah, Noriah Bidin and Yaacob Mat Daud Laser Technology Laboratory, Physics Department Faculty of Science, University Teknologi
More informationRadiant energy is proportional to its frequency (cycles/s = Hz) as a wave (Amplitude is its height) Different types are classified by frequency or
CHEM 241 UNIT 5: PART B INFRA-RED RED SPECTROSCOPY 1 Spectroscopy of the Electromagnetic Spectrum Radiant energy is proportional to its frequency (cycles/s = Hz) as a wave (Amplitude is its height) Different
More informationVALLIAMMAI ENGINEERING COLLEGE SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur
VALLIAMMAI ENGINEERING COLLEGE SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur 603 203 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERING QUESTION BANK V SEMESTER EI6501 Analytical Instruments Regulation 2013 Academic
More informationEmphasis on what happens to emitted particle (if no nuclear reaction and MEDIUM (i.e., atomic effects)
LECTURE 5: INTERACTION OF RADIATION WITH MATTER All radiation is detected through its interaction with matter! INTRODUCTION: What happens when radiation passes through matter? Emphasis on what happens
More informationCHAPTER 10. Characteristics of the Surfaces of Biomaterials
CHAPTER 10 Characteristics of the Surfaces of Biomaterials 10.1 Surface Characteristics Related to Chemical Bonding 10.2 Surface Chemistry Related to Bonding of Biological Molecules 10.3 Porosity 10.4
More informationApplication of IR Raman Spectroscopy
Application of IR Raman Spectroscopy 3 IR regions Structure and Functional Group Absorption IR Reflection IR Photoacoustic IR IR Emission Micro 10-1 Mid-IR Mid-IR absorption Samples Placed in cell (salt)
More information高等食品分析 (Advanced Food Analysis) I. SPECTROSCOPIC METHODS *Instrumental methods: 1. Spectroscopic methods (spectroscopy): a) Electromagnetic radiation
*Instrumental methods: 1. Spectroscopic methods (spectroscopy): a) Electromagnetic radiation (EMR): γ-ray emission X-Ray absorption, emission, fluorescence and diffraction Vacuum ultraviolet (UV) absorption
More informationDesign and Development of a Smartphone Based Visible Spectrophotometer for Analytical Applications
Design and Development of a Smartphone Based Visible Spectrophotometer for Analytical Applications Bedanta Kr. Deka, D. Thakuria, H. Bora and S. Banerjee # Department of Physicis, B. Borooah College, Ulubari,
More information1 WHAT IS SPECTROSCOPY?
1 WHAT IS SPECTROSCOPY? 1.1 The Nature Of Electromagnetic Radiation Anyone who has been sunburnt will know that light packs a punch: in scientific terms, it contains considerable amounts of energy. All
More informationBandgap engineering through nanocrystalline magnetic alloy grafting on. graphene
Electronic Supplementary Material (ESI) for Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. This journal is the Owner Societies 2014 Electronic Supplementary Information (ESI) for Bandgap engineering through nanocrystalline
More informationFourier Transform IR Spectroscopy
Fourier Transform IR Spectroscopy Absorption peaks in an infrared absorption spectrum arise from molecular vibrations Absorbed energy causes molecular motions which create a net change in the dipole moment.
More informationGestão e Produção Sustentável. Durability Electromagnetic radiation. ENG K49 Materiais de origem vegetal aplicados na construção
Gestão e Produção Sustentável Durability Electromagnetic radiation ENG K49 Materiais de origem vegetal aplicados na construção Ricardo Fernandes Carvalho Electromagnetic radiation spectral band Microwaves
More informationtwo slits and 5 slits
Electronic Spectroscopy 2015January19 1 1. UV-vis spectrometer 1.1. Grating spectrometer 1.2. Single slit: 1.2.1. I diffracted intensity at relative to un-diffracted beam 1.2.2. I - intensity of light
More informationInternational Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 5, Issue 3, March-2014 ISSN
316 Effective atomic number of composite materials by Compton scattering - nondestructive evaluation method Kiran K U a, Ravindraswami K b, Eshwarappa K M a and Somashekarappa H M c* a Government Science
More informationBecause light behaves like a wave, we can describe it in one of two ways by its wavelength or by its frequency.
Light We can use different terms to describe light: Color Wavelength Frequency Light is composed of electromagnetic waves that travel through some medium. The properties of the medium determine how light
More informationAbsorption spectrometry summary
Absorption spectrometry summary Rehearsal: Properties of light (electromagnetic radiation), dual nature light matter interactions (reflection, transmission, absorption, scattering) Absorption phenomena,
More informationCHAPTER 10. Characteristics of the Surfaces of Biomaterials
CHAPTER 10 Characteristics of the Surfaces of Biomaterials 10.1 Surface Characteristics Related to Chemical Bonding 10.2 Surface Chemistry Related to Bonding of Biological Molecules 10.3 Porosity 10.4
More informationIII. Energy Deposition in the Detector and Spectrum Formation
1 III. Energy Deposition in the Detector and Spectrum Formation a) charged particles Bethe-Bloch formula de 4πq 4 z2 e 2m v = NZ ( ) dx m v ln ln 1 0 2 β β I 0 2 2 2 z, v: atomic number and velocity of
More informationIRRADIATION EFFECTS ON POLY (VINYL CHLORIDE)
IRRADIATION EFFECTS ON POLY (VINYL CHLORIDE) L.COSTA, V. BRUNELLA, P. BRACCO Dipartimento di Chimica IFM, Università di Torino, Italy E-mail: brunella@ch.unito.it We have studied the electron beam effects
More informationThe characterization of MnO nanostructures synthesized using the chemical bath deposition method
The characterization of MnO nanostructures synthesized using the chemical bath deposition method LF Koao 1, F B Dejene 1* and HC Swart 2 1 Department of Physics, University of the Free State (Qwaqwa Campus),
More informationIR Spectrography - Absorption. Raman Spectrography - Scattering. n 0 n M - Raman n 0 - Rayleigh
RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY Scattering Mid-IR and NIR require absorption of radiation from a ground level to an excited state, requires matching of radiation from source with difference in energy states. Raman
More informationSpectroscopy. Practical Handbook of. J. W. Robinson, Ph.D., D.Sc, F.R.C.S. Department of Chemistry Louisiana State University Baton Rouge, Louisiana
Practical Handbook of Spectroscopy Edited by J. W. Robinson, Ph.D., D.Sc, F.R.C.S. Department of Chemistry Louisiana State University Baton Rouge, Louisiana CRC Press Boca Raton Ann Arbor Boston TABLE
More informationLecture 5: Characterization methods
Lecture 5: Characterization methods X-Ray techniques Single crystal X-Ray Diffration (XRD) Powder XRD Thin film X-Ray Reflection (XRR) Microscopic methods Optical microscopy Electron microscopies (SEM,
More informationChemistry Instrumental Analysis Lecture 3. Chem 4631
Chemistry 4631 Instrumental Analysis Lecture 3 Quantum Transitions The energy of a photon can also be transferred to an elementary particle by adsorption if the energy of the photon exactly matches the
More informationOptical & Spectroscopic Insight into Rheology. SR Kim
Optical & Spectroscopic Insight into Rheology SR Kim 14.11.2014 Contents Rheology and Microscopy Rheology and Simultaneous FT-IR Analysis 2 3 RHEOLOGY AND MICROSCOPY What does Rheology Do? Put a defined
More informationCharacterization. Chapter 3: Photo-oxidative degradation in Nylon 66 : Chemical. 3.1 Introduction
Chapter 3: Photo-oxidative degradation in Nylon 66 : Chemical Characterization 3.1 Introduction Aliphatic polyamides have got very good applications as engineering plastic as well as fiber material. During
More informationProperties of Electromagnetic Radiation Chapter 5. What is light? What is a wave? Radiation carries information
Concepts: Properties of Electromagnetic Radiation Chapter 5 Electromagnetic waves Types of spectra Temperature Blackbody radiation Dual nature of radiation Atomic structure Interaction of light and matter
More informationI. 16. Coloration of Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Film by 3MeV Proton Beams
CYRIC Annual Report 2001 I. 16. Coloration of Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Film by 3MeV Proton Beams Matsuyama S., Ishii K., Yamazaki H., Endoh H., Yuki H., Satoh T., Sugihara S., Amartaivan Ts., Tanaka
More informationSingle-sheet identification method of heavy charged particles using solid state nuclear track detectors
PRAMANA c Indian Academy of Sciences Vol. 69, No. 2 journal of August 2007 physics pp. 191 198 Single-sheet identification method of heavy charged particles using solid state nuclear track detectors MFZAKI
More informationSupplementary Information
Electronic Supplementary Material (ESI) for RSC Advances. This journal is The Royal Society of Chemistry 2016 Supplementary Information Multifunctional Fe 2 O 3 /CeO 2 Nanocomposites for Free Radical Scavenging
More informationn ( λ ) is observed. Further, the bandgap of the ZnTe semiconductor is
Optical Spectroscopy Lennon O Naraigh, 0000 Date of Submission: 0 th May 004 Abstract: This experiment is an exercise in the principles and practice of optical spectroscopy. The continuous emission spectrum
More informationInfra Red Spectroscopy
CH 2252 Instrumental Methods of Analysis Unit I Infra Red Spectroscopy M. Subramanian Assistant Professor Department of Chemical Engineering Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering Kalavakkam
More informationSymmetric Stretch: allows molecule to move through space
BACKGROUND INFORMATION Infrared Spectroscopy Before introducing the subject of IR spectroscopy, we must first review some aspects of the electromagnetic spectrum. The electromagnetic spectrum is composed
More informationVisible-light Driven Plasmonic Photocatalyst Helical Chiral TiO 2 Nanofibers
Visible-light Driven Plasmonic Photocatalyst Ag/AgCl @ Helical Chiral TiO 2 Nanofibers Dawei Wang, Yi Li*, Gianluca Li Puma, Chao Wang, Peifang Wang, Wenlong Zhang, and Qing Wang Fig. S1. The reactor of
More informationChemical etching characteristics for cellulose nitrate
Materials Chemistry and Physics 95 (2006) 307 312 Chemical etching characteristics for cellulose nitrate C.W.Y. Yip, D. Nikezic 1, J.P.Y. Ho, K.N. Yu Department of Physics and Materials Science, City University
More information-:Vijay Singh(09CEB023)
Heterogeneous Semiconductor Photocatalyst -:Vijay Singh(09CEB023) Guided by Azrina Abd Aziz Under Dr. Saravanan Pichiah Preparation of TiO 2 Nanoparticle TiO 2 was prepared by hydrolysis and poly-condensation
More informationSupplementary Information
Supplementary Information Experimental Section Hybrid Nanoparticle Synthesis The hafnium nanoparticles surface-modified with methacrylic acid (MAA, Sigma Aldrich, 99%), trans 2, 3-dimethylacrylic acid
More informationMethods of surface analysis
Methods of surface analysis Nanomaterials characterisation I RNDr. Věra Vodičková, PhD. Surface of solid matter: last monoatomic layer + absorbed monolayer physical properties are effected (crystal lattice
More information1.1 Is the following molecule aromatic or not aromatic? Give reasons for your answer.
Page 1 QUESTION ONE 1.1 Is the following molecule aromatic or not aromatic? Give reasons for your answer. 1.2 List four criteria which compounds must meet in order to be considered aromatic. Page 2 QUESTION
More informationEnergy Spectroscopy. Excitation by means of a probe
Energy Spectroscopy Excitation by means of a probe Energy spectral analysis of the in coming particles -> XAS or Energy spectral analysis of the out coming particles Different probes are possible: Auger
More informationAnalytical Testing Services Commercial Price List ManTech International Corporation January 2018
Analytical ing Services Commercial List ManTech International Corporation January 2018 TABLE OF CONTENTS MECHANICAL TENSILE TESTING... 1 DIFFERENTIAL SCANNING CALORIMETRY (DSC)... 2 THERMOMECHANICAL ANALYSIS
More informationSpectroscopy. Page 1 of 8 L.Pillay (2012)
Spectroscopy Electromagnetic radiation is widely used in analytical chemistry. The identification and quantification of samples using electromagnetic radiation (light) is called spectroscopy. Light has
More informationPhilip Evans Wood Surface Science Laboratory University of British Columbia Vancouver, Canada
Philip Evans Wood Surface Science Laboratory University of British Columbia Vancouver, Canada 1. Surface science 2. FTIR & photo-degradation 3. FTIR & phot0-protection 4. Profilometry & plasma etching
More informationSurface Analysis - The Principal Techniques
Surface Analysis - The Principal Techniques 2nd Edition Editors johnc.vickerman Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocentre, University of Manchester, UK IAN S. GILMORE National Physical Laboratory, Teddington,
More information25 Instruments for Optical Spectrometry
25 Instruments for Optical Spectrometry 25A INSTRUMENT COMPONENTS (1) source of radiant energy (2) wavelength selector (3) sample container (4) detector (5) signal processor and readout (a) (b) (c) Fig.
More informationCHEM6416 Theory of Molecular Spectroscopy 2013Jan Spectroscopy frequency dependence of the interaction of light with matter
CHEM6416 Theory of Molecular Spectroscopy 2013Jan22 1 1. Spectroscopy frequency dependence of the interaction of light with matter 1.1. Absorption (excitation), emission, diffraction, scattering, refraction
More informationABSTRACT. Keywords: CR-39 Detector, chemical etching techniques, new etchant, Methanol. INTRODUCTION
International Journal of Enhanced Research in Science Technology & Engineering, ISSN: 319-73 ol. Issue, April-15, pp: (31-3), Impact Factor: 1.5, Available online at: www.erpublications.com Using (Methanol
More informationUltraviolet-Visible and Infrared Spectrophotometry
Ultraviolet-Visible and Infrared Spectrophotometry Ahmad Aqel Ifseisi Assistant Professor of Analytical Chemistry College of Science, Department of Chemistry King Saud University P.O. Box 2455 Riyadh 11451
More informationTwo-dimensional homologous perovskites as light absorbing materials for solar cell applications
Supporting Information for Two-dimensional homologous perovskites as light absorbing materials for solar cell applications Duyen H. Cao, Constantinos C. Stoumpos, Omar K. Farha,, Joseph T. Hupp, and Mercouri
More informationSecondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS)
CHEM53200: Lecture 10 Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) Major reference: Surface Analysis Edited by J. C. Vickerman (1997). 1 Primary particles may be: Secondary particles can be e s, neutral species
More informationOptical and THz investigations of mid-ir materials exposed
Optical and THz investigations of mid-ir materials exposed to alpha particle irradiation Dan Sporea 1*, Laura Mihai 1, Adelina Sporea 1, Ion Vâţã 2 1 National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation
More informationPHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE PLASMA POLYMER FILMS
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE PLASMA POLYMER FILMS O. Goossens, D. Vangeneugden, S. Paulussen and E. Dekempeneer VITO Flemish Institute for Technological Research, Boeretang
More informationStudy of Neutron Induced Modification on Optical Band Gap of CR-39 Polymeric Detector
sian Journal of Chemistry Vol. 21, No. 10 (2009), S279-283 Study of Neutron Induced Modification on Optical and ap of CR-39 Polymeric Detector VIJY KUMR, R.. SONKWD *,.S. DHLIWL and ROHIT MHR C a Department
More informationModel Answer (Paper code: AR-7112) M. Sc. (Physics) IV Semester Paper I: Laser Physics and Spectroscopy
Model Answer (Paper code: AR-7112) M. Sc. (Physics) IV Semester Paper I: Laser Physics and Spectroscopy Section I Q1. Answer (i) (b) (ii) (d) (iii) (c) (iv) (c) (v) (a) (vi) (b) (vii) (b) (viii) (a) (ix)
More informationLecture 3: Light absorbance
Lecture 3: Light absorbance Perturbation Response 1 Light in Chemistry Light Response 0-3 Absorbance spectrum of benzene 2 Absorption Visible Light in Chemistry S 2 S 1 Fluorescence http://www.microscopyu.com
More informationThe Use of Synchrotron Radiation in Modern Research
The Use of Synchrotron Radiation in Modern Research Physics Chemistry Structural Biology Materials Science Geochemical and Environmental Science Atoms, molecules, liquids, solids. Electronic and geometric
More informationCHEM*3440. Photon Energy Units. Spectrum of Electromagnetic Radiation. Chemical Instrumentation. Spectroscopic Experimental Concept.
Spectrum of Electromagnetic Radiation Electromagnetic radiation is light. Different energy light interacts with different motions in molecules. CHEM*344 Chemical Instrumentation Topic 7 Spectrometry Radiofrequency
More informationElectronic Supplementary Information
Electronic Supplementary Information Autonomous self-healing of poly(acrylic acid) hydrogels induced by the migration of ferric ions ZengjiangWei, a,b Jie He, b Tony Liang, b Jasmin Athas, b Hyuntaek Oh,
More informationIntroduction to X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) XPS which makes use of the photoelectric effect, was developed in the mid-1960
Introduction to X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), also known as Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis (ESCA) is a widely used technique to investigate
More information1901 Application of Spectrophotometry
1901 Application of Spectrophotometry Chemical Analysis Problem: 1 Application of Spectroscopy Organic Compounds Organic compounds with single bonds absorb in the UV region because electrons from single
More informationPhotoelectron spectroscopy Instrumentation. Nanomaterials characterization 2
Photoelectron spectroscopy Instrumentation Nanomaterials characterization 2 RNDr. Věra V Vodičkov ková,, PhD. Photoelectron Spectroscopy general scheme Impact of X-ray emitted from source to the sample
More informationPhotocatalytic degradation of methylene blue and crystal violet by sulfur/reduced graphene oxide composite
Photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue and crystal violet by sulfur/reduced graphene oxide composite RahmatollahRahimi, MahsaMoshari, MahboubehRabbani Department of Chemistry, Iran University of
More informationUV Degradation of Polycarbonate
Utah State University DigitalCommons@USU Senior Theses and Projects Materials Physics 5-2017 UV Degradation of Polycarbonate Katie Gamaunt Utah State University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/mp_seniorthesesprojects
More informationLife Science Journal 2013;10(4)
Ultraviolet radiation of short wavelength (UVC) induced-modifications in optical properties of PADC M. El Ghazaly 1, 2, A. Sh Aydarous 3, Talal A. Al-Thomali 1 1. Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine,
More information1. The most important aspects of the quantum theory.
Lecture 5. Radiation and energy. Objectives: 1. The most important aspects of the quantum theory: atom, subatomic particles, atomic number, mass number, atomic mass, isotopes, simplified atomic diagrams,
More informationEffects of a static magnetic field on biological samples
University of Wollongong Research Online University of Wollongong Thesis Collection 1954-2016 University of Wollongong Thesis Collections 2009 Effects of a static magnetic field on biological samples Peter
More informationLearning Guide for Chapter 3 - Infrared Spectroscopy
Learning Guide for hapter 3 - Infrared Spectroscopy I. Introduction to spectroscopy - p 1 II. Molecular vibrations - p 3 III. Identifying functional groups - p 6 IV. Interpreting an IR spectrum - p 12
More informationKeywords: mechanical property, polymer optical fibre, radiation, transmission.
5 th Australasian Congress on Applied Mechanics, ACAM 27 1-12 December 27, Brisbane, Australia Radiation damage to polymer optical fibres C. Yan 1, S.H. Law 2, N. Suchowerska 3,4 and S.H. Hong 5 1 School
More informationInteraction of charged particles and photons with matter
Interaction of charged particles and photons with matter Robert Miyaoka, Ph.D. Old Fisheries Center, Room 200 rmiyaoka@u.washington.edu Passage of radiation through matter depends on Type of radiation
More informationX-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) Prof. Paul K. Chu
X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) Prof. Paul K. Chu X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Introduction Qualitative analysis Quantitative analysis Charging compensation Small area analysis and XPS imaging
More informationCHAPTER 7 SUMMARY OF THE PRESENT WORK AND SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE WORK
161 CHAPTER 7 SUMMARY OF THE PRESENT WORK AND SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE WORK 7.1 SUMMARY OF THE PRESENT WORK Nonlinear optical materials are required in a wide range of important applications, such as optical
More informationEngineering electronic structure of Two-Dimensional Subnanopore. nanosheet by Molecular Titanium-oxide Incorporation for Enhanced
Electronic Supplementary Material (ESI) for Chemical Science. This journal is The Royal Society of Chemistry 2015 Electronic Supplementary Information for Engineering electronic structure of Two-Dimensional
More informationSurface Hydrophilic Treatment of Polyester Films via UV irradiation
Surface Hydrophilic Treatment of Polyester Films via UV irradiation Gwang Hoe Koo, Hae Sung Lee and Jinho Jang School of Advanced Materials and System Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology,
More informationDEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERING SRM NAGAR, KATTANKULATHUR-603203 EI 2302 ANALYTICAL INSTRUMENTS QUESTION BANK UNIT I COLORIMETRY AND SPECTROPHOTOMETRY Part A 1. State Lambert
More informationSupplementary Information for
Supplementary Information for Facile transformation of low cost thiourea into nitrogen-rich graphitic carbon nitride nanocatalyst with high visible light photocatalytic performance Fan Dong *a, Yanjuan
More informationUnit title: Atomic and Nuclear Physics for Spectroscopic Applications
Unit title: Atomic and Nuclear Physics for Spectroscopic Applications Unit code: Y/601/0417 QCF level: 4 Credit value: 15 Aim This unit provides an understanding of the underlying atomic and nuclear physics
More informationMS482 Materials Characterization ( 재료분석 ) Lecture Note 5: RBS
2016 Fall Semester MS482 Materials Characterization ( 재료분석 ) Lecture Note 5: RBS Byungha Shin Dept. of MSE, KAIST 1 Course Information Syllabus 1. Overview of various characterization techniques (1 lecture)
More informationChapter 37 Early Quantum Theory and Models of the Atom. Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 37 Early Quantum Theory and Models of the Atom Planck s Quantum Hypothesis; Blackbody Radiation Photon Theory of Light and the Photoelectric Effect Energy, Mass, and Momentum of a Photon Compton
More informationDEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS UNIVERSITY OF PUNE PUNE SYLLABUS for the M.Phil. (Physics ) Course
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS UNIVERSITY OF PUNE PUNE - 411007 SYLLABUS for the M.Phil. (Physics ) Course Each Student will be required to do 3 courses, out of which two are common courses. The third course syllabus
More informationWhich of the following classes of electromagnetic waves will not ionise neutral atoms?
1 In an experiment to demonstrate the photoelectric effect, a charged metal plate is illuminated with light from different sources. The plate loses its charge when an ultraviolet light source is used but
More informationReference literature. (See: CHEM 2470 notes, Module 8 Textbook 6th ed., Chapters )
September 17, 2018 Reference literature (See: CHEM 2470 notes, Module 8 Textbook 6th ed., Chapters 13-14 ) Reference.: https://slideplayer.com/slide/8354408/ Spectroscopy Usual Wavelength Type of Quantum
More information