Water & Wastewater. Laboratory Math
|
|
|
- Virginia Cook
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Water & Wastewater Laboratory Math VWEA Good Lab Practices Meeting Presented by: Wayne Staples Virginia DEQ July 24, 2017
2 Required to: Math in the Laboratory Determine a test result Alkalinity calculation Assure data accuracy Relative Percent Difference Explain how a procedure or test works Beer s law Many other applications 7/24/17 Laboratory Math 2
3 Significant Figures Rules for significant figures of numbers Follow requirements of permits Otherwise: Non-zero integers are always significant Zeros Three classes Leading Captive Trailing Exact numbers 7/24/17 Laboratory Math 3
4 Leading Zeros Significant Figures Zeros that precede nonzero digits Not counted as significant Indicate the position of decimal Example: Two significant figures 7/24/17 Laboratory Math 4
5 Captive Zeros Significant Figures Zeros between nonzero digits Always count as significant figures Example: Four significant figures 7/24/17 Laboratory Math 5
6 Trailing Zeros Significant Figures Zeros at the right end of numbers Significant only if there is a decimal Examples: 200 One significant figure 2.00 x 10 2 (AKA: 200) Three significant figures 7/24/17 Laboratory Math 6
7 Exact numbers Significant Figures Numbers determined by counting 11 BOD samples, 8 DO tests, etc. Infinite possible number of significant figures Defined numbers 1 in. is defined as exactly 2.54 cm. Neither limits the significant figures in a calculation 7/24/17 Laboratory Math 7
8 Your Turn!! How many significant figures? An extraction yields g of grease. 2 An analyst records g of solids. 3 The time required for a test is minutes. 4 7/24/17 Laboratory Math 8
9 Significant Figures in Calculations Simple rules for determining significant figures in calculations Multiplication or Division Number of significant figures equals the number in the least precise value or measurement used in the calculation = corrected 6.8 7/24/17 Laboratory Math 9
10 Significant Figures in Calculations Simple rules for determining significant figures in calculations. Addition or Subtraction Number of significant figures equals the number of decimal places in the least precise value or measurement used in the calculation = corrected /24/17 Laboratory Math 10
11 Significant Figures Rules for Rounding Series of calculations carry extra digits through to end of calculation then round. If digit to be removed is less than 5 Round down 2.32 rounds to 2.3 If digit to be removed is five or higher Round up 2.37 rounds to 2.4 7/24/17 Laboratory Math 11
12 Significant Figures Rules for Rounding Look at first digit to the right of the digit to be rounded. Do not round in series Example: Round to two significant figures Not 3.45, then 3.5 7/24/17 Laboratory Math 12
13 Universal Equation C 1 V 1 = C 2 V 2 Basis for three of four basic testing methodologies Titrimetric Colorimetric Electrometric 7/24/17 Laboratory Math 13
14 C 1 V 1 = C 2 V 2 Where: C 1 = Concentration of stock solution. V 1 = Volume of stock solution that will be added to standard, spike or sample. C 2 = Concentration of desired standard, spike or sample. V 2 = Volume of standard, spiked sample or dilution. 7/24/17 Laboratory Math 14
15 Target Concentrations Some test procedures cover a limited range of concentrations Samples with higher levels must be diluted before testing Requires some knowledge of the sample Results of past analyses Results for similar samples Initial testing always requires multiple dilutions to cover range of results 7/24/17 Laboratory Math 15
16 Procedure Determine concentration range of test procedure. Determine expected concentration range of sample based on available information. Determine volume of sample to be diluted to produce a concentration within the range of the test. Since concentrations can vary, it is best to select several dilution concentrations to ensure one or more will fall within the range of the test. 7/24/17 Laboratory Math 16
17 Calculation Highest Sample Volume Volume High Volume Test Concentration Concentration Lowest Sample Volume Volume Low Volume Test Concentration Test Sample High Concentration High Sample Low Test Low 7/24/17 Laboratory Math 17
18 Example The phosphorus test requires: A 50 ml sample volume A concentration in the range 2 5 mg/l Previous tests indicate the sample has a concentration of mg/l 7/24/17 Laboratory Math 18
19 Step 1 Calculate the sample volume required to fall within the upper concentration limit. Volume High Volume 50 ml 5 mg/l 18 mg/l 13.9 ml Test Concentration Concentration Sample High 13.9 ml of sample would be diluted to 50 ml Test High 7/24/17 Laboratory Math 19
20 Step 2 Calculate the sample volume required to fall within the lower concentration limit. Volume Low Volume 50 ml 2 mg/l 8 ml Test Concentration 12.5 mg/l Concentration 8 ml of sample would be diluted to 50 ml Sample Low Test Low 7/24/17 Laboratory Math 20
21 Chemical Dilutions Not all labs do this Useful when: Solutions are not available at the required concentration Shelf life is extremely short at the required concentration 7/24/17 Laboratory Math 21
22 Dilution Formula Works with any concentrations if: Stock and diluted concentrations are expressed in the same units (i.e. %, mg/l, Normality, Molarity, etc.) Stock and diluted volumes are expressed in the same units (ml, L, gallons, etc.) Formula can also be used when preparing dilutions of process chemicals 7/24/17 Laboratory Math 22
23 Dilution Formula Volume 1 Stock 2 1 Volume 2 Concentration Concentration Solution ( solution used to prepare Standard Solution ( solution being prepared) 1 2 dilution) 7/24/17 Laboratory Math 23
24 Example Prepare 1,000 ml of 0.025N sodium thiosulfate solution. The concentration of the stock sodium thiosulfate solution is 1.0N. What is the volume of stock solution required? Volume 1.0N 1,000 ml = 25 ml 0.025N 1.0 N 0.025N 7/24/17 Laboratory Math 24
25 Calculate a Final Result Titration test method Alkalinity, Hardness, Ammonia, etc. Gravimetric test method TS, TSS, TVS, Oil & Grease, etc. Colorimetric test method TP, NO2-, NO3-, TKN, Ammonia, etc. Electrometric test method Ammonia 7/24/17 Laboratory Math 25
26 Titration Determine concentration of one chemical using the amount of another chemical required to just react in a known volume of sample. Examples: Winkler D.O., Alkalinity, Ammonia, TRC Oddly, BOD (?) 7/24/17 Laboratory Math 26
27 Titration Calculation Calculate alkalinity as mg/l CaCO 3. Alkalinity, mg/l CaCO3 (B A) ml of A Start Buret Reading B Final Buret Reading N Normality of Standard Acid N 50,000 Sample 7/24/17 Laboratory Math 27
28 Given Titration Example Start Buret Reading = 0.0 ml Final Buret Reading = 22.5 ml Sample Volume = 100 ml Standard Acid = 0.02 N Alkalinity, mg/l CaCO3 ( ) 225 mg/l ,000 7/24/17 Laboratory Math 28
29 Gravimetric Measurements Determining the amount of material (usually a solid) by a difference in weight. Examples: TS TSS TVSS Oil and Grease 7/24/17 Laboratory Math 29
30 Gravimetric Calculation After completing preparation steps of the procedure and determining the tare and sample weights: TSS, A B mg/l Weight Weight (A (grams) (grams) of of Sample dry filter solids, Volume, & dish filter B) 1,000 mg/gram 1,000 ml/l ml & dish 7/24/17 Laboratory Math 30
31 Example Given the following data, what is the concentration of suspended solids? Weight of dish, filter grams Weight of dish, filter & dry solids grams Sample volume 500 ml TSS, mg/l ( g ) 1,000 mg/g 1,000 ml/l = 223 mg/l 500 ml 7/24/17 Laboratory Math 31
32 Colorimetric Measurements In colorimetric procedures chemicals are added to samples/standards. Reactions occur that produce a characteristic color. In many cases, the intensity of color produced is directly related to the concentration of the chemical of interest. 7/24/17 Laboratory Math 32
33 Colorimetric Principle When light of an appropriate wavelength is passed through a colored solution part of the light is absorbed If absorbance of different concentrations is linear it demonstrates that the procedure adheres to the Beer-Lambert law (commonly called Beer s Law). 7/24/17 Laboratory Math 33
34 Beer s Law Reactions that adhere to Beer s Law can form the basis of a colorimetric test procedure. Where : A Absorbance concentration of through solution (in cm) absorbing parameter molar absorptivity/molar extiction coefficient (in L/mol cm) l length of lightpath c A l c (in mol/l) 7/24/17 Laboratory Math 34
35 Beer s Law For a particular parameter and wavelength, the product of ϵ and l can be determined. Where : A l 7/24/17 Laboratory Math 35 A c Absorbance measured using a spectrophotometer/colorimeter c Concentration of a known solution
36 Beer s Law Assuming the product of ϵ and l are known for a particular parameter and wavelength, by determining the absorbance (A) of a sample using the test procedure, the concentration of the parameter can be calculated. c A 7/24/17 Laboratory Math 36 l
37 Calibration Curve Key to any colorimetric determination Multiple prepared standards Treated exactly the same as samples Determine Correlation Coefficient ( r ) Linear regression Evaluate for linearity ( ±0.995) Move on or repeat! 7/24/17 Laboratory Math 37
38 Correlation Coefficient, r r = [ ( n x x 2 [ ( n x xy ) - ( x ) 2 ) - ( ] x [ x x y ) ( n x y 2 ] ) - ( y ) 2 ) ] x 2 x = Absorbance or xy = product of = square of Absorbance or y 2 r = correlation coefficent n = number of test values = square of y = Concentration = the sum of individual values ( % Transmittance paired x and y values % Transmittance values concentration values i.e. x, y, xy,x and y 7/24/17 Laboratory Math )
39 Calibration Curve Use to determine concentration or mass Multiple prepared standards Treated exactly the same as samples Determine line-of-best-fit y = mx + b Where: y = concentration of parameter x = absorbance value m = Slope of the line b = point where the line crosses the y-axis when x = 0 7/24/17 Laboratory Math 39
40 Calibration Curve Example Total Phosphorus Test Data Calibration Curve Date: June 19, 2017 Std Concentration (mg) Abs /24/17 Laboratory Math 40
41 Linear Regression The linear regression of the concentration and absorbance data for the standards produces the three key elements in calculating the Total Phosphorus results (correlation coefficient, slope of the line-of-best-fit & y axis intercept). Total Phosphorus Regression Statistics Calibration Calibration Curve Curve Date: Date: June June 19, 19, 19, Regression Output: Constant (b (b = = y y intercept) Std Err Err of of Y Y Est Est R Squared Correlation Coefficient (r): (r): No. No. of of Observations 6 6 Degrees of of Freedom 4 4 X Coefficient(s) (m (m = = slope slope of of line) line) /24/17 Laboratory Math 41
42 Calculating Results Calibration Curve Date: Total Phosphorus Final Results Because the standards were prepared as mg P, the final result must be calculated using the calculated P and the sample volume. mg P / L June 19, 2017 Sample Site Sample Date Calculated P, mg Abs. Sample Vol., ml a1 6/14/ a2 6/14/ a3 6/14/ a4 6/14/ a5 6/14/ mg P ( in approximately ml final volume) 1,000 ml original sample P Concentration, mg/l 7/24/17 Laboratory Math
43 Colorimetric Results In some cases the calibration curve is prepared using mg/l values vs absorbance or transmittance. Record the result directly from calculated value May need to correct for dilution factor 7/24/17 Laboratory Math 43
44 Electrometric Measurements Similar to colorimetric procedures Uses electrical devices (electrodes) to measure current produced by chemical reactions Internal circuitry allows meter to: Read current generated across electrodes Be adjusted to calibrate or match meter output to specific concentrations 7/24/17 Laboratory Math 44
45 Electrometric Examples ph (meter method) Dissolved Oxygen (probe method) Specific Ion Electrodes Ammonia & TKN (probe method) Nitrate (probe method) Total residual chlorine (probe method) Other parameters 7/24/17 Laboratory Math 45
46 Direct Measurements ph (standard units) Dissolved oxygen (mg/l) Requires calibration under test conditions No calculations for test result QA/QC may require math 7/24/17 Laboratory Math 46
47 Specific Ion Electrodes AKA: Ion Selective Electrodes Similar to colorimetric procedures Requires: Series of standards for calibration curve Calculation of correlation coefficient, r Calculation of final result from curve May require mathematical manipulation 7/24/17 Laboratory Math 47
48 Calibration Curve Example Ammonia Nitrogen Test Data Calibration Curve Date: 6/19/2017 Slope Check mv Std Concentration Log Conc mv 1 ml 1000 mg/l ammonia ml 1000 mg/l ammonia Difference (Slope) /24/17 Laboratory Math 48
49 Linear Regression The linear regression of the concentration and absorbance data for the standards produces the three key elements in calculating the Total Phosphorus results (correlation coefficient, slope of the line-of-best-fit & y axis intercept). Ammonia Nitrogen Regression Statistics Calibration Curve Date: 6/19/2017 Regression Output: Constant (b (b = = y y intercept) Std Err Err of of Y Y Est Est R R Squared Correlation Coefficient (r): (r): No. No. of of Observations 5 5 Degrees of of Freedom 3 3 X X Coefficient(s) - (m - (m = = Slope) /24/17 Laboratory Math 49
50 Calculating Results Ammonia Nitrogen Final Results Calibration Curve Date: 6/19/2017 Sample Site Sample Date Calculated NH 3, mg/l Log Conc. mv Sample Vol., ml Effluent 6/15/ Filter Influent 6/15/ Influent 6/15/ Strange Inf. 6/15/ Because the standards were prepared as mg NH3-N/L, the final result only needs to be adjusted for sample dilution volume. mg NH 3 mg NH N 100 N / L 3 ml original sample NH 3 Concentration, mg/l 7/24/17 Laboratory Math
51 QA/QC CALCULATIONS 7/24/17 Laboratory Math 51
52 Quality Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC) Quality Control: Individual things you do to check that data is acceptable. Examples: blanks, duplicate samples, and known additions. Quality Assurance: Combination of all of the QC things combined that ensure the quality of data. 7/24/17 Laboratory Math 52
53 Standard Methods - Part 1000 Part 1000 applies to ALL standard methods. 7/24/17 Laboratory Math 53
54 QA/QC Part nd Ed. Initial Demonstration of Capability (B.1) [Certification of operator competence] Operational Range (B.2) Externally Supplied Standards (B.3) [Ongoing Demonstration of Capability] Method Detection Level (B.4) Analysis of Reagent Blanks (B.5) Laboratory Fortified Blank/Control Standard (B.6) 7/24/17 Laboratory Math 54
55 QA/QC Part nd Ed. Laboratory Fortified Matrix/Spike (B.7) Analysis of Duplicates (B.8) Internal Standards (B.9) Surrogates and Tracers (B.10) Calibration (B.11) Instrument calibration (B.11.a.) Initial calibration (B.11.b) Calibration verification (B.11.c) Performance evaluation samples (C.1) 7/24/17 Laboratory Math 55
56 % Recovery Most common calculation used for QA/QC procedures! Test Result % Recovery 100 Known Conc. 7/24/17 Laboratory Math 56
57 % Recovery Example 23 mg/l % Recovery mg/l Typically acceptance criteria may vary with application: 70 to 130% 80 to 120% 90 to 110% 115% 7/24/17 Laboratory Math 57
58 DUPLICATES 2 identical samples collected at the same time and site. Must be prepared and analyzed as separate samples. 5% of samples Relative Percent Difference (RPD) for low level samples [conc. near lowest calibration standard] ±25% RPD for higher level samples [conc. near middle calibration standard] ±10 % 7/24/17 Laboratory Math 58
59 RPD Example: RPD Calculation ( Sample Concentration ( Sample Concentration Duplicate Concentration) Duplicate Concentration) Sample Concentration = 3.5 mg/l Duplicate Concentration = 3.0 mg/l RPD 3.5 mg/l 3.5 mg/l mg/l 3.0 mg/l 2 100% = 15.4% 0.5 mg/l 3.25 mg/l 100% 100% 7/24/17 Laboratory Math 59
60 Matrix Spikes SPIKES (Known Additions) Addition of known amount of parameter Spiking Conc X usual sample value. If not analyzing dups, spike 10% of samples. 1 out of 10 If analyzing dups and spikes, combined total must be at least 10% of samples % recovery. 7/24/17 Laboratory Math 60
61 Matrix Spike Concentration What spike concentration is required? Sample conc. = 0.3 mg/l Standard conc. = 10 mg/l Spike at 10 mg/l? Dilutes sample too much. Spike at 1.5 mg/l? Awkward! Think KISS Spike at 1.0 mg/l? Good choice 7/24/17 Laboratory Math 61
62 Volume of Matrix Spike Need to spike a sample sample that usually is 0.3 mg/l. What do you do? 1. Determine Conc. of final spike. Don t include 0.3 ppm already in sample. 2. Vol. of spiked sample. 3. Conc. of spiking solution. 4. Vol. of spiking solution needed. 7/24/17 Laboratory Math 62
63 Volume of Matrix Spike Determine volume of spiking solution needed, if: 1. Final spike conc. = 1.0 mg/l 2. Final test volume = 50 ml 3. Spiking solution conc. = 10 mg/l Spike volume, ml 1.0 mg/l 10 mg/l 50 ml 5.0 ml 7/24/17 Laboratory Math 63
64 Spike Recovery Analyze sample without spike added (sample). Analyze sample with spike added (matrix spike or MS). Measured Spike Conc. Measured Sample Conc. % Spike Recovery 100 True Value of Spike Conc. 7/24/17 Laboratory Math 64
65 Example Spike Recovery Spiked Sample Result = 6.7 mg/l Dup. Spiked Sample Result = 7.4 mg/l Matrix Spike = 18.3 mg/l Concentration of Spike =10 mg/l % Spike Recovery % Spike Recovery 18.3 mg/l 18.3 mg/l 10 mg/l 10 mg/l 6.7 mg/l 7.4 mg/l % % 7/24/17 Laboratory Math 65
66 Spike Recovery When a duplicate is run on a sample that is spiked, calculate recovery using both sample value and dup value. Don t average. If one of the two fails, flag data on benchsheet and DMR 7/24/17 Laboratory Math 66
67 Questions? 7/24/17 Laboratory Math 67
Applications of Ion-Selective Electrodes
Applications of Ion-Selective Electrodes Analyte Ammonia Carbon dioxide Chloride Chlorine residual Cyanide Fluoride Nitrate Nitrogen oxide/nitrite Oxygen, dissloved Sulfide Electrode type Gas sensing Gas
CLASS II WASTEWATER LABORATORY ANALYST EXAMINATION STUDY GUIDE 2008
CLASS II WASTEWATER LABORATORY ANALYST EXAMINATION STUDY GUIDE 2008 SPECIFIC WASTEWATER LABORATORY ANALYSES INCLUDED ON CLASS II EXAM ALL ANALYSES LISTED IN THE CLASS I EXAMINATION STUDY GUIDE Biochemical
ALLOWAY METHOD OUTLINE
ALLOWAY METHOD OUTLINE Standard Laboratory Method SM4500-Cl -G Parameter Residual Chlorine & Free Chlorine Method DPD Colorimetric Test Kit Date Issued Originator: Section Supervisor: QA Manager Date:
Glossary of Common Laboratory Terms
Accuracy A measure of how close a measured value is to the true value. Assessed by means of percent recovery of spikes and standards. Aerobic Atmospheric or dissolved oxygen is available. Aliquot A measured
Lab #12: Determination of a Chemical Equilibrium Constant
Lab #12: Determination of a Chemical Equilibrium Constant Objectives: 1. Determine the equilibrium constant of the formation of the thiocyanatoiron (III) ions. 2. Understand the application of using a
Answers to spectroscopy questions. 1. Consider the spectrum below. Questions a f refer to this spectrum.
Answers to spectroscopy questions. 1. Consider the spectrum below. Questions a f refer to this spectrum. a. Is the spectrum above a band spectrum or a line spectrum? This is a band spectra, there are what
Revision: 11 (MBAS) ALLOWAY METHOD OUTLINE. Standard Laboratory Method:
ALLOWAY METHOD OUTLINE Standard Laboratory Method: SM Parameter: Methylene Blue Method: Colorimetric Reporting Level: Reference: 0.05 mg/l Standard Methods for the Examination Of Water and Wastewater;
Spectrophotometric Determination of Ferrocyanide in Effluents
Spectrophotometric Determination of Ferrocyanide in Effluents ECN-0025-1 INTRODUCTION This method is used to determine the concentration of ferrocyanide ion in photoprocessing solution effluents. The ion
QA/QC in the Wastewater Laboratory. Steve Roberts Ohio EPA Division of Environmental Services 05/11/2016
QA/QC in the Wastewater Laboratory Steve Roberts Ohio EPA Division of Environmental Services 05/11/2016 What is Quality Assurance? Per Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 21 st
Analytical Chemistry. Course Philosophy
Analytical Chemistry Definition: the science of extraction, identification, and quantitation of an unknown sample. Example Applications: Human Genome Project Lab-on-a-Chip (microfluidics) and anotechnology
AP Chemistry A Review of Analytical Chemistry
AP Chemistry A Review of Analytical Chemistry AP Chemistry Ch 1 (Prentice Hall) What Temperature Do You Read? A measurement always has some amount of uncertainty To indicate the uncertainty of a single
NITROGEN, TOTAL, Test N Tube * Method 10071
NITROGEN, TOTAL, Test N Tube * Method 10071 TNT Persulfate Digestion Method (0 to 25.0 mg/l N) Scope and Application: For water and wastewater; digestion is required for determining total nitrogen. The
Experiment 1 (Part A): Plotting the Absorption Spectrum of Iron (II) Complex with 1,10- Phenanthroline
Experiment (Part A): Plotting the Absorption Spectrum of Iron (II) Complex with,0- Phenanthroline Background The first step of an analytical spectrophotometric procedure for quantitative determination
RAPID KJELDAHL BENCHNOTES
RAPID KJELDAHL BENCHNOTES Methodology for the Determination of Alcohol in a Mixture by Direct Distillation with the RapidStill II Principle: This method covers the determination of percent alcohol in distilled
Exercise 6: Determination of Hardness of Water
Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry, CHC014011L Exercise 6: Determination of Hardness of Water Introduction: Hardness in water is generally caused by the presence of dissolved calcium and magnesium carbonates
METHOD 7196A CHROMIUM, HEXAVALENT (COLORIMETRIC)
METHOD 7196A CHROMIUM, HEXAVALENT (COLORIMETRIC) 1.0 SCOPE AND APPLICATION 1.1 Method 7196 is used to determine the concentration of dissolved hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] in EP/TCLP characteristic extracts
Experiment 7A ANALYSIS OF BRASS
Experiment 7A ANALYSIS OF BRASS FV 10/21/10 MATERIALS: Spectronic 20 spectrophotometers, 2 cuvettes, brass sample, 7 M HNO 3, 0.100 M CuSO 4, 2 M NH 3, two 50 ml beakers, 100 ml beaker, two 25 ml volumetric
CLASS I WASTEWATER LABORATORY ANALYST EXAMINATION STUDY GUIDE-2008
CLASS I WASTEWATER LABORATORY ANALYST EXAMINATION STUDY GUIDE-2008 SPECIFIC LABORATORY ANALYSES INCLUDED ON CLASS I EXAM Acidity Alkalinity BOD/CBOD Chlorine Residual Color Dissolved Oxygen Fecal Coliform
MOLEBIO LAB #4: Using a Spectrophotometer
Introduction: Spectrophotometry MOLEBIO LAB #4: Using a Spectrophotometer Many kinds of molecules interact with or absorb specific types of radiant energy in a predictable fashion. For example, when while
Hach Method Spectrophotometric Measurement of Free Chlorine (Cl 2 ) in Finished Drinking Water
Hach Method 1041 Spectrophotometric Measurement of Free Chlorine (Cl ) in Finished Drinking Water Hach Company Method 1041 Revision 1. November 015 Spectrophotometric Measurement of Free Cl in Finished
Laboratory Quality Control Report: Why is it Important?
Laboratory Quality Control Report: Why is it Important? Bradley J. Austin, Mike Daniels and Brian E. Haggard Arkansas Water Resources Center University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture FS-2017-04
Ground Water & UST Samples: Containers, Preservation and Hold Times Table
Ground Water & UST Samples: Containers, Preservation and Hold Times Table North Carolina Division of Water Resources, Water Sciences Section Chemistry Laboratory Reference: 40 CFR Part 136.3 Table II Listed
MORE LIGHTS, COLOR, ABSORPTION!
Name Partner(s) Section Date MORE LIGHTS, COLOR, ABSORPTION! PRE-LAB QUERIES 1. The terms absorption and transmittance are often used when describing the interaction of light with matter. Explain what
SECTION D.2 AMMONIA NITROGEN
SECTION D.2 AMMONIA NITROGEN CEDR Method Code: NH4F L01 a) Scope and Application i) This method describes the determination of low-level ammonia nitrogen concentrations in filtered samples taken from fresh
Experiment 12H, Parts A and B
Experiment 12H, Parts A and B AHRM 8/17 PRINCIPLES OF EQUILIBRIUM AND THERMODYNAMICS MATERIALS: PURPOSE: 0.0200 M Fe(NO 3 ) 3 in 1 M HNO 3, 0.000200 M KSCN, 2.0 M HNO 3, solid Fe(NO 3 ) 3. 9H 2 O with
CH2MHILL GILROY/MORGAN HILL LABORATORY LABORATORY STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE NO TOTAL KJELDAHL NITROGEN - TKN SM 4500-N org.
CH2MHILL GILROY/MORGAN HILL LABORATORY LABORATORY STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE NO. 709 TOTAL KJELDAHL NITROGEN - TKN SM 4500-N org. B I. SCOPE AND APPLICATIONS A. The kjeldahl method determines nitrogen
National standard of People s Republic of China
National standard of People s Republic of China GB5413.24-2010 Determination of chlorine in foods for infants and young children, raw milk and dairy products Issued at 2010-03-2 Implemented at:2010-06-01
Since the publication of the ISO Guide to the Expression
DE SILVA: JOURNAL OF AOAC INTERNATIONAL VOL. 86, NO. 5, 003 1077 SPECIAL GUEST EDITOR SECTION Uncertainty of Analytical Determinations GALAPPATTI M.S. DE SILVA 4, PB Alwis Perera Mawatha, Katubedda, Sri
ASCORBIC ACID METHOD FOR PHOSPHORUS DETERMINATION
ASCORBIC ACID METHOD FOR PHOSPHORUS DETERMINATION Written by Pamela Doolittle, University of Wisconsin- Madison, pssemrad@wisc.edu 2014 In this experiment you will determine the phosphorus (P) concentration
NITROGEN, TOTAL, HR, Test N Tube
Method 10072 NITROGEN, TOTAL, HR, Test N Tube 10 to 150 mg/l N TNT Persulfate Digestion Method For water and wastewater Digestion is required for determining total nitrogen. The digestion procedure is
Bio 120 Lab 5: Quantitative Analysis
Bio 120 Lab 5: Quantitative Analysis Remember from the measurement lab, concentration is the amount of a solute, also called an analyte, in a given amount of solution. We need a way to measure the concentration
Concepts, Techniques. Concepts, Techniques 9/11/2012. & Beer s Law. For a simple, transparent, COLORED material, e.g. ROYGBV
9//22 OBJECTIVES Spectrophotometry of Food Dyes & Beer s Law Last Update: 9//22 9:54 AM What is the quantitative basis for the color of substances? How is the absorption/transmission of light measured?
Is the laboratory s pledge or declaration of the quality of the results produced. to produce data compliant with the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA)
QA/QC Is the laboratory s pledge or declaration of the quality of the results produced. to produce data compliant with the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) Is a description of the policies, procedures, techniques
Last time: Chem 201 lecture 1b. Today: First Experiment: Calcium Exp. Calcium. Brief pointers on lab experiments. Brief pointers on all Lab Expts:
Chem 201 lecture 1b Brief pointers on all Lab Expts: Last time: Orientation Contact information Student conduct Unit conversion Gravimetric factor Brief pointers for the Ca expt. Today: Brief pointers
METHOD #: Approved for NPDES and SDWA (Ed. Rev. 1974, 1978) Fluoride, Total (Colorimetric, SPADNS with Bellack Distillation)
METHOD #: 340.1 Approved for NPDES and SDWA (Ed. Rev. 1974, 1978) TITLE: Fluoride, Total (Colorimetric, SPADNS with Bellack Distillation) ANALYTE: CAS # F Fluoride 7782-41-4 INSTRUMENTATION: Spectrophotometer
Experiment 13I THE REACTION OF RED FOOD COLOR WITH BLEACH 1
Experiment 13I FV 1/11/16 THE REACTION OF RED FOOD COLOR WITH BLEACH 1 PROBLEM: Determine the rate law for the chemical reaction between FD&C Red Dye #3 and sodium hypochlorite. LEARNING OBJECTIVES: By
Steward Fall 08. Moles of atoms/ions in a substance. Number of atoms/ions in a substance. MgCl 2(aq) + 2 AgNO 3(aq) 2 AgCl (s) + Mg(NO 3 ) 2(aq)
Dealing with chemical stoichiometry Steward Fall 08 of Not including volumetric stoichiometry of Chapter 6.0x10 A 6.0x10 Mol/mol ratio from balanced equation B 6.0x10 6.0x10 s, Equations, and Moles: II
Accuracy: An accurate measurement is a measurement.. It. Is the closeness between the result of a measurement and a value of the measured.
Chemical Analysis can be of two types: Chapter 11- Measurement and Data Processing: - : Substances are classified on the basis of their or properties, such as - : The amount of the sample determined in
Expt 4: Determination of Iron by Absorption Spectrophotometry Calibration solutions: Iron(II)ammonium sulfate = ferrous ammonium sulfate
Expt 4: Determination of Iron by Absorption Spectrophotometry Calibration solutions: Iron(II)ammonium sulfate = ferrous ammonium sulfate FeSO 4 (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 6H 2 O, M.W. = 392.14 g Stock 1 0.210 g in
[Agilent Technologies] [Electrochemistry Products] Quick Reference
![[Agilent Technologies] [Electrochemistry Products] Quick Reference](/thumbs/86/94756523.jpg "[Agilent Technologies] [Electrochemistry Products] Quick Reference")
Overview Using I9121 Ammonia Gas Sensing Probe on 3200I/M This document demonstrates how to use I 9121 Ammonia Gas Sensing Probe on 3200I or 3200 M to measure pn or the concentration of [NH 4 + ]. Applied
A Spectrophotometric Analysis of Calcium in Cereal
CHEM 311L Quantitative Analysis Laboratory Revision 1.2 A Spectrophotometric Analysis of Calcium in Cereal In this laboratory exercise, we will determine the amount of Calium in a serving of cereal. We
Laboratory Measurements and Procedures
18 Introduction Measurements of masses, volumes, and preparation of chemical solutions of known composition are essential laboratory skills. The goal of this exercise is to gain familiarity with these
Chemistry 213. A KINETIC STUDY: REACTION OF CRYSTAL VIOLET WITH NaOH LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Chemistry 213 A KINETIC STUDY: REACTION OF CRYSTAL VIOLET WITH NaOH The objectives of this experiment are to... LEARNING OBJECTIVES study the reaction rate of crystal violet with NaOH using a Spectronic
2 SPECTROSCOPIC ANALYSIS
2 SPECTROSCOPIC ANALYSIS 2.1 Introduction Chemical analysis falls into two basic categories: qualitative what is present quantitative how much is present Spectroscopy is capable of both types of analysis,
Experiment 5: Analysis of Nutrients in Natural Waters CH3600 / ESP 5090: Environmental Chemistry, Plymouth State University
Experiment 5: Analysis of Nutrients in Natural Waters CH3600 / ESP 5090: Environmental Chemistry, Plymouth State University Adapted from "Experiment 3: Analysis of Phosphate in Water," Laboratory Experiments
Measurement. Scientific Notation. Measurements and Problem Solving. Writing Numbers in Scientific Notation
Measurement Chapter 2 Measurements and Problem Solving Quantitative observation Comparison based on an accepted scale e.g. Meter stick Has 2 parts number and unit Number tells comparison Unit tells scale
Perfluorinated Alkyl Acids (PFAA) in Water by LC/MS/MS - PBM
Organics Revision Date: July 19, 2017 Perfluorinated Alkyl Acids (PFAA) in Water by LC/MS/MS - PBM Parameter Perfluorinated Alkyl Acids (Perfluorobutane Sulphonate (PFBS), Perflourooctane Sulphonate (PFOS),
Understanding and Interpreting Soil and Plant Tissue Lab Reports
Understanding and Interpreting Soil and Plant Tissue Lab Reports Dirk Holstege Director, UC Davis Analytical Laboratory dmholstege@ucdavis.edu 530-752-0148 224 Hoagland Hall UC Davis Anlab.ucdavis.edu
Beer's- Lambert Law and Standard Curves. BCH 312 [Practical]
![Beer's- Lambert Law and Standard Curves. BCH 312 [Practical]](/thumbs/78/77692425.jpg "Beer's- Lambert Law and Standard Curves. BCH 312 [Practical]")
Beer's- Lambert Law and Standard Curves BCH 312 [Practical] Spectrophotometer: Spectrophotometer can be used to measure the amount of light absorbed or transmitted by a solution. It consist of two parts:
Chem 321 Name Answer Key D. Miller
1. For a reversed-phase chromatography experiment, it is noted that the retention time of an analyte decreases as the percent of acetonitrile (CH 3 CN) increases in a CH 3 CN/H 2 O mobile phase. Explain
ANALYTICAL METHODS & QUALITY CONTROL
CHAPTER 6 ANALYTICAL METHODS & QUALITY CONTROL Section A. Section B. Section C. Introduction Definitions and Terms Laboratory QA/QC 1. Sample Preservation and Holding Times 2. Sample Receiving 3. Sample
CHAPTER VI ANALYTICAL METHODS & QUALITY CONTROL
CHAPTER VI ANALYTICAL METHODS & QUALITY CONTROL Section A. Section B. Section C. Introduction Definitions and Terms Laboratory QA/QC 1. Sample Preservation and Holding Times 2. Sample Receiving 3. Sample
atomic absorption spectroscopy general can be portable and used in-situ preserves sample simpler and less expensive
Chapter 9: End-of-Chapter Solutions 1. The following comparison provides general trends, but both atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) and atomic absorption spectroscopy (AES) will have analyte-specific
Experiment 6: Determination of the Equilibrium Constant for Iron Thiocyanate Complex
Experiment 6: Determination of the Equilibrium Constant for Iron Thiocyanate Complex The data for this lab will be taken as a class to get one data set for the entire class. I. Introduction A. The Spectrophotometer
METHOD DETERMINATION OF AMMONIA NITROGEN BY SEMI-AUTOMATED COLORIMETRY
METHOD 350.1 DETERMINATION OF AMMONIA NITROGEN BY SEMI-AUTOMATED COLORIMETRY Edited by James W. O'Dell Inorganic Chemistry Branch Chemistry Research Division Revision 2.0 August 1993 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING
How is matter classified?
Matter How is matter classified? AP Chemistry (1 of 45) AP Chemistry (2 of 45) Solids Liquids AP Chemistry (3 of 45) AP Chemistry (4 of 45) Gases Classification Scheme for Matter AP Chemistry (5 of 45)
PREPARATION FOR CHEMISTRY LAB: FLUORIDE IN WATER
1 Name: Lab Instructor: PREPARATION FOR CHEMISTRY LAB: FLUORIDE IN WATER On these problems, the solvent is water and the solution is sufficiently dilute so that the density of the solution is the same
Determination of Orthophosphate Ion
Determination of Orthophosphate Ion Introduction Phosphorous, in the form of phosphate, is one of several important elements in the growth of plants. Excessive algae growth in water is stimulated by the
Acid Volatile Sulfides and Simultaneously Extracted Metals in Sediments
Title: AVS-SEM Page 1 of 8 Acid Volatile Sulfides and Simultaneously Extracted Metals in Sediments Reference: Determination of acid-volatile sulfide and simultaneously-extracted metals in sediments using
WORKSHEET Mole Fraction
NAME: DATE: PERIOD: WORKSHEET Mole Fraction 1. What is the mole fraction of sodium chloride in a solution containing 0.23 moles of NaCl and 5.5 moles of water? 2. What is the mole fraction of oxygen in
How s that *new* LOD Coming? Rick Mealy WWOA Board of Directors DNR LabCert
How s that *new* LOD Coming? Rick Mealy WWOA Board of Directors DNR LabCert The LOD Procedure has changed Federal Register /Vol. 82, No. 165 /Monday, August 28, 2017 ACTION: Final rule. DATES: This regulation
Laboratory Techniques 100: Back To Basics. Carol Injasoulian Lab Manager City of Bay City April 29,2015
Laboratory Techniques 100: Back To Basics Carol Injasoulian Lab Manager City of Bay City April 29,2015 QA/QC for Environmental Measurement What is quality assurance (QA)? Broad plan to maintain quality
Persulfate Digestion Method Method to 25.0 mg/l N (LR) Test N Tube Vials
Nitrogen, Total DOC316.53.01086 Persulfate Digestion Method Method 10071 0.5 to 25.0 mg/l N (LR) Test N Tube Vials Scope and application: For water and wastewater. Test preparation Instrument-specific
Persulfate Digestion Method Method to 150 mg/l N (HR) Test N Tube Vials
Nitrogen, Total DOC316.53.01085 Persulfate Digestion Method Method 10072 2 to 150 mg/l N (HR) Test N Tube Vials Scope and application: For water and wastewater. Test preparation Instrument-specific information
Determination of Orthophosphate Ion
Determination of Orthophosphate Ion Introduction Phosphorous, in the form of phosphate, is one of several important elements in the growth of plants. Excessive algae growth in water is stimulated by the
METHOD 9200 NITRATE. 1.2 The applicable range of concentration is 0.1 to 2 mg NO -N per liter. 3 of sample.
METHOD 9200 NITRATE 1.0 SCOPE AND APPLICATION 1.1 This method is applicable to the analysis of ground water, drinking, surface, and saline waters, and domestic and industrial wastes. Modification can be
GETTING THE END POINT TO APPROXIMATE. Two hours
Chem 1312 Handout Experiment ONE Laboratory Time Required Special Equipment and Supplies Objective Safety First Aid GETTING THE END POINT TO APPROXIMATE THE EQUIVALENCE POINT Two hours Balance Potassium
Experiment 13H THE REACTION OF RED FOOD COLOR WITH BLEACH 1
Experiment 13H 08/03/2017 AHRM THE REACTION OF RED FOOD COLOR WITH BLEACH 1 PROBLEM: Determine the rate law for the chemical reaction between FD&C Red Dye #3 and sodium hypochlorite. LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
Gilbert Kirss Foster. Chapter 1. Properties of Gases The Air We Breathe
Gilbert Kirss Foster Chapter 1 Properties of Gases The Air We Breathe Chapter Outline 1.1 States of Matter 1.2 Forms of Energy 1.3 Classes of Matter 1.4 Properties of Matter 1.5 Atomic Theory: The Scientific
Schedule. Draft Section of Lab Report Monday 6pm (Jan 27) Summary of Paper 2 Monday 2pm (Feb 3)
Schedule Assignment Due Date Draft Section of Lab Report Monday 6pm (Jan 27) Quiz for Lab 2 Peer Review of Draft Complete Lab Report 1 Tuesday 9:30am Wednesday 6pm Friday 6pm Summary of Paper 2 Monday
Spectrophotometric Determination of Iron
Spectrophotometric Determination of Iron INTRODUCTION Many investigations of chemical species involve the interaction between light and matter. One class of these investigations, called absorbance spectrophotometry,
EPA Office of Water Method Update Rule Final August 28, 2017 William Lipps October 2017
EPA Office of Water Method Update Rule Final August 28, 2017 William Lipps October 2017 1 / 9 The update consists of minor changes, edits, revisions, and 7 new methods 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Standard
Laboratory Certification Workshop
Laboratory Certification Workshop Debra Waller debra.waller@dep.state.nj.us NJDEP-Office of Quality Assurance (OQA) 609-292-3950 www.state.nj.us/dep/oqa Environmental Laboratory Certification Program (ELCP)
Notes: Unit 1: Math and Measurement
Name: Regents Chemistry: Notes: Unit 1: Math and Measurement www.chempride.weebly.com Key Ideas Major Understandings: o Chemistry is the study of matter: Matter takes up space and has mass. (K- 4, 3.1a)
Notes: Unit 1: Math and Measurement
Name: Regents Chemistry: Notes: Unit 1: Math and Measurement www.chempride.weebly.com Key Ideas Major Understandings: o Chemistry is the study of matter: Matter takes up space and has mass. (K- 4, 3.1a)
Application Note No. 191/2015 TKN determination in water and waste water
Application Note No. 191/2015 TKN determination in water and waste water KjelDigester K-449, KjelMaster K-375 with KjelSampler K-376: Colorimetric determination of TKN (Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen) in water
Water Hardness and Softening (Bring a water sample from home) Minneapolis Community and Technical College Principles of Chemistry II, C1152 v.2.
Water Hardness and Softening (Bring a water sample from home) Minneapolis Community and Technical College Principles of Chemistry II, C1152 v.2.16 I. Introduction Hard Water and Water Softening Water that
Chapter 4 Chemical Quantities and Aqueous Reactions
Chapter 4 Chemical Quantities and Aqueous Reactions Reaction Stoichiometry the numerical relationships between chemical amounts in a reaction is called stoichiometry the coefficients in a balanced chemical
Name Lab Exercise 2 - Standard Curves Nitrate, Ammonia, Phosphorus, and Chlorophyll
Name Lab Exercise 2 - Standard Curves Nitrate, Ammonia, Phosphorus, and Chlorophyll For most analytical chemical procedures, we use "standard curves" to calibrate our measurements. For example, we want
EXPERIMENT #3 A Beer's Law Study
OBJECTVES: EXPERMENT #3 A Beer's Law Study To operate a Spectronic 20 To convert from percent transmission to absorbance units To plot absorbance versus wavelength and find max To plot absorbance versus
Introduction. The following definitions may help you better understand the components of the data report.
Introduction This document is designed to help our clients understand the quality control requirements and limitations of data reporting. There are three sections to this document. The first section will
Base unit-a defined unit of measurement based on an object or event in the physical world. Length
Base unit-a defined unit of measurement based on an object or event in the physical world Five base units: Temperature Mass Length Time Energy Derived unit-a unit of measurement defined by a combination
Determining Riboflavin Content in a Multivitamin: Things to do before the lab
Determining Riboflavin Content in a Multivitamin: Things to do before the lab Calculate everything you can that you can in advance Step 1: Calculate the dilution of a 4.0 M solution to 1 L of a 0.02 M
Introductory Chemistry: A Foundation, 6 th Ed. Introductory Chemistry, 6 th Ed. Basic Chemistry, 6 th Ed.
Introductory Chemistry: A Foundation, 6 th Ed. Introductory Chemistry, 6 th Ed. Basic Chemistry, 6 th Ed. by Steven S. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste University of Illinois Chapter 2 Measurements and Calculations
The ROXI Colorimeter & Fluorimeter. Laboratory Application I. Colorimetric measurements via Beer s Law.
The ROXI Colorimeter & Fluorimeter. Laboratory Application I. Colorimetric measurements via Beer s Law. Required Supplies & Costs: RGB LED; $1.95 Light Sensors; $3.95 ea 3-way switch; $6.54 3 ohm resistor;
Chapter 7: Exponents
Chapter : Exponents Algebra Chapter Notes Name: Notes #: Sections.. Section.: Review Simplify; leave all answers in positive exponents:.) m -.) y -.) m 0.) -.) -.) - -.) (m ) 0.) 0 x y Evaluate if a =
Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater
4500-NO 2 NITROGEN (NITRITE)*#(1) 4500-NO 2 A. Introduction 1. Occurrence and Significance For a discussion of the chemical characteristics, sources, and effects of nitrite nitrogen, see Section 4500-N.
Experiment 11 Beer s Law
Experiment 11 Beer s Law OUTCOMES After completing this experiment, the student should be able to: determine the wavelength (color) of maximum absorbance for a solution. examine the relationship between
Chemistry 222 Fall 2015 Exam 2: Chapters 5,6,7 80 Points
Chemistry 222 Fall 2015 Exam 2: Chapters 5,6,7 80 Points Name Complete two (2) of problems 1-3, problem 4, and three (3) of problems 5-8. CLEARLY mark the problems you do not want graded. You must show
Experiment 8: DETERMINATION OF AN EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANT
Experiment 8: DETERMINATION OF AN EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANT Purpose: The equilibrium constant for the formation of iron(iii) thiocyanate complex ion is to be determined. Introduction: In the previous week,
Calibration (The Good Curve) Greg Hudson EnviroCompliance Labs, Inc.
Calibration (The Good Curve) Greg Hudson EnviroCompliance Labs, Inc. greghudson@envirocompliance.com www.envirocompliance.com Abstract It should come as no surprise that the correlation coefficient is
Chemistry 301 Test #1
Name: KEY Pledge: I have neither given nor received aid on this test Chemistry 301 Test #1 Point Total: 100 pts possible 8 pts 1. In 2-4 sentences, explain the fundamental basis of quantitative analysis
Name Date Class. N 10 n. Thus, the temperature of the Sun, 15 million kelvins, is written as K in scientific notation.
Name Date Class 53 MATH HANDBOOK TRANSPARENCY MASTER Scientific Notation 1 Use with Appendix B, Scientific Notation Scientists need to express small measurements, such as the mass of the proton at the
Experiment 11 Beer s Law
Experiment 11 Beer s Law OUTCOMES After completing this experiment, the student should be able to: determine the wavelength (color) of maximum absorbance for a solution. examine the relationship between
Automatic determination of the bromine number and the bromine index in petroleum products
Application Bulletin 177/5 e Automatic determination of the bromine number and the bromine Branch General analytical chemistry; organic chemistry; petrochemistry, biofuels; trace analysis; paints, lacquers,
In Class Activity. Chem 107 Cypress College
In Class Activity Chem 107 Cypress College Metric System Give the metric prefix that corresponds to each of the following: a. 1,000,000 b. 10 6 c. 10-3 d. 10-2 e. 10-9 f. 0.000001 Metric System The metric
Measurement Uncertainty: A practical guide to understanding what your results really mean.
Measurement Uncertainty: A practical guide to understanding what your results really mean. Overview General Factors Influencing Data Variability Measurement Uncertainty as an Indicator of Data Variability
DETERMINATION OF K c FOR AN EQUILIBRIUM SYSTEM
DETERMINATION OF K c FOR AN EQUILIBRIUM SYSTEM 1 Purpose: To determine the equilibrium constant K c for an equilibrium system using spectrophotometry to measure the concentration of a colored complex ion.
Hach Method Total Organic Carbon in Finished Drinking Water by Catalyzed Ozone Hydroxyl Radical Oxidation Infrared Analysis
Hach Method 1061 Total Organic Carbon in Finished Drinking Water by Catalyzed Ozone Hydroxyl Radical Oxidation Infrared Analysis Hach Company Method 1061 Revision 1. December 015 Organic Carbon in Finished
Chapter 1. Chemistry and Measurements
Chapter 1 Chemistry and Measurements Section 1-1 Chemistry: the study of matter and the changes it undergoes. macroscopic: relating to large-scale analysis, visible to the naked eye microscopic: not visible