SOLUTIONS CHAPTER 13

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1 SOLUTIONS CHAPTER 13

2 SOLUTIONS Solutions, also known as homogeneous mixtures, are composed of two components: solute and solvent. In a sugar-water solution, water acts as a solvent (dissolving medium); whereas, sugar acts as a solute (substance being dissolved in a solution). In order to prepare this solution, the solute must be soluble (capable of being dissolved). Depending upon the size of the solute particles, there are different styles of solutions, such as colloids, alloys, and suspensions.

3 ALLOYS Solutions may exist as gases, liquids, or solids Alloys are typically solid solutions in which the atoms of 2 or more metals are uniformly mixed. Examples include brass (made from zinc and copper), sterling silver (made from silver and copper), and 14- karat gold (made from gold and silver).

4 SUSPENSIONS Suspensions are solutions in which the solvent particles are so large that they settle out of solution. To keep the solvent particles from settling out, a suspension must be stirred or agitated constantly. Particles over 1000 nanometers in diameter form suspensions. These particles can be separated from the heterogeneous mixture by passing the mixture through a filter.

5 COLLOIDS Colloids contain particles that are intermediate in size. Colloids are also known as colloidal dispersions. Particles range from 1 nm to 1000 nm in diameter. Particles in colloids are small enough to be suspended throughout the solvent by constant movement of the surrounding molecules. The particles are part of the dispersed phase, and the dispersing medium is water. Examples of colloids include gels, foams, and emulsions. Colloids exhibit the Tyndall effect (scattering of light).

6 PROPERTIES OF SOLUTIONS, COLLOIDS, & SUSPENSIONS SOLUTIONS COLLOIDS SUSPENSIONS Homogeneous Heterogeneous Hetergeneous Small particle Size medium particle size large particle size won't separate on standing No filtration does not scatter light won't separate on standing No Filtration tyndall effect particles settle out can be separated by filtration may scatter light, but not transparent

7 THE SOLUTION PROCESS There are 3 main factors that affect the rate of dissolution (the process of creating a solution): 1. Increasing the Surface Area of the Solute 2. Agitating a Solution 3. Heating a Solvent

8 CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTIONS The concentration of a solution is a measure of the amount of solute in a given amount of solvent or solution. There are several ways to express concentration such as molarity, molality, volume by weight. We will focus on 2 methods: molarity and molality Molarity (M): the number of moles of solute per one liter of solution (units = mol/l) Molality (m): the number of moles of solute per one kilogram of solvent (units: mol/kg)

9 MOLARITY CALCULATIONS A student is given 3.50 L of a solution that contains 90 grams of NaCl. What is the molarity of the NaCl solution?

10 MOLARITY CALCULATIONS A student has L of a 0.5 M HCl solution. How many moles of HCl does this solution contain?

11 MOLARITY CALCULATIONS What is the molarity of solution composed of 5.85 g of KI dissolved in enough water to make a L solution?

12 MOLARITY CALCULATIONS What is the molarity of a solution prepared by dissolving 15.0 grams of NaOH in enough water to make a total of 225 ml of solution?

13 MOLARITY CALCULATIONS What is the molarity of a solution prepared by dissolving 25.0 g of HCl in enough water to make ml of solution?

14 MOLALITY CALCULATIONS What is the molality of a solution of KI composed of 49.8 g of KI dissolved in 1.00 kg of solvent?

15 MOLALITY CALCULATIONS A solution was prepared by dissolving 17.1 grams of sucrose in 125 g of water. Find the molal concentration of this solution, given that the molar mass of sucrose is g/mol.

16 MOLALITY CALCULATION What is the molality of a solution containing 18.2 grams of HCl and 250 grams of water? The molar mass of HCl is g/mol.

17 MOLALITY CALCULATION Find the molality of a salt-water solution composed of 55 grams of NaCl and 750 grams of water. The molar mass of NaCl is g/mol.

18 MOLALITY CALCULATION Calculate the molality of a solution made by adding 34.8 g of potassium sulfate to 800 g of water. The molar mass of potassium sulfate is g/mol.

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