COLLOIDAL SOLUTIONS. Department of Medical Chemistry Pomeranian Medical University
|
|
- Griffin Wells
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 COLLOIDAL SOLUTIONS Department of Medical Chemistry Pomeranian Medical University 1
2 COMPONENTS OF THE SYSTEM -chemicals which create the system. They create different type of mixtures - which makes the system to exists in various phases. PHASE part of the system is separated from other phases with distinct border where sudden change in physico-chemical changes takes place. Phase containing one component pure substance Phase containing more than one component - solution SOLUTION mixture of two or more components dissolved in solvent (solvent-subtance in quantitative excess over other componet) 2
3 Systems can be divided due to: 1) number of components: one-component multicomponent 2) number of phases : single phase multiple phase SYSTEMS: SYSTEMS HETEROGENOUS multiplephase (seemingly single-phase), heterogeneous; eg. water with ice (heterogeneous, two-phase, singlecomponent system ), water with mercury (heterogeneous, two-phase, twocomponent system ) HOMOGENOUS single-phase, homogeneous throughout the volume, both chemically and physically; e.g. glucose solution (homogeneous single phase, two components system) 3
4 Types of solutions depending on size of dispersed phase in dispersive medium TYPE OF SOLUTION True solution (homogeneous) Colloidal (heterogeneous) DIAMETER OF PARTICLES OF DISPERSED PHASE < 10-9 m (<1nm) m (1-100 nm) Suspension > 10-7 m (>100 nm) 4
5 COLLOIDAL SOLUTIONS COLLOIDAL SOLUTIONS heterogenous dispersive system with distinguished continuous scattering phase (solvent)) and discontinuous dispersed phase with particle diameter of m (1 100 nm, up to 500nm) All living cells are sets of various colloidal systems. Colloidal systems are widespread : in animate nature (proteins, carbohydrates) in inanimate nature (clay, fog, volcanic dust) synthetic materials (soap, colorants, colloidal sulphur, metal oxides) 5
6 COLLOIDAL SOLUTION HETEROGENEOUS system - with particle size of m in diameter (1 100 nm, up to 500 nm) COLLOIDAL SOLUTIONS 10-9 m = 1 nm = micron 10-7 m = 100 nm = 0.1 micron 10-6 m = 1000 nm = 1 micron 6
7 Properties of colloids (1): 1. They can be seen in ultra microscope. Attention: the difference between an ultra-microscope and ordinary one is that in the former the light falls laterally on the liquid under study, instead of from below. The ordinary microscope with x400 magnifications has limitations for particles below 1 micron, but it is still able to show general structures of colloid system. 2. They are not dialyzed > Colloidal particles will not be separated by membranes (like bladder or parchment paper), because they will not diffuse through a membrane. 3. They show permanent Brownian motions mostly particles smaller than 100nm are able to do strong Brownian motion. 4. They show Tyndall effect visible light scattering by the colloidal particles. 5. They may coagulate > colloid particles become agglomerated. 7
8 Tyndall Effect This is light scattering by colloidal solution (for example by dust, fog, milk,etc.). When light beam passes through the colloidal dispersion it is scattered and therefore is visible. When light beam passes through the solution, like water, it is not scatter and therefore it cannot be seen. Intensity of this phenomena is larger when difference between light scattering of dispersive medium is larger then light scattering of dispersed phase. 8
9 Solutions vs Colloids The Tyndall Effect True Solution e.g. water Colloidal mixture, e.g. milk 9
10 The Tyndall Effect 10
11 CLASSIFICATION OF COLLOIDAL SYSTEMS DEPENDING ON : I. STATE OF DISPERSING AND DISPERSED PHASE Disperssed phase Disperssing phase COLLOID EXAMPLE Gas Gas - - Liquid Gas Aerosol liquid Fog, clouds, vapors Solid Gas Aerosol solid Smoke, dust Gas Liquid Foam Foam: soap, beer Liquid Liquid Emulsion Creams, nail polish, milk, mayonese, butter Solid Liquid Zol Polymer solutions Gas Solid Foam solid Pumice, styrofoam Liquid Solid Emulsion solid Gels, opal Solid Solid Zol solid Ruby glass, colour cristals 11
12 CLASSIFICATION OF COLLOIDAL SYSTEM : II. III. Size of colloidal particles: monodispersive (particles of dispersed phase have the same dimensions) polydispersive (particles of dispersed phase have different dimensions) Affinity of dispersed phase to dispersing medium : liophilic colloids they have large affinity to solvent particles; colloidal particles are surrounded by solvent particles liophobic colloids they have small affinity to solvent and adsorb on the surface of particles large quantities of one type of ions 12
13 CLASSIFICATION OF COLLOIDAL SYSTEM DEPENDS ON (cont.) IV. Quality of dispersed phase: Emulsions the dispersed phase is of nonpolar character (e.g. lipids) and does not have affinity to dispersion medium (e.g. water). Emulsions have hydrophobic character and are also called suspensions or irreversible colloids. In living organisms example of emulssions are lipids. Small particles of lipids can be dispersed in water thanks to the compounds called emulsifiers. Emulsifier this is compund which can be dissolved in both dispersed phase and dispersion medium. For example, consumed fats are emulsified by bile acids contained in bile. They have ability to decrease surface tension, like soap in water. 13
14 AgI micelle structure precipitated with excess of KI DIFFUSION LAYER nucleus Nucleus of colloidal molecule +adsorbtion layer core micelle 14
15 COLLOIDS STRUCTURE Hydrophobic micell are mostly built by oxides, sulphates, hydroxides of heavy metals Hydrophilic colloids are built usually by large molecules such as : proteins. Their stability is due to the presence of water molecules adsorbed on their surface. 15
16 Coagulation (1) COAGULATION it is an ability of colloid particles to combine with each other and form larger structures called agregates. After reaching appropriate size they loose ability to flow and they sediment on the bottom. Coagulation can be caused by: 1. radioactivity beta ray 2. heating coagulation of protein (egg) 3. evaporation or freezing of dispersive medium 4. dehydration, for example by using acetone, alcohol 5. addition of electrolite to colloid 16
17 Coagulation (2) Peptization process opposite to coagulation breaking coagulate and return from coagulate to colloid. SOL coagulation GEL peptization 17
18 Coagulation (3) Hydrophilic colloid (reversible) takes place when water coat has been removed Hydrophobic colloids (irreversible) takes palce when electrical charge present on the surface becomes neutralized. 18
19 HYDROPHOBIC COLLOIDS HYDROPHILIC Salts with multivalance cations Strongly hydrated salts coagulate Water particles 19
20 Coagulation (4) Conditions for salting out of protein Proteins are easiest to be salted out in their isoelectric point (pi) because they do not posses any electrical charge, they attract themselves strongly and create aggregates, which leads to precipitation (lack of electrical charge helps molecules to aggregate, which allows them to precipitate from solution). In ph different from pi, protein due to presence of the surface charge can exist in solution despite not having water coat ( they behave similar as hydrophobic colloids) Addition of small amount of neutralizing electrical charge ions leads to protein precipitation. Such protein does not posses either electrical charge or water coat. 20
21 dyhadration Conditions for salting out protein from solution Protein ion Protein in pi Protein cation Base addition ph increase Acid addition ph decrease Charge lost due to cation addition charge lost due to anion addition Protein anion precipitate Protein cation suspenoid 21
22 Salting out of proteins Proteins are easy to salt-out in isoelectric point (pi) and in this state they easily sediment as larger aggregates. [Isoelctric point it is ph at which proteins have no electrical charge]. In ph different than pi protein can exist in solution despite having no hydrophilic coat. html 22
23 PROTECTIVE ROLE OF HYDRPHILIC COLLOIDS ON HYDROPHOBIC COLLOIDS Hydrophilic colloids show higher stability than hydrophobic colloids, because of two stabilizing factors: hydration layer sometimes - particles have the same charge (which can be result of dissotiation of acidic or basic groups being present in colloidal particle) Hydrophilic colloids are acting protective on hydrophobic colloids addition of hydrophilic colloid to hydrophobic is causing creation of stable system from which it is difficult to precipitae suspended particles (e.g. small amount of protein added to colloidal gold suspension protects it from coagulation). Protective role of colloid can be determined quantitatively by providing gold number ( gold number it is the smallest amount of miligrams of protective colloid in respect to pure substance which is able to protect 10cm 3 0,1% of formaldehyde gold zol, against color change from red to purple after addition of 1cm 3 10% NaCl ) 23
24 Colloids in fluid therapy (1) Fluid therapy (1): treatment consisting of fluid intake (usually intravenous, intraarterial or subcutaneous) often used in hospital as well as emergency 24
25 Colloids in fluid therapy (2) Fluid therapy (2): compensating fluid deficiency is one of the most urgent tasks in the treatment of critically ill patients with hypovolemia hypovolemia - a decrease in intravascular volume, resulting in insufficient functioning of the normal mechanisms to hold fluid in the vascular bed - may exists as a reduced, normal or increased extracellular volume - large hypovolemia leads to hypovolemic shock Keeping adequate fluid therapy contributes to the reduction of organ disfunction and shortens hospitalization time. 25
26 Colloids in fluid therapy (3) Basic conditions requiring fluid therapy : all forms of shock (usually hypovolemic shock, but also anaphylactic shock, septic, neurogenic) dehydration due to increased fluid loss (diarrhea, vomiting) burns (increase in vascular permeability in case of burns results in the loss of fluid) other fluid deficiency states 26
27 Colloids in fluid therapy (4) The objectives of conducting fluid therapy : replenishment of electrolytes and nutrients replenishing fluids (ex. blood lost as a result of hemorrhage) supply of drugs in combination with liquid (when the medication should be administered for several minutes or at high dilution) 27
28 Colloids in fluid therapy (5) Fluids used for fluid therapy : Crystalloids (aqueous solutions of electrolytes or glucose, such as 0.9% NaCl, 5% glucose solution, Ringer's solution, polyelectrolitic isotonic fluid "PWE") - used for blood loss up to 15% of body weight - indicated in case of patients who have deficiency of fluid in the interstitial space or patients with deficiency of electrolytes (burned and dehydrated) Colloidal solutions (natural and synthetic ) - used for blood loss exceeding 15% of body weight - indicated in situations when supply of crystalloid is insufficient or there are contraindications for their use (eg. risk of pulmonary edema) - it is estimated that administration of 1 liter of colloidal solution corresponds to the administration of 4 liters of crystalloid 28
29 Colloids in fluid therapy (5) cont. Blood and blood-related products : - packed red cells, (RBC, prbc, PRBC), - fresh frozen plasma (FFP), - blood plates concentrate 29
30 Colloids in fluid therapy (6) Colloidal solutions natural synthetic Human albumin - has an effect for h, - reraly causes allergic reaction - big quantities may cause coagulopathy - used in: severe protein deficiency states, extensive burns, brain edema ascites expensive gelatines - made of collagen obtained from tendons, skin and bones - Small molecular weight - 35 kda (fast urinary excretion ) - short-term volume effect - minimal effect on hemostasis dextran - polymers consisting of glucose molecules - have been used in the clinic : 6% i 10% dextran solution 40 (T 1/2 = 2-3 h) 6% dextran solution 70 (T 1/2 = 6-8h) - used for supplementing intracellular volume, improving reological properties of blood, and in anticoagulant therapy - among colloids the most often cause of anaphylactic reactions Hydroxyethyl starch (HAES/HES) -Synthesized from amylopectine -- HES: Plasmasteril (6% HES 450/0.7) and 3%, 6%, 10% solutions HES:, HES 200/0.5, HES 200/0.5, HES 130/0.4 - preferred: show beneficial rheological effect and inhibition of blood platelets aggregation does not accumulate in plasma and tissues and does not affect hemostasis and renal function 30
31 Colloids in fluid therapy (7) Colloidal solutions - advantages : allow for faster replenishment of intravascular fluid (hemorrhage, shock) compared to crystalloids provide faster, stronger and longer-lasting volume effect - increase oncotic pressure, which leads to the movement of water into the vessel - remain for a long time in the intravascular compartment (2-12 hours) - after administration of colloids an increase in intravascular volume is observed from 100 % to up to 400% have a positive impact on hemodynamics, organ perfusion and oxygen supply 31
32 Colloids in fluid therapy (8) Colloidal solutions -disadvantages : can cause allergic reactions after the administration of large amounts, they may cause: - dilution effect of blood components: proteins, coagulation factors - decrease in hematocrit level price 32
33 Colloids in fluid therapy (9) Ideal colloidal solution: should not accumulate in the plasma and tissues, but readily undergo elimination from the body HES 130/0,4 should not affect hemostasis and renal function should be suspended in crystaloid solution to avoid dehydration of extracellular space and impairment of kidney functions 33
34 The End 34
COLLOIDAL SOLUTIONS. Department of Medical Chemistry Pomeranian Medical University
COLLOIDAL SOLUTIONS Department of Medical Chemistry Pomeranian Medical University 1 COMPONENTS OF THE SYSTEM -chemicals which create the system. They create different type of mixtures - which makes the
More informationCOLLOID CHEMISTRY MD. KHAIRUL ISLAM
COLLOID CHEMISTRY MD. KHAIRUL ISLAM HISTORICAL BACKGROUND Thomas Graham (1861) observed that crystalline substances such as sugar, urea, and sodium chloride passed through the membrane, while others like
More informationA dispersion (system) Colloidal solutions High molecular mass compounds
A dispersion (system) Colloidal solutions High molecular mass compounds Outline Types of dispersions Characteristics of main types of dispersions Properties of colloidal solutions Structure of colloidal
More informationOverview. Lecture 5 Colloidal Dispersions
Physical Pharmacy Lecture 5 Colloidal Dispersions Assistant Lecturer in Pharmaceutics Overview Dispersed Systems Classification Colloidal Systems Properties of Colloids Optical Properties Kinetic Properties
More informationCOLLOIDAL STATE. INTRODUCTION: Thomas Graham originally classified all substances in two
COLLOIDAL STATE INTRODUCTION: Thomas Graham originally classified all substances in two group- 1. Crystalloids: These substances can easily be obtained in the crystalline from and their solution can diffused
More informationHeat Capacity of Water A) heat capacity amount of heat required to change a substance s temperature by exactly 1 C
CHEMISTRY Ch. 13 Notes: Water and Its Solutions NOTE: Vocabulary terms are in boldface and underlined. Supporting details are in italics. 13.1 Notes I. Water Molecule Characteristics POLAR molecule (a
More informationA.% by mass (like % composition)
Solutions; Colloids Key Words Solute Solvent Solubility effervescence Miscible saturated Supersaturated (metastable system)- a cooled solution contains more solute than it would at equilibrium, desolvation=
More informationDownloaded from
Science For Class IX Is Matter Around Us Pure (Q.1) Name the process which can be used to recover sugar from an aqueous sugar solution. (Q.2) What happens when a saturated solution is heated?
More informationScience For Class IX Is Matter Around Us Pure
Science For Class IX Is Matter Around Us Pure (Q.1) Name the process which can be used to recover sugar from an aqueous sugar solution. (Q.2) What happens when a saturated solution is heated? (Q.3) Name
More informationMIXTURES AND DISSOLVING. CE/Honors Chemistry Unit 10
MIXTURES AND DISSOLVING CE/Honors Chemistry Unit 10 TYPES OF MIXTURES Solution: homogeneous mixture of two or more substances in a single phase Two parts: solvent (greater amt) and solute Does not separate
More informationCHAPTER 7: Solutions & Colloids 7.2 SOLUBILITY. Degrees of Solution. Page PHYSICAL STATES of SOLUTIONS SOLUTION
CHAPTER 7: Solutions & Colloids Predict the relative solubility of materials on the basis of polarity Describe solution formation in terms of solutesolvent interactions Calculate solution concentrations
More information1. Chemisorption is highly specific in nature. It occurs only if there is a possibility of chemical bonding between the adsorbent and the adsorbate.
Question 5.1: Write any two characteristics of Chemisorption. 1. Chemisorption is highly specific in nature. It occurs only if there is a possibility of chemical bonding between the adsorbent and the adsorbate.
More informationCHEMISTRY Ch. 14 Notes: Mixtures and Solutions NOTE: Vocabulary terms are in boldface and underlined. Supporting details are in italics.
CHEMISTRY Ch. 14 Notes: Mixtures and Solutions NOTE: Vocabulary terms are in boldface and underlined. Supporting details are in italics. 14.1 notes I. Types of mixtures (mixture a physical blend of substances)
More informationChapter 11 Properties of Solutions
Chapter 11 Properties of Solutions 11.1 Solution Composition. Molarity moles solute 1. Molarity ( M ) = liters of solution B. Mass Percent mass of solute 1. Mass percent = 1 mass of solution C. Mole Fraction
More informationColloidal Dispersions
Physical Pharmacy Lecture 5 Colloidal Dispersions Assistant Lecturer in Pharmaceutics Overview Dispersed Systems Classification Colloidal Systems Properties of Colloids Optical Properties Kinetic Properties
More informationAP Chemistry: Properties of Solutions
AP Chemistry: Properties of Solutions Lecture Outline 13.1 The Solution Process A solution is a homogeneous mixture of solute and solvent. Solutions may be gases, liquids, or solids. Each substance present
More informationName: Date: Class Notes Chemistry. Energy is the ability to move or change matter.
Name: Date: Class Notes Chemistry Energy Energy is the ability to move or change matter. Everything in the universe consists of two things: energy and matter. Actually, energy and matter are different
More informationEssential Knowledge. 2.A.3 Organisms must exchange matter with the environment to grow, reproduce and maintain organization
Ch3: Water Essential Knowledge 2.A.3 Organisms must exchange matter with the environment to grow, reproduce and maintain organization a. Molecules and atoms from the environment are necessary to build
More informationCHAPTER :COLLOIDS. Subject: Physical Pharmacy. Subject code:phcy102
CHAPTER :COLLOIDS Subject: Physical Pharmacy Subject code:phcy102 INSTRUCTOR Dr. Jagadeesh G Hiremath Assistant Professor in Pharmaceutics College of Pharmacy & Nursing University of Nizwa P.O. Box 33,
More informationSolution Formation. Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company.All rights reserved. Presentation of Lecture Outlines, 12 2
Solutions Solution Formation A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances, consisting of ions or molecules. (See Animation: Solution Equilibrium). A colloid, although it also appears to
More information1. The Classification of Dispersion Systems 2. Lyophobic Colloids 3. The Stability and Coagulation of Dispersion Systems 4. Properties of Colloids
Dispersion Systems 1. The Classification of Dispersion Systems 2. Lyophobic Colloids 3. The Stability and Coagulation of Dispersion Systems 4. Properties of Colloids Dispersion system is a heterogeneous
More informationChapter 13. Properties of Solutions
Chapter 13. Properties of Solutions 13.1 The Solution Process A solution is a homogeneous mixture of solute and solvent. Solutions may be gases, liquids, or solids, Each substance present is a component
More informationChapter 11 Properties of Solutions
Chapter 11 Properties of Solutions Solutions Homogeneous mixtures of two or more substances Composition is uniform throughout the sample No chemical reaction between the components of the mixture Solvents
More informationWater and Aqueous Systems
Water and Aqueous Systems The Water Molecule: a Review Water is a simple tri-atomic molecule, H 2 O Each O-H bond is highly polar, because of the high electronegativity of the oxygen (N, O, F, and Cl have
More information1. Which substance will conduct the current in the solid state? 1. Diamond 2.Graphite 3.Iodine 4.Sodium chloride.
CHAPTER :SOLIDS 1. Which substance will conduct the current in the solid state? 1. Diamond 2.Graphite 3.Iodine 4.Sodium chloride. 2. Molten sodium chloride conducts electricity due to the presence of ions:
More informationPROPERTIES OF SOLUTIONS A S S T. P R O F. D R. A L A A J. M A H R A T H M E D I C A L C H E M I S T R Y
PROPERTIES OF SOLUTIONS A S S T. P R O F. D R. A L A A J. M A H R A T H M E D I C A L C H E M I S T R Y LEARNING GOAL Identify a mixture as a solution, a colloid, or a suspension. Describe how the number
More informationChapter 3. Water and the Fitness of the Environment
Chapter 3 Water and the Fitness of the Environment 1 Importance of water Overview: The Molecule That Supports All of Life Water is the biological medium here on Earth All living organisms require water
More informationProperties of Solutions and Kinetics. Unit 8 Chapters 4.5, 13 and 14
Properties of Solutions and Kinetics Unit 8 Chapters 4.5, 13 and 14 Unit 8.1: Solutions Chapters 4.5, 13.1-13.4 Classification of Matter Solutions are homogeneous mixtures Solute A solute is the dissolved
More informationMolecular geometry. Multiple Bonds. Examples and Questions. Identify procane (an aesthetic) Larger Covalent Molecules. S h a p e
Molecular Geometry o e Pairs (Lewis Structure) Arrangement of Electron Pairs o of Bond Pairs o of Lone Pairs Molecular geometry Examples Linear Bel,, - The valence shell electron pair repulsion model (VSEPR
More informationSolvent does the dissolving (acetone) Solute the substance being dissolved (Styrofoam ) Soluble able to be dissolved
Solvent does the dissolving (acetone) Solute the substance being dissolved (Styrofoam ) Soluble able to be dissolved Like dissolves Like Ionic & polar compounds dissolve each other. Nonpolar dissolves
More informationTest bank for Chemistry An Introduction to General Organic and Biological Chemistry 12th Edition by Timberlake
Test bank for Chemistry An Introduction to General Organic and Biological Chemistry 12th Edition by Timberlake Link download full: http://testbankair.com/download/test-bank-for-chemistry-an-introduction-to-general-organic-and-biological-chemistry-12th-edition-by-timberlak
More information1 Solutions and Other Mixtures
CHAPTER 8 SECTION Solutions 1 Solutions and Other Mixtures KEY IDEAS As you read this section, keep these questions in mind: What is a heterogeneous mixture? What is a homogeneous mixture? What Is a Mixture?
More informationChapter 2 The Chemistry of Life
Chapter 2 The Chemistry of Life I. Water Liquid Naturally occurring It expands liquid to solid Covers more than 75% of our surface Most abundant in living organisms most important inorganic compound for
More informationSURFACE CHEMISTRY
Short Answer Questions: SURFACE CHEMISTRY *1. What is catalysis? How is catalysis classified? Give two examples for each type of catalysis? Ans. A catalyst is the substance that increases the rate of chemical
More informationPure Liquid with solute. Pure Liquid
Colligative properties are physical properties of solutions that arise because of the number of solute molecules dissolved in solution and not on the kind of solute particles dissolved in solution. Pure
More informationII. The physico-chemical properties of proteins
II. The physico-chemical properties of proteins Proteins differ by there physical and chemical properties: Molecular mass Total electrical charge Termolability Solubility Molecular weight of the proteins
More informationChapter 13 - Solutions
Chapter 13 - Solutions 13-1 Types of Mixtures Solutions A. Soluble 1. Capable of being dissolved B. Solution 1. A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances in a single phase C. Solvent 1. The dissolving
More informationBIOLOGY 101. CHAPTER 3: Water and Life: The Molecule that supports all Live
BIOLOGY 101 CHAPTER 3: Water and Life: The Molecule that supports all Live The Molecule that Supports all Life CONCEPTS: 3.1 Polar covalent bonds in water molecules result in hydrogen bonding 3.2 Four
More informationCHAPTER-2 NCERT SOLUTION
CHAPTER-2 NCERT SOLUTION Page no. 15 Question 1: What is meant by a pure substance? Answer 1: A pure substance is the one that consists of a single type of particles, i.e., all constituent particles of
More informationCh 13 The Properties of Mixtures: Solutions and Colloids
Ch 13 The Properties of Mixtures: Solutions and Colloids Key equations: Concentration Unit - Quantitative Ways of Expressing Concentration Principles of Solubility Colligative Properties of Solutions nonelectrolyte
More informationNSW Higher School Certificate Senior Science 9.2 Lifestyle Chemistry
NSW Higher School Certificate Senior Science 9.2 Lifestyle Chemistry Section 2 Cleaning Products 9.2 Lifestyle Chemistry Section 2 ::: Cleaning Products 9.2.2 A wide range of cleaning products are made
More informationChapter 11. Properties of Solutions. Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 11 Properties of Solutions Chapter 11 Table of Contents (11.1) (11.2) (11.3) (11.4) (11.5) (11.6) (11.7) (11.8) Solution composition The energies of solution formation Factors affecting solubility
More informationCLASSIFICATION OF MATTER AND MIXTURES
CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER AND MIXTURES NOTEBOOK SETUP Staple both to the top or side of Page 20 Staple to the top or side of Page 21 OBJECTIVES SWBAT classify a mixture as a suspension, colloid or solution.
More informationMixtures and Solutions
Mixtures and Solutions Section 14.1 Heterogeneous and Homogeneous Mixtures In your textbook, read about suspensions and colloids. For each statement below, write true or false. 1. A solution is a mixture
More informationSet 1: Set 2: Set 3: Set 4: Set 5:
Chapter 12 Physical Properties of Solutions Problems - Page 535 541 Set 1:16, 22, 24, 29, 31; Set 2: 34, 38, 45, 52, 60; Set 3: 62, 66, 74, 90, 93; Set 4: 94, 96, 101, 107, 108, 114 Set 5: 120, 123, 128,
More informationmodels (three-dimensional representation containing essential structure of
Unit 2 Matter The universe consists of matter and energy. Chemistry is the branch of science the studies matter as well as the changes it undergoes and the energy changes that accompany such transformations.
More informationChapter 9. Solutions
Chapter 9 Solutions Water Properties Polar O more electronegative, partial negative charge H less electronegative, partial positive charge Bent structure, 2 lone pairs on oxygen Participates in HYDROGEN
More informationMATTER Classification of Matter. Composition of Matter
MATTER Classification of Matter Composition of Matter Pure Substances Matter is classified as substances or a mixture of substances. A pure substance, or simply a substance, is a type of matter with a
More informationAqueous Solutions (When water is the solvent)
Aqueous Solutions (When water is the solvent) Solvent= the dissolving medium (what the particles are put in ) Solute= dissolved portion (what we put in the solvent to make a solution) Because water is
More informationSoln Notes February 17, 2017
Chapter 15 Solutions You are responsible for reading/notes on Section 15.4 Heterogeneous Mixtures p.476-479 What is a SOLUTION? SOLUTE vs SOLVENT Characteristics of Solutions: Soluble/ Insoluble Solvation
More information9.1 Water. Chapter 9 Solutions. Water. Water in Foods
Chapter 9 s 9.1 Water 9.1 Properties of Water 9.2 s 9.3 Electrolytes and Nonelectrolytes 9.6 Percent Concentration 9.7 Molarity Water is the most common solvent. The water molecule is polar. Hydrogen bonds
More informationThe components of a mixture sometimes can be seen easily; but mostly it s not quite easy to distinguish the components in a mixture.
MIXTURES Contain more than 1 type of particles Contain 1 type of particles A mixture is the collection of two or more substances. Each substance in a mixture is called a component. Most of the natural
More informationChapter-2: IS MATTER AROUND US PURE
1 Chapter-2: IS MATTER AROUND US PURE Revision Notes: # A pure substance consists of a single type of particles. # A mixture contains more than one substance (element and/or compound) mixed in any proportion.
More informationSOLUTIONS. Heterogeneous Mixtures. Section 8.1: Solutions and Other Mixtures. Heterogeneous Mixtures (cont d) CHAPTER 8.
Section 8.1: Solutions and Other Mixtures CHAPTER 8 SOLUTIONS Key Questions What is a heterogeneous mixture? What is a homogeneous mixture? Heterogeneous Mixtures The tree of matter branches into two distinct
More informationH 2 O WHAT PROPERTIES OF WATER MAKE IT ESSENTIAL TO LIFE OF EARTH? Good solvent High Surface tension Low vapor pressure High boiling point
Unit 9: Solutions H 2 O WHAT PROPERTIES OF WATER MAKE IT ESSENTIAL TO LIFE OF EARTH? Good solvent High Surface tension Low vapor pressure High boiling point Water is a polar molecule. It experiences hydrogen
More informationWhat Are Atoms? Chapter 2: Atoms, Molecules & Life
Chapter 2: Atoms, Molecules & Life What Are Atoms? An atom are the smallest unit of matter. Atoms are composed of Electrons = negatively charged particles. Neutrons = particles with no charge (neutral).
More informationTypes of Mixtures. Main Idea. Heterogeneous and Homogeneous Mixtures. Key Terms soluble solute electrolyte solution suspension nonelectrolyte
Types of Mixtures Key Terms soluble solute electrolyte solution suspension nonelectrolyte solvent colloid It is easy to determine that some materials are mixtures because you can see their component parts.
More informationPrecipitation Reactions of Protein. By Sandip Kanazariya
Precipitation Reactions of Protein By Sandip Kanazariya PRECIPITATION REACTIONS OF ALBUMIN Solubility of protein depends on proportion & distribution of polar hydrophilic end & non - polar hydrophobic
More informationWater and the Fitness of the Environment
Chapter 3 Water and the Fitness of the Environment Edited by Shawn Lester PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin
More informationQuestion 1: What is meant by a pure substance? A pure substance is the one that consists of a single type of particles, i.e., all constituent particles of the substance have the same chemical nature. Pure
More information*blood and bones contain colloids. *milk is a good example of a colloidal dispersion.
Chap. 3. Colloids 3.1. Introduction - Simple definition of a colloid: a macroscopically heterogeneous system where one component has dimensions in between molecules and macroscopic particles like sand
More informationBell Ringer. What are the two types of mixtures? What is an element? What is a compound?
Bell Ringer What are the two types of mixtures? What is an element? What is a compound? MATTER Solids, Liquids, & Gases States of Matter & Kinetic Molecular Theory Kinetic Molecular Theory KMT Tiny, constantly
More informationChapter 3: Water and Life
Chapter : Water and Life AP Biology 1 Water Molecule Molecule that supports all life Biological medium on Earth All living organisms require water more than any other substance The only common substance
More informationResearch Science Biology The study of living organisms (Study of life)
Scientific method Why is there a hypothesis and prediction? If only prediction: then there is no way to finish the prediction and conclude whether the results support the hypothesis If surfaces are sampled
More informationThe Properties of Water
The Water Molecule The Properties of Water Chapter 2.2 Polarity Chemical bonds have angles which produce certain molecular structures This makes water molecules have O on one end and H s on the other end
More information(critical temp.) (B) Temperature of gas (C) Pressure of gas (D) All of them 2. The volume of gases NH 3
EXERCISE-01 CHECK YOUR GRASP SELECT THE CORRECT ALTERNATIVE (ONLY ONE CORRECT ANSWER) 1. Which of the following factors affects the adsorption of a gas on solid? (A) T c (critical temp.) (B) Temperature
More informationName AP CHEM / / Chapter 11 Outline Properties of Solutions
Name AP CHEM / / Chapter 11 Outline Properties of Solutions Solution Composition Because a mixture, unlike a chemical compound, has a variable composition, the relative amounts of substances in a solution
More informationAtomic weight = Number of protons + neutrons
1 BIOLOGY Elements and Compounds Element is a substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions. Essential elements are chemical elements required for an organism to survive,
More informationLecture Presentation. Chapter 12. Solutions. Sherril Soman, Grand Valley State University Pearson Education, Inc.
Lecture Presentation Chapter 12 Solutions Sherril Soman, Grand Valley State University Thirsty Seawater Drinking seawater can cause dehydration. Seawater Is a homogeneous mixture of salts with water Contains
More informationSolvent: the fraction of a solution in which the other components are dissolved. (This is usually the liquid) Solute: a substance that is dissolved
Solutions and Colloids David A. Katz Department of Chemistry Pima Community College Solutions SOME SOLUTION TERMINOLOGY Solvent: the fraction of a solution in which the other components are dissolved.
More informationCHAPTER 2. Life s Chemical Basis
CHAPTER 2 Life s Chemical Basis The Chemistry of Life We are made up of elements. Atoms of one kind make up an element. Atoms are the smallest unit of an element still maintaing the element s properties.
More information41. Density compares the of substances which have the same. A) mass; weight D) temperature; mass B) volume; mass E) mass; temperature C) mass; volume
Unit 1 Matter - Honors Chemistry Practice Exam. ALL questions need to be completed for credit towards exam. Practice Exams will be subject to spot checks to ensure students actually attempted all problems.
More informationLECTURE PRESENTATIONS
LECTURE PRESENTATIONS For CAMPBELL BIOLOGY, NINTH EDITION Jane B. Reece, Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, Robert B. Jackson Chapter 3 Water and Life Lectures by Erin
More informationSolvents. Solvents at the hardware store
Solution Chemistry Parts of a Solution Review Solute A solute is the dissolved substance in a solution. Salt in salt water Sugar in soda drinks Solvent Carbon dioxide in soda drinks A solvent is the dissolving
More informationUNIT 2 CHEMISTRY. Atomic Structure: Ionic Bond: Covalent Bond: Hydrogen Bond:
UNIT 2 CHEMISTRY Atomic Structure: Ionic Bond: Hydrogen Bond: Covalent Bond: 1 Carbohydrates: >energy yield- >elements- >monomers- >functions- >examples- >misc- Lipids: Proteins: Nucleic Acids: I. Energy
More informationExperimental Classification of Matter
Experimental Classification of Matter Sample Heterogeneous? Heterogeneous Can sample be separated by physical means? Homogeneous Substance (pure) Can sample be separated by chemical means? Element Does
More informationUNIT 2 CHEMISTRY. Atomic Structure: Ionic Bond: Covalent Bond: Hydrogen Bond:
UNIT 2 CHEMISTRY Atomic Structure: Ionic Bond: Hydrogen Bond: Covalent Bond: 1 Carbohydrates: >energy yield- >elements- >monomers- >functions- >examples- >misc- Lipids: Proteins: Nucleic Acids: I. Energy
More informationTerminology related to Plant Physiology & Biochemistry. Dr. Harsh Manchanda Assistant Professor P. G. Govt. College for Girls Sector -11 Chandigarh
Terminology related to Plant Physiology & Biochemistry Dr. Harsh Manchanda Assistant Professor P. G. Govt. College for Girls Sector -11 Chandigarh Plant Physiology Study of life activities, responses and
More informationPhysical Pharmacy. Solutions. Khalid T Maaroof MSc. Pharmaceutical sciences School of pharmacy Pharmaceutics department
Physical Pharmacy Solutions Khalid T Maaroof MSc. Pharmaceutical sciences School of pharmacy Pharmaceutics department 10/31/2015 Online access: bit.ly/physicalpharmacy 1 Mixtures a combination of two or
More informationSolutions. Making sense of the aqueous world
Solutions Making sense of the aqueous world 2012-01-24 13:13:55 1/42 Notessolutionsroessler (#2) Solution 2012-01-24 13:13:55 2/42 Notessolutionsroessler (2/42) Solutions They are homogenous Homogenous-
More informationWater and the Fitness of the Environment
Chapter 3 Water and the Fitness of the Environment PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions
More informationChapter Chemical Elements Matter solid, liquid, and gas elements atoms. atomic symbol protons, neutrons, electrons. atomic mass atomic number
Chapter 2 2.1 Chemical Elements 1. Matter is defined as anything that takes up space and has mass. 2. Matter exists in three states: solid, liquid, and gas. A. Elements 1. All matter (both living and non-living)
More informationWord of the Day for August 27, Definition - any property of a substance that must be observed during a chemical change.
Word of the Day for August 27, 2008 Chemical Property Definition - any property of a substance that must be observed during a chemical change. One chemical property of magnesium is that it will combine
More informationChapter 11 Problems: 11, 15, 18, 20-23, 30, 32-35, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49-51, 53, 55-57, 59-61, 63, 65, 67, 70, 71, 74, 75, 78, 81, 85, 86, 93
Chapter 11 Problems: 11, 15, 18, 20-23, 30, 32-35, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49-51, 53, 55-57, 59-61, 63, 65, 67, 70, 71, 74, 75, 78, 81, 85, 86, 93 Chapter 11 Properties of Solutions Types of mixtures: homogenous
More informationLESSON 15.3 Key Objectives
LESSON 15.3 Key Objectives 15.3.1 DISTINGUISH between a suspension and a solution. 15.3.2 IDENTIFY how to distinguish a colloid from a suspension and a solution. Additional Resources Reading and Study
More informationSOLUTIONS CHAPTER 13
SOLUTIONS CHAPTER 13 SOLUTIONS Solutions, also known as homogeneous mixtures, are composed of two components: solute and solvent. In a sugar-water solution, water acts as a solvent (dissolving medium);
More informationWater and solutions. Prof. Ramune Morkuniene, Biochemistry Dept., LUHS
Water and solutions Prof. Ramune Morkuniene, Biochemistry Dept., LUHS Characteristics of water molecule Hydrophylic, hydrophobic and amphipatic compounds Types of real solutions Electrolytes and non- electrolytes
More informationWater, water everywhere,; not a drop to drink. Consumption resulting from how environment inhabited Deforestation disrupts water cycle
Chapter 3 Water: The Matrix of Life Overview n n n Water, water everywhere,; not a drop to drink Only 3% of world s water is fresh How has this happened Consumption resulting from how environment inhabited
More informationSaba Al Fayoumi. Tamer Barakat. Dr. Mamoun Ahram + Dr. Diala Abu-Hassan
1 Saba Al Fayoumi Tamer Barakat Dr. Mamoun Ahram + Dr. Diala Abu-Hassan What is BIOCHEMISTRY??? Biochemistry = understanding life Chemical reactions are what makes an organism (An organism is simply atoms
More informationBiology. Chapter 2 Notes
Biology Chapter 2 Notes Section 1: Nature of Matter Objectives: 1) Differentiate between atoms and elements 2) Analyze how compounds are formed 3) Distinguish between covalent bonds, hydrogen bonds and
More informationWater. Dr. Diala Abu-Hassan, DDS, PhD Lecture 2 MD summer Dr. Diala Abu-Hassan
Water, DDS, PhD Dr.abuhassand@gmail.com Lecture 2 MD summer 2014 1 Lecture Content Importance of water in biological systems Noncovalent interactions Water structure Water properties Water as a solvent
More informationElements and Isotopes
Section 2-1 Notes Atoms Life depends on chemistry. The basic unit of matter is the atom. Atoms are incredibly small The subatomic particles that make up atoms are protons, neutrons, and electrons. Parts
More informationChapter 2: Properties of Matter Student Outline 2.1 Classifying Matter A. Pure Substances
Name: Date: Physical Science Period: Chapter 2: Properties of Matter Student Outline GA Performance Standards SPS1. Students will investigate our current understanding of the atom. SPS2. Students will
More informationWATER, ACIDS, BASES, BUFFERS
AP BIOLOGY BIOCHEMISTRY Unit 2 Part 3 ACTIVITY #2 (Chapter 3) NAME DATE PERIOD WATER, ACIDS, BASES, BUFFERS STRUCTURE AND GEOMETRY OF WATER: W Unit 2 Part 3 Biochemistry Activity #2 page 1 of 9 PROPERTIES
More informationIntroduction to Biochemistry. DR. Wejdan Aldajani BIOC 371
Introduction to Biochemistry DR. Wejdan Aldajani BIOC 371 What is Biochemistry? علم الكيمياء الحيوية Bios= life in Greek. Biochemistry= chemistry of life. Biochemistry is the science concerned with studying
More informationSection 1 What Is a Solution? Chapter 13. Mixtures
Mixtures Mixtures can either be heterogeneous or homogeneous. The particles of a heterogeneous mixture are large enough to see under a microscope. In a homogeneous mixture, however, the particles are molecule-sized,
More informationLesson 1 Substances and Mixtures
Lesson 1 Student Labs and Activities Page Launch Lab 8 Content Vocabulary 9 Lesson Outline 10 MiniLab 12 Content Practice A 13 Content Practice B 14 School to Home 15 Key Concept Builders 16 Enrichment
More informationStrong Electrolytes - substance that dissolves almost completely in water to produce many ions to conduct electricity
I. What are Solutions A. Solution - homogeneous mixture made up of individual molecules, atoms or ions. B. Solute - the substance being C. Solvent - the substance D. Soluble - substance that in a solvent
More informationElements, Compounds & Mixtures
Classification of Matter Elements, Compounds & Mixtures Mr. Gilliland Honors Physical Science @ SHS The Classification of Matter Matter 109 20 million + infinite number Elements Compounds Mixtures Made
More informationLec.1 Chemistry Of Water
Lec.1 Chemistry Of Water Biochemistry & Medicine Biochemistry can be defined as the science concerned with the chemical basis of life. Biochemistry can be described as the science concerned with the chemical
More information