SpringerBriefs in Environmental Science

Transcription

1 SpringerBriefs in Environmental Science

2 SpringerBriefs in Environmental Science present concise summaries of cutting-edge research and practical applications across a wide spectrum of environmental fields, with fast turnaround time to publication. Featuring compact volumes of 50 to 125 pages, the series covers a range of content from professional to academic. Monographs of new material are considered for the SpringerBriefs in Environmental Science series. Typical topics might include: a timely report of state-of-the-art analytical techniques, a bridge between new research results, as published in journal articles and a contextual literature review, a snapshot of a hot or emerging topic, an in-depth case study or technical example, a presentation of core concepts that students must understand in order to make independent contributions, best practices or protocols to be followed, a series of short case studies/debates highlighting a specific angle. SpringerBriefs in Environmental Science allow authors to present their ideas and readers to absorb them with minimal time investment. Both solicited and unsolicited manuscripts are considered for publication. More information about this series at

3 Karthiyayini Sridharan Editor Emerging Trends of Nanotechnology in Environment and Sustainability A Review-Based Approach 123

4 Editor Karthiyayini Sridharan General Science BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus Dubai UAE ISSN ISSN (electronic) SpringerBriefs in Environmental Science ISBN ISBN (ebook) Library of Congress Control Number: The Author(s) 2018 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland

5 Preface The book is about the nanotechnology aspects of benefits and risks on environment. It is broadly divided into three parts: Part I Nanotechnology in sustainability, Part II Nanotechnology in toxicological impacts and Part III Nanotechnology in water remediation and adsorbents. There are totally 14 chapters on the nanotechnology aspects under the above said three broad parts. The crucial challenge of sustainability in various environmental aspects at present is a global problem. Hence, applied nanotechnology in sustainability of food, clean environment, removal of greenhouse gases, raw materials extraction, manufacturing and transport fall under the purview of Part I, which has seven chapters. A tremendous growth in the production of nanomaterials in many applications is definitely commendable. However, on the other hand, we should also be concerned about the impact of the toxic effects it leaves behind. Therefore, nanotoxicity research in many areas like human body and medicine, industry and agriculture, etc., are reviewed separately. The toxic nature of widely used nanomaterials is described in the three chapters of Part II. Yet, nanomaterials are enormously used in environmental remediation due to some of their distinct properties. The four chapters in Part III, showcase the highly reactive and adsorbent properties of nanomaterials that enable them to be a competent agent in water and pollutants remediation. The first chapter elaborates on the utility of Nanotechnology to sustain a clean environment. The numerous pollutants generated by humans, industries, etc., are removed from air and water by many nanomaterials. The uses of a few nanomaterials in various processes to sustain a clean environment are reviewed and also the application of nanoscience in detecting the pollution in air and water is further explained. Future research directions in this context are given in the conclusion. The second chapter is about the impacts of greenhouse gases. The gases causing this effect and the risks due to it in global warming, ocean acidification, smog and ozone pollution, and the ozone layer depletions, etc., are discussed. The solutions and recommendations to overcome this effect in nanotechnology are explained. Nano-coating, nanocatalysts, and nanosensors with nanomaterials have been taken as examples to suggest solutions to reduce the greenhouse effect. v

6 vi Preface The third chapter explicates the production of food and agriculture. Both solutions to and recommendations for are discussed in precision farming for maximizing crop yield, smart delivery system where nanoscale sensors are used for the requirement and quantity of pesticide and manure for better yield. Nanotechnology in water requirement for agriculture, safe food packaging, and food processing yielding maximum efficiency and minimum wastage are elaborated upon. The fourth chapter explains how nanotechnology is used for sustainable raw mineral extraction. The use of nanomaterials in modern technology of mineral extraction is explained with the method of gold extraction. Following which the uranium extraction process is elucidated including the ultrafiltration. Nanotechnological processes of extracting chromium, copper and nickel and the separation of europium and yttrium is also described. The sensor-based extraction is also mentioned with the future research directions. The fifth chapter discusses the role of nanotechnology in facing the challenges of sustainable manufacturing. The challenges such as cost and waste management are analyzed with some possible solutions. The sixth chapter covers about the production of energy by eco-friendly method. Energy from vibration and solar panel are explained in conjunction. The present use and future benefits of nanomaterial are covered broadly. In the seventh chapter, the importance of biodiversity is introduced and explained which goes into a discussion on nanotechnology to sustain biodiversity in agriculture and forest preservation. In Chap. 8, the applications of quantum dots are discussed showcasing the different kinds of toxicity in quantum dots. The chapter concludes with the routes and exposures. The ninth chapter discusses the nanomaterials applications in pharmacies. The characterization of nanomaterials in drugs, like size, dosage, components, etc., is explained. Following this, certain specific nanosystems like liposomes, dendrimers, etc., are individually discussed. The Chap. 10 reads about the sources and exposures where some of the medical uses of nanomaterials like drug delivery and therapy techniques are discussed. The authors explain the enroutes of nanoparticles in human body and their toxicity of a few specific nanomaterials are separately enlisted. Carbon systems, metals, and inorganic nanomaterials are few groups explained in this chapter. The eleventh chapter is solely about the role of adsorbents in water remediation. Here the removal of harmful chemicals and heavy ions by nanomaterials as adsorbents are elaborated upon. The method and adsorbent for each harmful material are mentioned separately. The Chap. 12 begins with explaining about the nanofiltration membranes and nanopolymers in desalination as filtration. Various nanoparticle catalysts are listed with their properties and methods incorporated by them. The thirteenth chapter elaborates on the magnetic nanoparticles for water treatment and remediation for purifying water. The materials used for this treatment are mentioned and discussed. Further, the nanomaterials used for disinfection and microbial control are also explained.

7 Preface vii The Chap. 14 elucidates the effects and interactions of some metallic nanomaterials on microorganisms. The antibacterial activities and interactions of copper, gold and silver nanomaterials have been further stressed upon. This book is the compendium of project articles of my students in the course, Nanotechnology for renewable energy and Environment. A few topics were included for the sake of completeness under the relevant topic. It is thus, mainly intended for researchers and students to acquire a thorough knowledge of nanotechnology dominance in sustainability challenges faced at present. Further, this work intends to give the anticipatory governance of nanomaterials in society and environment. First, I appreciate all the support and encouragement given by our Director, Prof R.N. Saha. I would like to thank my friends and colleagues, Dr. Kavita Jerath, Dr. Amaranath, and Dr. Manoj Kannan for not only contributing the chapters but also for their constant encouragement and critical analysis. I am highly indebted to my friend, Dr. R. Sugaraj Samuel for not only contributing in chapters but also for his brilliant ideas in illustrations of all chapters. I sincerely acknowledge the appropriate help rendered by Mr. Giridhar Kesavan in methodical development of this book. I would like to acknowledge Ms. Reetika Jerath and Mr. Mukarram Ahmed for their continuous help rendered in the preparation of the manuscript. All the technical support rendered by Mr. Raja Selvaraj is greatly appreciated. The tolerance of my friends and our family members is also greatly appreciated. Dubai, UAE Karthiyayini Sridharan

8 Contents Part I Nanotechnology in Sustainability 1 Nanotechnology to Sustain a Clean Environment... 3 Shanelle Govekar, Ravi Kumar, Rajesh Suresh and Karthiyayini Sridharan 2 Reducing the Impacts of Greenhouse Gases T. Vuday Sankar, Dhruvil Patel, R. Sugaraj Samuel and G. Amaranath 3 Nanotechnology in the Food Industry And the Benefits and Improvements in Food Processing and Packaging Brought About by it H. Kasi Viswanathan, Nikhil Reji Thomas and G. Amaranath 4 Nanotechnology for Sustainable Raw Mineral Extraction and Use Kritin Chugh, Ashish Kapur and Kavita Jerath 5 Nanotechnology in Energy Harvesting R. Sugaraj Samuel, Shabeeb Razak, K. Venkatesh Prabhu, Mohammed Shaheem and Kavita Jerath 6 Nanotechnology to Overcome Challenges in Sustainable Manufacturing Shyam Krishna and Kavita Jerath 7 Nanotechnology to Sustain Biodiversity Manoj Kannan, Shradha Sheeba Baiju, Shartaz Alam Hazarika and Aneek Javed ix

9 x Contents Part II Nanotechnology in Toxicological Impacts 8 Toxicological Impacts of Quantum Dots Manoj Kannan, Arzan Ali, Megha Matoo and Prajin Jacob 9 Nanotechnology in Pharmaceuticals Shalin Shaji, Sarath Haridas, Jacob Siby Jacob and Manoj Kannan 10 Toxicological Impacts of Nanoparticles Amith Baby, Salman Nazeerudeen, Shiva Ranganath and R. Sugaraj Samuel Part III Nanotechnology in Water Remediation and Adsorbents 11 Nanomaterials-Based Adsorbents for Water and Wastewater Treatments Iris Gopalakrishnan, R. Sugaraj Samuel and Karthiyayini Sridharan 12 Water Remediation by Nanofiltration and Catalytic Degradation R. Sugaraj Samuel and Karthiyayini Sridharan 13 Magnetic Nanomaterials and Their Use in Water Treatment Kavita Jerath 14 Effects and Interaction of Some Metallic Nanomaterials on Micro-organisms Ahmad Shumayal, Rohan Saha and Manoj Kannan Index