The XENON dark matter search. T. Shutt CWRU
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1 The XENON dark matter search T. Shutt CWRU
2 The XENON collboration Columbia University Elena Aprile (PI), Edward Baltz,Karl-Ludwig Giboni, Sharmila Kamat, Pawel Majewski,Kaixuan Ni, Bhartendu Singh, and Masaki Yamashita Rice University Uwe Oberlack,Omar Vargas Case Western Reserve University Alex Bolozdynya, Eric Dahl, Jennifer Kalb, John Kwong, Tom Shutt, Matt Whilden Brown University Richard Gaitskell, Peter Sorensen, Luiz DeViveiros Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Adam Bernstein, Chris Hagmann and Celeste Winant University of Florida L. Baudis, J. Orboek, A. Manalaysay Yale University D. McKinsey, R. Hasty, A. Mazur T. Shutt 8/16/05 2
3 Current limits Edelweiss CDMS II ~ 0.1 cnts/ kg/day T. Shutt 8/16/05 3
4 How big? Calculations in minimal supersymmetry framework (MSSM). Current limits: 0.2 event/kg/day Motivation for very large detector clear Ellis, Olive, Santoso,Spanos, hep-ph/ "Generic" test of MSSM possible with 1-10 tons Less restrictive framework can allow lower rates If signal seen, need larger mass to probe modulation. T. Shutt 8/16/05 4
5 Promise of liquid Xenon. Good WIMP target. Readily purified Self-shielding - high density, high Z. Can separate spin, no spin isotopes 129 Xe, 130 Xe, 131 Xe, 132 Xe, 134 Xe, 136 Xe Rich detection media Scintillation Ionization Scalable to large mass T. Shutt 8/16/05 5
6 Basic processes in liquid Xenon Complicated atomic processes Scintillation nm Singlet ( 3 ns), triplet ( 27 ns) Ionization Recombination (τ 15 ns) Energy per quanta (electron recoils): charge: 20 ev Photon: 20 ev Difference between e and n recoils de dx v 2 Nuclear recoils, electronic excitations suppressed by 5. Nuclear recoils suffer recombination T. Shutt 8/16/05 6
7 Dual Phase, LXe TPC Very good event location. Good discrimination despite small number of e -, γ Need single charge, photon sensitivity Use charge amplification instead of increasing E/kT. Competitors: ZEPPLIN II, III ITEP 5 µs/cm Time XMASS_DM Ar detectors (Icarus, FLARE) Charge drift easier. 39 Ar background. ~1 µs ~40 ns WIMP PMTs LXe E s E d A. Bolozdynya, NIMA 422 p314 (1999). T. Shutt 8/16/05 7
8 Discrimination of nuclear recoils Electron recoils - background. Gammas, X-rays, betas. Nuclear recoils - signal: High density track. Charge recombination. Possible changes in scintillation time profile. Suppression (Lindhard) of both charge and scintillation. Effect of recombination discrimination Scintillation (122 kev gammas) Recombination charge light Background: electron recoils Recombination for nuclear recoils Ionization Signal: nuclear recoils T. Shutt 8/16/05 8 light
9 Detectors T. Shutt 8/16/ kg LXe Currently - 3 kg LXe 9
10 Ionization/Scintillation Ambient γ s PMT Ionization ( S2 ) 122 kev γ 57 Co 5.3 MeV α 210 Po 210 Po Scintillation - Energy ( S1 ) T. Shutt 8/16/05 10
11 Neutron beam calibration of scintillation neutron beam Liquid Xe θ E r = E n 4mM m + M 1 (1+ cosθ) 2 Liquid scintillator Columbia/Yale T. Shutt 8/16/05 11
12 Full measurement of nuclear recoils Case 40keV gamma (inelastic n-xe) Xe recoils from neutrons Measured by two groups, detectors. Case Columbia/Brown Detectors: 4 cm Ø, 1 & 2 cm deep. 206 Pb-recoils Columbia/Brown Charge calibrated directly with 122 kev gammas and alphas. Energy relies on previous n-beam calibrations. Note: Columbia geometry has x 5 light collection over Case. PMT in liquid instead of gas. T. Shutt 8/16/05 12
13 Preliminary look at discrimination Neutrons n-recoils Gamma Background gammas Limitations: Light collection statistics With current data, rejection robust ~ 20 kev. Poor charge collection At edges (only?) Rejection > 10 4 for alphas in center of detector. Currently 98 % at high energies. Basic processes compatible with very high discrimination for E > ~20 kev. T. Shutt 8/16/05 13
14 Versus energy Ionization yield Versus electric field Electrons/keVnre Larger than expected based on alphas. Easy to measure! Not as distinct from gammas as expected. Physics: dq/dx(e,e) (from de/dx) + recombination Surprising field independence Increase at low energy agrees with de/dx. T. Shutt 8/16/05 14
15 LXe processes Quenching Factors vs Drift Field Quenching factors, normalized to full (no) recombination for light (charge)) Alpha Charge (Po210) Gamma Charge (Co57) Alpha Light (Po210) Gamma Light (Co57) Drift Field (V/cm) New measurement of 122 kev gammas ( 57 Co). Agreement between single phase and dual phase data. T. Shutt 8/16/05 15
16 Single electrons and photons Threshold and stability quite important. Electric fields present challenge: 5 kv/cm - liquid; 12 kv/cm gas. With single-pmt system, have demonstrated stable triggering over 2 months. Single photoelectron threshold Charge threshold ~ 1 electron. Light: < 1 p.e. Issue is light collection. S1: ~ 5 kevnr S2: ~ 1.5 electrons T. Shutt 8/16/05 16
17 Light collection Scintillation peak ~175 nm (VUV). Total internal reflection n ~ 1.6, 40% transmission (2π). Collection at bottom ~ 5 times better than collection above. PMTs top and bottom, PTFE walls, 4 grids Top PMT Bottom PMT Current technology: PMTs in liquid and gas Hamamatsu 5820, 1 square, 17 % effective QE. ~ 1 p.e./kev for nuclear recoils. Alternative: CsI photocathode. T. Shutt 8/16/05 17
18 Capacitance level sensor Liquid level critical With ε 2, determines field that gives charge signal. Sensors: parallel plates capacitors ~ 1-2 pf empty-full 4 mm Virtual ground readout f F sensitivity Independent of stray capacitance. Z f C x V i V i V o = Z Z x T. Shutt 8/16/05 18
19 T. Shutt 8/16/05 19
20 MC: gamma Background from PMTs Inner PMTs - Hamamatsu 8778 ( 232 Th/ 238 U/ 40 K/ 60 Co): PMTs XENON10 Target XENON100 Target T. Shutt 8/16/05 20
21 Model R6041 R9288 R8520 R8778 Photo Hamamatsu PMTs Dimension & QE ø5 cm x 4 cm QE 5-8% ø5 cm x 4 cm QE 20% (2.5 cm) 2 x3.5cm QE >20% ø5 cm x 12 cm QE 26% Radioactive Background U Series [mbq/tube] T. Shutt 8/16/05 21 Th Series mbq 40 K Co mbq (Dominated by glass seal at base) 143 mbq (Use of Kovar for most of base) 80 mbq (expect further improvement) Comment Specifically designed for ops in LiqXe TPC Evolution of 6041 Square/quad anode-good fill factor (66.2%). Columbia tested at 150K/4 atm Designed for XMASS. Coverage Area: 49.7% Columbia tested at 150K/4 atm
22 Gamma/Electron Background MC Goal for XENON10, 8 < E < 16keVee: cnts/kg/kev/day before 99.5 % rejection. Assumes using 5 cm outer LXe active veto and inner multiple scatters cut Source 7 Inner PMTs 16 Outer PMTs HV Shaping Ring Resistors Stainless Steel Cryostat Polyethylene Shield External/Pb shield Gammas Teflon Walls 85 Kr (< 0.1 ppb) 210 Pb Brem (Pb shield 30 Bq/kg) Tritium Total Rate [ mdruee ] 9 (5 *) < 5 < 1 < 6 < 5 (removed by Gas sep./getter) ~< 40 mdru * if a 1 cm depth cut is made at top of inner LXe mdruee = 10-3 evts/kevee/kg/day T. Shutt 8/16/05 22
23 XENON10 Neutron Background MC Neutron Background Event Rates for XENON10 Module XENON10 Goal is 1.3 evts/10kg/month => 360 µdrur (100GeV WIMP) Assumes LNGS 24 µ/m 2 /day (No muon veto required) Source PMT/Stainless Internal (α,n) Neutrons (α,n)/fission Neutrons from Cavern Muon-Induced Neutrons from Pb Shield Muon-Induced Neutrons from Poly Shield High Energy Muon-Induced Neutrons from Rock Total Inner Event Rate (no cuts) (@ 2 kevr) [ µdrur ] * 6 * 3 ** 34 µdrur * factor 2 uncertainty ** factor 4 uncertainty µdrur = 10-6 evts/kevr/kg/day T. Shutt 8/16/05 23
24 Kr removal 85 Kr (β, 687 kev endpoint). Best commercial Xe: 5 ppb Kr/Xe (XMASS) Goals: XENON10 (100,1000) < ppb, (100, 10 ppt) Possible separation methods: Kr Xe Xe charcoal column Kr Distillation - (XMASS) Chromatography. Projected performance, 1 Kg charcoal column: 1.8 Kg Xe/day Purification 10 3 Use 14 stp m 3 He/ Kg Xe processed. High purity system being commissioned. T. Shutt 8/16/05 24
25 Xe purity - chemical Xe is not so noble. high polarizability (same as alkanes) e - attachment during drift SF 6 N 2 O Mitigation: Detector cleanliness, bakeout. Commercial high temp., Zr-based getters Recirculation in gas phase O 2 Demonstrated: > 1 m drift length. ~ 2 month stability. TPC measurement λ ~ 40 cm 1 cm T. Shutt 8/16/05 25
26 XENON10 program Basic R&D demonstrated: Discrimination of nuclear recoils at low energy. 1 kg, 7 PMT detector. > 1 m charge drift. Stable cryogenics. 3 kg, 21 PMT detector now under operation. This fall -> 10 kg detector. PMTs top + bottom. 21 PMT array (top and bottom) diving bell 10 kg detector in Gran Sasso in 2006 T. Shutt 8/16/05 Field shaping 26
27 Gran Sasso Installation First installation - modest size. Power: 20 kw, (15 kw UPS) LN2 (440 liters/week) 100 kg installation will not be much larger. T. Shutt 8/16/05 27
28 Projected sensitivity Edelweiss CDMS II CDMS II goal XENON10 XENON100 XENON1T T. Shutt 8/16/05 28
29 For a large-scale experiment Purification in liquid phase - spark purifier CsI photocathode T. Shutt 8/16/05 29
30 CsI photocathode CsI photocathode good match to this application VUV sensitive, "robust CsI radioactivity negligible for < µm photocathode. PMT PMT Anode Gate E 1 E 1 E 1 E 0 E drift E drift Positive feedback: gating required. Commercial: V ~ 10 kv in < 1 µs. Preliminary tests encouraging. S1 CsI S1 photocathode Transmission Gated T. Shutt 8/16/05 30 S2 S3 S4
31 For a large-scale experiment Purification in liquid phase - spark purifier CsI photocathode Charge-gain readout High quality x-y reconstruction. Especially lack of tails. Radioactivity Cost Gas gain of > 1000 needed. Measured gain, 175 K. T. Shutt 8/16/05 31
32 Water (or scintillator) shielding for a very large experiment. Time to think about this? Flexible shield. Multiple modules probably needed Maximum size? - e.g., HV feedthrough. Surface tests at ~ 100 Hz could use small water shield. Good for neutrons. Cherenkov µ-veto. Could swith to scintillator Common shield for several experiments? ~3m detector T. Shutt 8/16/05 32
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